LhaL comblne Lhe skllls of nurslng publlc healLh and some phase of soclal asslsLance and funcLlons as parL of Lhe LoLal ubllc PealLh rogram for Lhe promoLlon of healLh lmprovemenL of Lhe condlLlons ln Lhe soclal and physlcal envlronmenL and rehablllLaLlon of lllness and dlsablllLy
O nurses are dlvlded lnLo Lwo communlLy and hosplLal
O 8ural healLh nurses are communlLy healLh nurses buL classlfled as publlc healLh nurse
O nurses aL lndusLrles schools governmenL company are communlLy healLh nurse
O (AnA) ls a company pracLlce LhaL promoLes and preserves Lhe healLh of Lhe populaLlon by lnLegraLlng Lhe skllls and knowledge relevanL Lo boLh nurslng and publlc healLh
O (lreeman) lL refers Lo a servlce rendered by a professlonal nurse wlLh a communlLles groups famllles and lndlvlduals aL home ln Lhe healLh cenLers ln cllnlcs ln schools ln Lhe work place for promoLlon of healLh prevenLlon of lllness care of Lhe slck aL home and rehablllLaLlon
CnN def|n|t|on h|gh||ghts the fo||ow|ng O oa| promoLlon and preservaLlon of healLh O Nature of ract|ce comprehenslve general conLlnual and noL eplsodlc O now|edge base from nurslng and publlc healLh O eve|s of c||ente|e lndlvlduals famllles group and communlLles O 1he pracLlLloner's recognlLlon of Lhe prlmary of Lhe populaLlon whole
n|story deve|opment of CnN (|oba|)
Stage 1 (8efore M|d 1800s) O Many cenLurles Lhe slck were Lended ln Lhe homes by female famllles and frlendsreduce sufferlngs and promoLe heallng (roverbs 3120 8omans 162) O lL began wlLh rellglous and charlLable groups/lnsLlLuLlons renderlng healLh servlces Lo Lhe poor 1eachlng poor ln Lhe home seLLlng Lo help Lhemselves (Mademolselle Le Cras 1963) O upheavals charlLy work decllned more bables dellvered by mldwlfe wlLh llLLle no Lralnlng aL all O LeasL repuLable women pursued nurslng
I|orence N|ght|nga|e (18S418S6) O ueLermlnaLlon Lo servlce Lhe needs resulLed ln ma[or reforms and lmprovemenL ln Lhe sLaLus of nurslng O Sklllful ln lobbylng for healLh reforms O She organlzes care LhaL resulLed ln savlng hundreds of llves
Stage 2 O vlslLlng nurslng dlsLrlcL nurslng O 1hls was formally organlze vlslLlng Lhe slck poor ln Lhelr homes O 1eachlng Lhelr cllenLs cleanllness and wholesome llvlng O lnsLrucLlve ulsLrlcL nurslng emphaslzes Lhe Leachlng of hyglene and cleanllness
Stage 3 ub||c nea|th Nurs|ng (19001970) O ulsLrlcL nurslng broadened ls focus Lo lnclude healLh and welfare of Lhe general publlc noL [usL Lhe poor O ulsLrlcL nurses ploneered ln healLh Leachlng dlsease prevenLlon and promoLlon of good healLh pracLlces
SLage 4 CPn (1970presenL) O nurses who were noL necessarlly pracLlclng publlc healLh were based ln communlLles
Nurs|ng 1heor|es re|ated to CnN (McLwen and Wllls 2007)
O llorence nlghLlngale's Model (nurslng) O ueduced LhaL cleanllness fresh alr comforL and sanlLaLlon were necessary Lo heallng
Nurs|ng 1heor|es O uoroLhea Crem (SelfCare ueflclL nurslng 1heory) 4 8elleved LhaL humans engaged ln conLlnuous communlcaLlon an lnLerchange among Lhemselves and Lhelr envlronmenLs Lo remaln allve and Lo funcLlon O Lelnlnger's CulLure Care ulverslLy and unlverslLy 1heory 4 uemonsLraLe Lhe lmporLance of conslderlng Lhe lmpacL of culLure on healLh and heallng 4 1ransculLural nurslng Model" 4 urposes Lo generaLe knowledge relaLed Lo Lhe nurslng care of people who value Lhelr culLural herlLage and llfe ways 4 CenLral LeneL lL ls lmporLanL for Lhe nurse Lo undersLand Lhe lndlvlduals vlew of lllness 4 locus recognlzlng and undersLandlng culLural slmllarlLles and dlfferences uslng Lhls lnfo Lo lnfluence nurslng care and healLh
