MAKALAH ANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGI HEWAN

RESPIRATION SYSTEM

KELOMPOK 6

1. AMALIA MEDINA 2. SUWANDI 3. TANTRI HERDIANTI 4. YERIANUS HENDRY

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN UNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURA PONTIANAK 2011

RESPIRATION SYSTEM

A. TERMINOLOGY Respiratory System or is organ system applied for gas transfer. At four footed animal, respiratory system generally is including channel applied to bring air into lung where happened gas transfer. Various variation of respiratory system found at various mortal types. Organs respiratoric also functions to produce speaking and standing in balance alkaline acid, defence of body fights against foreign object, and hormonal regulation of blood pressure. Respiratory system basically formed by road street or breath channel and lung along with its the packer (pleura) and chest cavity protecting it. Chest cavity is dissociated with stomach cavity by diaphragm. Breath channel passed by by air is nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronkiolus, and alveoli. B. RESPIRATION ANATOMY SYSTEM Respiration system is differentiated to become channel that is, upper breath channel and underside breath channel. Upper breath channel is consisted : nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Undercarriage breath channel consisted of trachea, bronchus, bronkiolus, and lung.

1. UPPER BREATH CHANNEL a. Nose Nose or naso is bronchi that is first. When respiration process takes place, air inspiration through nasal cavity will experience three processes that is screening (filtration), warmness, and humidifying. Nose consisted of parts as follows : Wall exterior consisted of skin Middle layer consisted of muscles and cartilage. Layer in consisted of the mucous membrane which berlipat-lipat named by nose rock ( concha nasalis), what amounts to 3 fruit of that is : inferior nasalis concha, concha nasalis media, and concha nasalis superior. Between concha nasalis there is 3 fruit of meatus hollowing, that is : superior meatus, inferior meatus, and media meatus. This meatus passed by respiration air, side in there is hole relating to pharynx so-called choana. Nasal cavity base formed by maxilla to the above of nasal cavity relates to cavity so-called sine paranasalis that is sine maksilaris at maxilla, sine frontalis at frontal bone, sine sfenoidalis at sphenoid cavity, and sine etmoidalis at filter bone cavity. At sine etmoidalis back part exit - tip of nerve penciuman which towards to concha nasalis. At concha nasalis there is cell penciuman, the cell especially there is at top. At nose in part of mucosa there is nerve fiber or receptor from nerve penciuman ( nervus olfaktorius). Nasal cavity is arranged in layers with a real mucosa membrane many containing vascular so-called nose mucosa. Mucus in secretion continually by goblet cell arranging in layers surface of nose mucosa and peripatetic rear to nasopharynx by movement of cilia. b. Pharynx Be muscular pipe run from skull base until its(the extension with esopagus at cricoid cartilage height. Nasopharynx ( there is pharyngeal tonsil and tuba eustachius). Acurate located nasopharynx rear cavum rice, under bases crania and in front of vertebrae cervicalis I and II. Nasopharynx opens frontage into cavum rice and downwards into orofaring. Tuba eusthacius opens into its lateral wall in each side.

