Power Engineering Foundation

Real, Reactive and Apparent Power in AC Circuit

P = V*I

DC Circuit

AC circuit more complex

Phase different between V and I

The Instantaneous Power supplied to an AC cct still P = V*I V = Instan. Voltage I = Instan. Current

Average Power supplied to the load will affected by the ( = phase angle between V and I)

I DC Voltage source supplying a load with resistance R

+ -

VDC

By Fuad Latip 2006

Power Engineering Foundation

I AC = I-o + Z =Zo AC Voltage source supplying a load with resistance Z =Zo

VAC = V0o

Inductive Load = +ve Current LAG the voltage by degrees.

o V I Lag V I The voltage applied to this load v(t ) = 2V cos t v(t ) = instant voltage V = Vrms 2V = V peak

Capacitive Load = -ve Current LEAD the voltage by degrees.

I o I Lead V V The voltage applied to this load v(t ) = 2V cos t v(t ) = instant voltage V = Vrms 2V = V peak

The current flowing to this load i (t ) = 2 I cos(t ) I = I rms

The current flowing to this load i (t ) = 2 I cos(t + ) I = I rms

By Fuad Latip 2006

Power Engineering Foundation

Power in AC
From Inductive Load P(t ) = v(t )i (t ) = VI cos t cos t (t ) = VI cos (cos 2t + 1) + VI sin 2t sin where VI cos (cos 2t + 1) > Component 1 VI sin 2t sin > Component 2

The components of power supplied to a single phase load versus time. The first Component represents the power supplied by the component of current in phase with the voltage, while the second term represents the power supplied by the component of current 90o out of phase with the voltage

By Fuad Latip 2006

Power Engineering Foundation The 1st term of the instantaneous power expression is always +ve, but it produces pulses of power instead of a constant value. The average value of this term is

P = VICos
This is the AVERAGE or REAL POWER (P) supplied to the load. The unit of real power are WATT (W)

1W = 1V * 1 A

The 2nd term of instantaneous power expression is +ve half and ve half so that the average power supplied by this term is zero.

This term represents power that is first transferred from source to the load, and then returned from the load to the source.

It is known as REACTIVE POWER (Q) Reactive Power represents the energy that is first stored and then released in the magnetic field of an inductor or in the electric field of a capacitor.

The Reactive Power of load is given by

Q = VISin
The unit of Reactive Power is volt-amperes reactive (var).

1var = 1V * 1A

is the impedance angle of the load for both cases (Active Power and Reactive Power)

By Fuad Latip 2006

Power Engineering Foundation

Apparent Power (S) is the product of the voltage across the load and the current through
the load whereby the phase angle are ignored.

S = V*I
The unit of Apparent Power is volt-amperes (VA)

1VA = 1V * 1A

S Q P

Relative Forms of the Power Equations

P = VI cos (1) Q = VI sin (2) S = VI (3) if a load = constant V = IZ substituting to (1), (2) and (3) P = I 2 Z cos Q = I 2 Z sin S = I 2Z Z = magnitud of the load impedance Z = R + jX = Z cos + j sin

By Fuad Latip 2006

Power Engineering Foundation

Complex Power (S)

S = P + jQ Complex Power, S supplied to a load can be calculated from the equation below

S = VI* let V = V I = I

(I* = I conjugat)

= (V )( I ) = VI( ) = VI cos( ) + jVI sin( )

=
S = VI cos + jVI sin = P + jQ

The Relationship between Impedance Angle, Current Angle and Power Inductive Load

Has a +ve impedance angle , since the reactance of an inductor is +ve The phase angle of the current flowing through the load will lag the phase angle of the voltage across the load by .

I=

V V0 V = = Z Z Z

Load is said to be consuming both real and reactive power from source.

By Fuad Latip 2006

Power Engineering Foundation P

I AC = I-o + -

Q Z =Zo

VAC = V0o

Capacitive Load

Has a -ve impedance angle , since the reactance of an inductor is -ve The phase angle of the current flowing through the load will lead the phase angle of the voltage across the load by .

I=

V V0 V = = Z Z Z

Load is said to be consuming real power from the source and supplying reactive power to the source.

I AC = I-o + -

Q Z =Zo

VAC = V0o

By Fuad Latip 2006

Power Engineering Foundation

The Power Triangle

P S Q sin = S Q tan = P

cos =

cos = cos(-), so the power factor produced by an impedance angle of + is exactly same as the power factor produced by and impedance angle of .

So we cannot know whether a load is inductive or capacitive from the power factor alone.

Then the current leading or lagging have to know whenever a power factor is quoted.

By Fuad Latip 2006

Power Engineering Foundation

Example

Figure below shows an AC voltage source supplying power to a load with impedance Z = 20-30o . Calculate the current, I supplied to the load, the power factor of the load, and the real, reactive, apparent, and complex power supplied to the load.

I + VAC = 1200o Volt Z =20-30o

By Fuad Latip 2006

Power Engineering Foundation

By Fuad Latip 2006

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