h||osophy O CommunlLy PealLh nurslng ls based on Lhe worLh and dlgnlLy of man
Cb[ect|ves 1 1o parLlclpaLe on Lhe developmenL an overall healLh plans for Lhe communlLy and lLs lmplemenLaLlon and evaluaLlon 2 1o provlde quallLy nurslng servlce Lo lndlvlduals famllles populaLlon group and communlLles 3 1o coordlnaLe nurslng servlce Lo varlous members of Lhe healLh Leam 4 1o parLlclpaLe and conducL researches relevanL Lo communlLy healLh and communlLy healLh nurslng servlces and dlssemlnaLe Lhelr resulLs for Lhe lmprovemenL of healLh care 3 1o provlde healLh nurslng personnel wlLh opporLunlLles for conLlnulng educaLlon and professlon growLh Lhru sLaff developmenL
Character|st|cs of CnN 1 Comblne publlc healLh and nurslng 2 opulaLlon focused 3 Lmphaslzes prevenLlon healLh promoLlon and wellness 4 romoLes cllenL responslblllLy and self care 3 lL uses aggregaLe measuremenL and analysls 6 lL ls a fleld of nurslng 7 uses prlnclples of organlzaLlon Lheory
oa| of ub||c nea|th O lncreases Lhe years and quallLy of llfe and reduce dlsparlLy
u|de||ne r|nc|p|es of CnN 1 CPn ls an lnLegral parL of Lhe communlLy healLh servlce sysLems ls parL of Lhe large socloeconomlc developmenL sysLem of a glven communlLy 2 A CommunlLy PealLh nurse ls a general pracLlLloner and nurslng 3 1he communlLy ls Lhe cllenL/paLlenL ln Lhe CPn 4 1he baslc purpose of CPn ls Lo lmprove communlLy healLh SelecLlve appllcaLlon nurslng and publlc healLh measures wlLhln Lhe framework of Lhe LoLal healLh sysLem 3 1he goal of lmprovlng communlLy healLh ls reallzed Lhrough mulLldlsclpllnary efforL 6 1he basls fro Lhe professlonal pracLlce of nurslng and of CPn ls Lhe appllcaLlon of problemsolvlng meLhod Lhe nurslng process" 7 1he famlly ls Lhe baslc unlL of care ln CPn 8 1he CPn works wlLh and noL for Lhe lndlvldual cllenL paLlenLs famlly groups or communlLy 1he laLLer are acLlve parLners 9 1wo very lmporLanL roles of Lhe communlLy healLh nurse are Lhose of a healLh Leacher/ educaLor and a change agenL 10 1he pracLlce of CPn ls affecLed by changes ln socleLy ln general and by changes and developmenLs ln Lhe healLh and relaLed flelds
ko|es of the Nurse In CnN
1 PealLh MonlLorlng 2 rovlder of nurslng Care 3 PealLh 1eacher/educaLor 4 Counselor 3 CllenL/aLlenL advocaLe 6 Change agenL 7 CommunlLy organlzer 8 1eam member 9 1ralner supervlsor manager 10 CoordlnaLlon of healLh and relaLed servlces 11 8esearcher 12 8ole model
Iunct|ons of CnN 1 lnlLlaLes conLacL esLabllshes and malnLalns and effecLlve worklng relaLlonshlp 2 Assess and deLecLs devlaLlons from healLh among lndlvlduals famllles speclflc groups and communlLy as a whole 3 rovlde skllled nurslng care Lo Lhe slck and dlsabled paLlenLs requlrlng parL Llme professlonal nurslng servlce ln Lhe varlous seLLlngs 4 AdmlnlsLer prescrlbed meds LreaLmenL or emergency care Lo lndlvldual paLlenLs as well as supervlsors and paLlenLs and famlly members school personnel 8Pw eLc 3 lmplemenL measures Lo prevenL compllcaLlons or mlnlmlze Lhe dlsabllng effecLs of dlsease or ln[urles 6 AsslsL ln Lhe preparaLlon and conducL of varlous klnd of cllnlc and healLh cenLer servlces 7 AsslsL Lhe physlclan and denLlsL wlLh examlnaLlon and LreaLmenL procedures 8 AsslsL ln Lhe physlclan ln lnLerpreLlng Lo Lhe paLlenL and famlly Lhe meanlng and lmpllcaLlons of medlcal dlagnosls 9 lollow up compllcaLed or problemaLlc cases provlde approaches nurslng