Pharyngeal tonsil (nasopharynx tonsil) be spleen network pad at nasopharynx superior posterior wall. Orofaring is meeting of buccal cavity with pharynx, there is tongue jetty. Orofaring is respiration system aliance and digestion, oral admission food and inlet air from nasopharynx and lung. Laringofaring (happened cross between air currents and food stream). Larynx/ pharynx is part of acurate located pharynx rear larynx, and with back part to oesophagus. c. Larynx (Red lane) Air-duct and acts as voice former. At bagain jetty closed by a larynx and socalled epiglottis, what consisted of bone - functioning cartilage when swallowing food with closing larynx. Lays in diameter a part of front of neck, side in skin, glandula tyroidea and some small muscles, and front of larynx/ pharynx and top oesophagus. Cartilage at larynx there are 5 part, consisted of as follows : Cartilago thyroidea 1 fruit of in front of throat (Adam's apple) and hardly clearly seen at man. Be In The Form Of V, with uppermost V to the fore neck as throat. Cartilago epiglottis 1 fruit. Kartilago which is in the form of uppermost leaf upward rear tongue base. This epiglottis sticks at backside V kartilago thyroideum. Cartilago cricoidea 1 fruit which is in the form of ring. Cartilago is in the form of ring signet with big part rear. Cartilago arytenoidea 2 fruit which is in the form of beaker. Two small kartilago is in the form of pyramid laying in bases cartilago cricoidea. Larynx arranged in layers by the mucous membrane, except sound track and part of epiglottis arranged in layers by laminated epithelium cell. 2. UNDERCARRIAGE BREATH CHANNEL a. Trachea or Windpipe Be saving is flexible with length to thinks 10 cm with wide 2,5 cm. Trachea runs from kartilago cricoidea downwards at neck frontage and rear manubrum sterni, ends as high as angulus sternalis (attachment of manubrium with corpus sterni) or until thinking height of vertebrata fifth torakalis and in this place branchs to become two bronchuses (bronchi). Trachea lapped over to 16 - 20 non circles complete which in the form of cartilage ring bound together by network fibrosa and complementing circle in side trachea back, besides also makes some muscular tissues. b. Bronchus Bronchus formed from cleft two tracheas at height thinks verterbrata fifth torakalis, has structure similar to trachea and arranged in layers by the same cell type. The bronchus runs downwards and aside towards calyx lung. Shorter right bronchus and more wide, and more vertically than left, be rather higher from arteries pulmonalis and releases a main branch through?via under artery, called as bronchus lobus under. Longer left bronchus and more slenderly from right, and runs under artery pulmonalis before in spliting to become some branchs run to lobus upper and lower. Left and right bronchus main branch branched again becomes bronchus lobaris and then becomes lobus segmentalis. This ramification moves along to become bronchus its(the measure is smaller, until finally becomes bronkiolus terminalis, that is smallest air-duct of which is not contained alveoli (air pocket).

Bronkiolus terminalis has approximately diameter 1 mm. Bronkiolus is not strenghtened by bog bone ring. But encircled by nonstriated muscle so that its(the alterable measure. All air-duct downwards until level of bronkbiolus terminalis called as air conductor channel because main function is as air conductor to place of transfer of lung gas - lung that is alveolus. c. Lungs Be an equipment of body mostly consisted of small bubble (alveoli). Lungs is divided to to become two parts, that is right lung consisted of by 3 lobus (lobus pulmo dekstra superior, lobus pulmo dekstra media, and lobus pulmo inferior dekstra) and lung - left lung consisted of by 2 lobus (lobus sinistra superior and lobus inferior sinistra). Every - every lobus consisted of smaller cleft which so called segment. Lung left lung has 10 segment that is 5 fruit of segment at lobus superior and 5 inferior lobus. Lung - right lung also has 10 segmen,yaitu 5 fruit of segment at lobus superior, 2 fruit of segment at lobus medialis, and 3 at inferior lobus. Every segment still divided again becomes cleft - cleft which so called lobulus. situation of lung in its flat chest cavity facing to middle of cavity thorax/ kavum mediastinum. At centered there is lung heap lung or hilus. At located front mediastinum of heart. Lung wrapped by thin membrane which so called pleura. Pleura is divided to to become two, that is pleura visceral ( packer chest membrane) that is lung membrane that is directly wraps lung and parietal pleura that is membrane arranging in layers outer chest cavity. Between both this layers there is cavity kavum so-called kavum pleura. In the situation normal, kavum pleura. In the situation normal, kavum this pleura vacuum. Blood supply every artery pulmonalis brings deoxygenation blood from heart right ventricle, breaks together with every bronchus to become branchs for lobus, segment and lobulus. Terminal branch ends in a capillary network at surface every alveolus. This capillary network streams into in vein that is progressively more and more big, finally forms vein pulmonalis, two in each side, what passed by by blood which teroksigenisation into left atrium of heart. Artheria bronchiale which smaller than lung network supply aorta with blood which oxygen. C. RESPIRATION SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY There are four processes relating to respiration pulmoner, such as : 1. Ventilation pulmoner, or movement of respiration ventilating in alveoli with external air. 2. Blood current in lung. 3. Distribution air-current and blood current in such a manner so that number of precises from every its can reach all part of bodies. 4. Gaseous diffusion piercing alveoli winnow membrane and capillary. easier Carbondioxide of diffusion than oxygens. Respiration system has function, such as : Obtains Oxygen for body cell. Elimination CO2 yielded by body cell Besides function to respiration system also has function of non respiration, such as: Providdes road to release water da temperature. Increases vein backwash. Stands in looking after acid-base balance under normal circumstances.