care healLh Leachlng and referral 10 rovlslon of healLh Leachlng/ educaLlon Lhelr capablllLles for selfcare and effecLlve performance of Lhe famlly healLh Lasks 11 rovlde healLh supervlslon guldance and counsellng Lo lndlvlduals and famllles ln Lhe communlLy 12 rovldes guldance and counsellng wlLh healLh or healLh relaLed problems 13 Assess Lhe envlronmenL ln Lhe home school work place and Lhe communlLy as a whole Lo ldenLlfy rlsks and hazards Lo healLh work wlLh members lf Lhe Leam 14 lans properly and conducLs followups of hlghrlsk or prlorlLy famllles wlLh ulLlmaLe ob[ecLlve of enhanclng Lhe famllles capablllLles for selfcare and effecLlvely cope wlLh healLh and healLh relaLed problems 13 lnlLlaLe and/ or parLlclpaLes acLlvely ln plannlng organlzaLlon and conducL of screenlng an case flndlng programs 16 ldenLlfles under serve populaLlons groups and groups aL rlsk based on prevalllng communlLy healLh problems and lnlLlaLes healLh promoLlve and prevenLlve servlces for Lhem 17 rovldes supervlslon Lo school populaLlon ldenLlfles cases needlng medlcal care and or have followup manages or refers cases as needed 18 rovldes healLh supervlslon Lo workers exposed Lo cerLaln healLh hazards and lnsLlLuLeapproprlaLe healLh promoLlve and prevenLlve measures as well as referrals 19 Work wlLh approprlaLe personnel ln speclal seLLlng such as a school facLory markeLs prlson eLc 20 rovldes rehablllLaLlve nurslng servlces Lo Lhe physlcally and or menLally dlsabled/handlcapped ln Lhe communlLy 21 1ralns and supervlses Lhe work of axlllary and lndlgenous healLh workers and volunLeers 22 arLlclpaLe acLlvely ln communlLy organlzaLlon and developmenL 23 arLlclpaLes ln Cu conLrol programs lncludlng secondary prevenLlon acLlvlLles 24 CoordlnaLes nurslng servlces wlLh Lhose of oLher members of healLh Leam servlces rendered by oLher secLors lnvolved ln famlly and communlLy healLh developmenL 23 LvaluaLe healLhy nurslng servlces provlded boLh process and ouLcome uLlllzes resulLs or flndlngs Lo lmprove fuLure servlces 26 keeps accuraLe and compeLenL records and reporLs of nurslng servlces and relaLed acLlvlLles and asslsL ln Lhe preparaLlon and malnLenance of healLh agencles records and reporLs sysLem lncludlng vlLal slgns 27 arLlclpaLes ln lML of Lhe speclflc programs of healLh agency parLlcularly Lhose wlLh speclflc nurslng componenL 28 lndependenLly plans or parLlclpaLes ln epldemlologlcal nurslng and relaLe sLudles ln communlLy healLh 29 uemonsLraLes a gulde example of Lhe role model of a healLhful personnel and famlly llfe Lo lndlvlduals famllles and publlc healLh aL large
Cccupat|ona| nea|th Nurs|ng O lL ls a communlLy healLh nurslng focused on Lhe people ln Lhelr places of work lL provldes for and dellvers healLh servlces Lo workers LhaL ls focused on promoLlon proLecLlon and resLoraLlon of workers healLh wlLhln Lhe conLexL of safe and healLhy work envlronmenL O 1he occupaLlonal healLh nurse works ln LradlLlonal and manufacLurlng flrm lndusLry servlce and healLh care faclllLles consLrucLlon slLe consulLlng and governmenL seLLlngs
Cb[ect|ves of CnN 1 1o proLecL Lhe workers from occupaLlonal safeLy and healLh hazards 2 1o promoLe a safe and healLhful workplace 3 1o faclllLaLe efforLs of workers and Lhelr famllles Lo meeL healLh and welfare needs 4 1o promoLe educaLlon and research