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1. 2. 3.

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Enables talking, singing, and other vokalisation. Maintains body from impurities invasion. Releases, modifies, activates or inactivates various material passing circulation of lung. In physiology, respiration has meaning : Internal Respiration : metabolism process intra cell in mitochondria. Transfer process of oxygen and carbondioxide level of cell biochemical to process life. Respiration Eksternal : overall of case network involving in transfer of oxygen and carbondioxide between good external environment and body cell when finite inlet air of exit air. There are four step of respiration eksternal, that is : Ventilation between atmospheres and alveolus in lung. Transfer of Oxygen and carbondioxide between airs in alveolus and blood Transportation of Oxygen and carbondioxide between network lung Transfer of Oxygen and carbondioxide between bloods and network.

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a. b. c. d.

The Admission and exit air from atmosphere into lung enabled by respiration mechanic event that is inspiration and expiration. a. Inspiration Inspiration happened if muscles between flanks does contraction so that bone upraised rib and breastbone upward. At the time of inspiration, contraction diaphragm muscle so that the situation is rather levels off. Diaphragm will insist on finite stomach cavity of 5 cm downwards. As a result, big chest cavity. Big of chest cavity causes lung be big, as a result air pressure in lung decreases so that external air will enter. Muscles standing in inspiration, such as : 1. Diaphragm. 2. Muscles between pleural ribs external. 3. Neck muscle. b. Expiration Expiration happened if muscle - muscle between relaxation flanks, that is rib and breastbone downwards returns at position initialy so that chest cavity minimizes. Expiration also happened if lax diaphragm muscle returns at position initialy, so that chest cavity also minimize. Because of lung volume decreased hence air pressure in lung also increases, as a result air also exit. Muscles standing in respiration of expiration, such as : 1. Abdomen muscle. 2. Muscles between internal pleural ribs. Based on two this inferential respiration processes that air current in alveolus happened because pressure difference of atmosheric air with air pressure in alveolus. The this pressure difference because of change of chest cavity volume and stomach cavity as result of movement of contraction and relaxation of muscle interkostalis, diaphragm muscle, and stomach muscle.