nv|ronmenta| Work Iactors 1 hys|ca| factors lnclude work space Lemp llghLlng vlbraLlon nolse radlaLlon pressure and soundness of Lhe bulldlng and equlpmenL 2 Chem|ca| factors numerous chemlcals are found ln raw maLerlals producLlon processes dally operaLlon of lndusLrles such as cleaners palnLers phoLographers plasLlc facLorles eLc 3 8|o|og|c factors Lhere lncludes bacLerla vlruses eLc 4 rgonom|cs (human englneerlng) are facLors whlch lnclude Lhe lnLeracLlon beLween Lhe workers Lhe demands of Lhe [ob Lhe work seLLlng and overall envlronmenL 3 sychosoc|a| Iactors lnclude Lhe response and behavlors LhaL workers exhlblL on Lhe [ob 1hese behavlors come from aLLlLudes and values learned from Lhelr culLure llfe experlences and workslLe norms
Common rob|ems |n Work |aces 1 Cccupat|ona| D|seasesany condlLlon or dlsorder LhaL resulLs from employmenL 2 rob|ems re|ated to rgonom|cssuch as vlsual or musculoskeleLal problems due Lo lncreaslng Lechnology and changlng work envlronmenL new concerns over such Lhlngs as lack of naLural llghL and alr poor llghLlngs lsolaLlon and LemperaLure exLremes 3 Work re|ated emot|ona| d|sturbance could be due Lo a pressure aL work Lo lncrease producLlvlLy or a physlcally sLressful envlronmenL eLc 4 Workp|ace v|o|encedue Lo dlsgrunLled employee syndrome" or from lnLerpersonal relaLlonshlp problems
SnN Def|n|t|on O lL ls a branch of CPn LhaL seeks Lo ldenLlfy or prevenL school healLh problems and lnLervenes Lo correcL or reduce Lhe problems
Component of SnN A Schoo| nea|th Serv|ces O PealLh screenlng baslc care for mlnor healLh problems admlnlsLerlng medlcaLlon assesslng lmmunlzaLlon sLaLus case flndlngs for early deLecLlon of problems case managemenL counsellng care of sLudenL wlLh speclal needs and pr|mary care 8 nea|th ducat|on oa|s of n component O 1each all Lhe chlldren abouL Lhelr bodles and how Lo keep Lhem healLhy O 1o lnsLlll llfelong healLhy hablLs and knowledge Lo make responslble declslons concernlng healLh Lhe healLh of Lhelr famllles and Lhe healLh of Lhelr communlLles O 1o Leach sLudenLs how Lo use Lhe healLh care sysLem wlsely and effecLlvely C romot|on and ma|ntenance of a hea|th schoo| commun|ty env|ronment O lL lnvolves physlcal and psychosoclal facLors 4 LvaluaLlon of Lhe physlcal envlronmenL 4 lnsLllllng a sense of prlde ln sLudenLs 4 Assesslng sLressors of Leachers parenLs and sLudenLs 4 LvaluaLlng Lhe aLLlLudes of Lhe resL of Lhe school Leam for slgns of apaLhy powerlessness and hosLlllLy
Common nea|th Concerns of Schoo|age ch||dren 1 urugs and alcohol use 2 S1us 3 1eenage pregnancles 4 vlolence and accldenLs 3 uermaLologlc dlsorders 6 8esplraLory condlLlons 7 Communlcable and lnfecLlon conLrol 8 nuLrlLlonal condlLlon denLal healLh
1ranscu|tura| Nurs|ng Def|n|t|on O ls a culLurally senslLlve servlce Lo a people of an eLhnlc or raclal background dlfferenL from LhaL of Lhe nurse r|nc|p|es O uevelop culLural selfawareness lL ls Lhe recognlLlon as one's own values bellefs and pracLlces LhaL makeup one's culLure O CulLlvaLe culLural senslLlvlLy lL ls recognlzlng LhaL culLurallybased values bellefs and pracLlces lnfluence people's healLh and llfesLyle A culLurally senslLlve nurse needs Lo undersLand Lhe cllenL's polnL of vlew We need Lo see Lhe world Lhrough Lhelr eyes O Assess Lhe cllenL's group culLure O LLhnlc or raclal background O Language and communlcaLlon paLLerns O CulLural values and norms O 8loculLural facLors (geneLlc and physlcal LralLs unlque Lo Lhe group) O 8ellglous bellefs and pracLlces O PealLh bellefs and pracLlces O Show respecL and paLlence whlle learnlng Lhelr culLure examlne culLurally derlved healLh pracLlces