In connection with the organ involved in the intake air (inspiration) and expenditure of air (expiration), the respiratory mechanism divided into two kinds, namely chest respiratory and abdominal respiratory. Chest and abdominal respiratory occur simultaneously. 1. Chest respiratory When we inhale and exhale the air using chest breathing, we use the muscles which there is between bones ribs. This muscle is divided in two forms, namely external rib muscles between bones and muscles internal the ribs between bones. When there is inspiration, outer ribs between bones muscles to contract, so that the ribs be raised. As a result, the volume of the chest cavity enlarges. The growing volume of the chest cavity makes the air pressure in the chest cavity into a small / reduced, whereas the pressure free air remains. Thus, air will flow freely into the lungs through the respiratory tract. While the event of expiration, the ribs in between bones muscles to contract (contract / relax), so that the ribs and sternum to its original position. As a result, the chest cavity smaller. Therefore, the chest cavity decreases, the pressure in the chest cavity becomes increased, while the air pressure outside the remains. Thus, air within the lung cavity to be pushed out. 2. Abdominal respiratory In this breathing process, the inspiration phase occurs when the diaphragm muscle (chest cavity insulation) flat and the volume of the chest cavity enlarges, so the air pressure inside the chest cavity smaller than the outside air, resulting in air intake. The expiratory phase occurs when the diaphragm muscles contract (contract) and the volume of the chest cavity decreases, so the air pressure inside the chest cavity larger than the air outside. As a result of the air pushed out. D. RESPIRATION MECHANISM Respiration mechanism arranged and dikendaliakn by two primary factors, that is chemical, and nervous control. Some certain factors stimulates located respiratory centre in medulla oblongata. And if it is stimulated hence central of that releases impulse channelled by nerve spinalis to respiration muscle that is diaphragm muscle and muscle interkostalis. a. Operation by nerve Respiratory centre is a otomatic central in medulla oblongata which releases impulse eferen to respiration muscle. Pass some radix nerve servikalis this impulse sent to diaphragm by nerve frenikus and in lower part at ssumsum backbone, the impulse runs from thorax area through nerve interkostalis. This impulse generates contraction ritmik at diaphragm muscle and interkostal which the speed thinks fifteen times every minute. Impulse eferen stimulated by air bubble spin-offs, sent by vagus nerve to respiratory centre in medula. Awareness is having breath controlled by cortex serebri. Respiratory centre there is at Medullary Rhythmicity Area, that is inspiration area and expiration, arranges respiration base rhythm, Pneumotaxic Area located in top pons and functions to assist coordination of transition between inspirations and expiration, sends impulse inhibisike inspiration area of lung - too lung flower, and Apneustic Area which is functioning assists coordination tranisis inspiration and expiration and sends impulse ekhibisi to inspiration area. There are some nerves at respiration system, inter alia :

 b.

Parasimpatic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Nervous system nonkolinergik non adrenegik (NANC) Afferent nerve fiber

Operation chemically This chemical factor is primary factor in operation and arrangement of frequency, speed, an movement depth of respiration. Respiratory centre in very sensitive marrow at reaction : blood alkalinity must defended. Carbondioxide is sour product from metabolism, and this sour chemicals stimulates respiratory centre to send nerve impulse exit working to respiration muscle. Operation in respiration chemistry influenced by PaO2, hydrogen ion exponent, and PaCO2. Center chemoreceptor that is medula, having sponge to chemical change at CSF as result of chemical change in blood. Other certain factor causes addition of velocities and respiration depth. Gerkan strong body using many intramuscular oxygens to give energy needed to by work, will generate increase at amounts karbondioksida in blood and as a result magnification of ventilation of lung. Operation in consciousness to movement of respiration possibly, but cannot be implemented stripper. Because its(the movement is otomatic. a business for breath holding for so long will fail because increase of carbondioxide exceeding is normal in blood will generate unpleasant taste.

E. RESPIRATION TRANSPORTATION 1. Ventilation During inspiration of air flows from atmosphere to alveoli. During expiration on the contrary is exit air from lung. Air coming into alveoli to have temperature and atmosphere dampness. Air exhaled by saturate with aqueous vapour and has temperature equal to body. 2. Diffusion That is process where happened transfer of oxygen and carbondioxide at blood meeting. Place of ideal diffusion that is alveolar membrane - capilar because the surface is thin and wide. Transfer of gas between alveolies and blood happened in diffusion. transportation of Gas in blood, oxygen needs ditransport from lung to body network and carbondioxide transported must return from network to lung. Some factors influencing from lung to body network, that is : Cardiac output Number of erythrocytes Practice Hematokrot blood, will increase blood viscosity to lessen transport oxygen and carbondioxide. F. MEASUREMENT OF VOLUME AND LUNG CAPACITIES 1. Lung volume Tidal Volume ( TV), that is air volume breathed in and exhaled each time having breath. Overall value that is 500 ml. Inspiration reserve volume (IRV), that is maximum air volume of which can be breathed in after normal inspiration. Overall value is 3000 ml.

Expiration reserve volume (ERV), that is maximum air volume of which can be exhaled powerfully after normal expiration. Overall value is 1000 ml. Residual volume (RV), that is air volume remaining in lung after maximum expiration. Overall value is 1200 ml.

2. Lung capacities Vital capacity (VC), that is maximum air volume from maximum inspiration point. Overall value is 4500 ml. Inspiration Capacities (IC), that is maximum air volume breathed in after normal expiration. Overall value is 3500 ml. Functional residual capacities (FRC), that is air volume remaining in lung after normal expiration. Overall value is 2200 ml. Lung total capacities (TLC), that is air volume in lung after maximum inspiration. Overall value is 5700 ml. A. Respiratory Disorder The means of breathing is a very important organ. If the tool is interrupted because of disease or abnormalities of the respiratory process would be disturbed, it can even cause death. There are four main problems disruption respiratory tract: 1. Airflow obstruction in the airways, most commonly found affecting the Smaller Airways. 2. Disorder / dysfunction of the alveolar diffusion, example on alveolar membrane thickening, fibrosis 3. Limitations ekspansibilitas lung capacity and lung, can not be inflated 4. Lack of respiratory failure, ventilatory drive, eg due CNS depression, respiratory muscle damage, headtrauma, etc. Here will be described some kind of common disorders of the human respiratory tract 1. Influenza (flu), a disease caused by influenza viruses. Symptoms include runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, and itchy throat. 2. Asthma or shortness of breath, is a respiratory disease caused by blockage of an allergy to hair, feathers, dust, or psychological pressure. Asthma is decreased. 3. Tuberculosis (TB), a lung disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria attacks. Diffusion of oxygen will be disrupted because of a pimple, or inflammation of the alveolar wall. If the lungs are attacked widespread, the cells die and smaller lungs. As a result sufferers gasping breath. 4. Various kinds of inflammation in the human respiratory system: a. Rhinitis, inflammation of the nasal cavity due to infection by viruses, eg influenzavirus. Rhinitis can also occur because of an allergic reaction to changes in weather, pollen, and dust. Increased mucus production. b. Pharyngitis, inflammation of the pharynx due to infection by Streptococcus bacteria. Sore throat and looks red. Patients should rest and be given antibiotics. c. Laryngitis,inflammation of the larynx. Patients with hoarseness or loss of voice. Causes include infection, too much smoking, drinking alcohol, and too many hoarse. d. Bronchitis, inflammation of the bronchial infection. Patients experience fever and many produce mucus that clogs the windpipe. e. Sinusitis, inflammation of the sinuses. Sinus located on the right cheek and left nose. Usually the pus collects in the sinuses that must be removed through surgery. f. Asfikasi, is a respiratory disorder during transport and use of oxygen caused by: sink (due to alveolar filling with water), pneumonia (fluid-filled alveoli as a

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result of mucus and lymph fluid), CO and HCN poisoning, or disturbances of cytochrome system (respiratory enzymes). Acidosis, the rise is the increased levels of carbonic acid and bicarbonate in the blood acidic, so troubled breathing. Diphtheria, is blockage ot the cavity pharynx or larynx by mucus produced diphtheria germs. Emphysema is a disease due to swelling of blood vessels take in air. Pneumonia is an infectious disease caused by viruses or bacteria in the alveoli that cause pneumonia. Lung cancer, affecting gas exchange in the lungs. Lung cancer can spread throughout the body. Lung cancer is associated with the activity that is often smoked. Secondhand smoke also can suffer from lung cancer. Other causes that can cause lung cancer is a patient inhaling asbestos dust, radiation ionasi, petroleum products, and chromium.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Anonim. 2011. Sistem Respirasi. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/sistem_respirasi. (diakses pada 7 desember 20110 Ganong, William. 2008. Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran. Jakarta : EGC Syaifuddin.2009. Fisiologi Tubuh Manusia Untuk Mahasiswa Keperawatan. Jakarta : Salemba Medika