1

Katie Watkins

Dr. Christa Teston

White Paper

16 December 2011

Religious Doctrine and Practice

ABSTRACT

This paper will examine the diIIerences between Roman Catholic and Mormon (The Church oI
Jesus Christ oI Latter-Day Saints) religious belieIs and moral values, while examining the
commonalities oI practice between the two diIIering religious perspectives. I will be researching
the question oI, are there areas oI commonality in situational practice oI Catholicism and
Mormonism despite such diIIering doctrine belieIs. This paper will be composed Irom both
primary and secondary research. For my primary research, I will design a questionnaire to gather
data that investigates common everyday situations, and how an individual would react given the
situation. I will ask a range oI people oI diIIerent ages Irom the Catholic Iaith and the Mormon
Iaith (as well as individuals Irom Iaiths) these questions. I will also include a number oI primary
sources that look at and explore similarities and diIIerence among Catholics and Mormons. More
speciIically, these sources will look at the views oI marriage and personal relationships and selI-
identity based oII oI religious belieI. For the secondary research portion oI the white paper, I will
include an assortment oI articles Irom the University oI Idaho library, as well as a Iew book
sources Iound at the University oI Idaho library. These articles and books will include
inIormation about religious diversity and what can be done about it, the eIIects oI religion upon
decisions, political perspectives based upon religious perspectives. The results oI my research
conclude that despite diIIering religious doctrines, the behavior and actions oI individuals is very
similar. In turn, I have concluded that religious perspective does not have an inIluence upon the
actions and behaviors oI an individual.

Keywords: Religion, Perspective, Doctrine, Mormon, Catholic, Practice

INTRODUCTION

An important component in the determination oI an action concerns the extent oI religious
inIluence. However, religious perspective may not be the Ioundation oI behavior and actions in a
given situation. Many would agree there are similarities in religious perspective on the attitudes
and belieIs toward Iamily, marriage, selI-identity, and politics (Anderson, 1968; Carroll, 2000;
DuIIy, 2007; Lehrer, 2004). However this research suggests that religious perspective may not
have as much oI a role in the decisions, behaviors, or actions oI an individual in common
situations.

The term Catholicism (literally meaning universal`) can indicate orthodoxy in the Christian
Church, but more commonly reIers to the doctrines oI the Roman Catholic Church (Gabriel, 30).
2

While ormonism is an umbrella term reIerring to churches oI recent origin that claim to have
eIIected a restoration oI true Christianity (Gabriel, 56). These two deIinitions may provide a
better understanding oI the speciIic perspectives that are being analyzed.

The doctrinal belieIs oI the Catholic Iaith in comparison with those oI the Mormon Iaith are
polar opposites (Gaskill, 3). One example that illustrates the diIIerences in doctrine between
Mormons and Catholics is baptism. SpeciIically, an article Irom the National Catholic Reporter
claims Mormon baptisms are invalid because the Mormon doctrine opposes any other Christian
doctrine to an extreme opposition (Vatican, 10). Catholics believes in the baptism oI inIants in
the name oI the Father and oI the Son and oI the Holy Spirit not as three separate gods, but as
one Holy Trinity (Gaskill, 67). While the Mormon Scripture (The Book oI Mormon) argues that
inIant baptism is an 'evil abomination oI the Iaith (Moroni 8). Instead, children are baptized at
the age oI 8 under three separate beings: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit (Moroni 8). The
Mormon Iaith believes the deceased may be baptized by a proxy, which means that a Mormon
can be baptized on behalI oI someone who has already died (Gabriel, 57). However, this is not an
accepted means oI tradition within the Catholic Church.

Despite the doctrinal and traditional diIIerences as evidenced in events like baptism, there are
similarities in moral belieIs between the two perspectives Iound within my research and previous
research. For instance, both Catholicism and Mormonism take a Iirm stance on the issues oI
homosexuality, abortion, and divorce, and that is that neither church condones those issues
(Gatskill, 3). Charles Anderson, author oI Religious Communality among white Protestants,
Catholics, and ormons, argued that the Catholics and Mormons who were surveyed in his
study showed similar religious commonalities. These commonalities were apparent in similar
values oI Iriends, Iamily, marriage, and selI-identity. This suggests that the two perspectives
value many oI the same ideals (Anderson, 507).

This white paper explores the diIIerences between Roman Catholic and Mormon (The Church oI
Jesus Christ oI Latter-Day Saints) religious doctrines, belieIs, and moral values, while looking at
the commonalities oI practice between the two religious perspectives.

THODS

An electronic survey was craIted and made available as an online link on the social networking
site, Facebook.

Participants answered a series oI ten questions on an online survey constructed on
surveymonkey.com. The questions were a combination oI multiple choice, open-ended, and a
rated scale Irom 1 to 10. The survey took approximately 8 minutes to complete, and was
available online Ior 5 days. See Appendix A Ior a complete set oI the survey questions.

The questions were asked in a manner to highlight upon areas oI gray. In other words, there was
not necessarily a right or wrong answer associated with each question. The questions that
highlighted upon the areas oI gray made it nearly impossible Ior the participants to select a
biased answer. Instead, the participants were required to answer each question on their own
accord.
3


Questions 1 3 illustrated the demographical dimensions oI the participants such as gender, age,
and religious perspective. The next set oI questions, 4 6, were open-ended, and hit on areas oI
gray such as watching a person conveniently steal laundry detergent in the grocery store,
questioning the authority oI a parent, and allowing a drunk man to drive a car. Questions 7 9
were multiple-choice and once again shed light on areas oI gray. For instance, the questions deal
with homosexuality, treatment oI women, and poverty. The last question was a scale rated 1 10
that looked at how much inIluence religion had upon the participants, how 'religious the
participants would consider themselves, and how 'spiritual the participants considered
themselves to be.

I relied on the honesty and integrity oI the participants to collect the data Irom the survey. These
questions were asked to assess an individual`s behavior in an ordinary event to determine
whether or not there was a correlation between behavior and religious perspective.

RSULTS

The results Irom the survey included 57 participants (n57). The survey was available to
approximately 560 people, however only 57 people oI that 560 responded to the link (a 10.1
response rate).

In response to Question 1, which asked the gender oI the participants, 71.9 oI the participants
were Iemale, while only 28.1 were male. This inconsistent ratio did make Ior Iairly biased
results on the survey, Ior the male to Iemale ratio wasn`t very consistent.

Question 2 dealt with the religious perspective oI the participants; it asked Ior the participants to
speciIy their religion Irom the given suggestions. It was Iound that 39.7 considered themselves
to be Catholic, while 13.8 claimed Lutheran, 12.1 claimed Baptist, 12.1 claimed agnostic,
and 8.6 claimed Mormon. There was an other` category as well that 13.7 oI the participants
Iell into. The other category consisted oI those that considered themselves to be Christian,
Methodist, Presbyterian, or atheist. Figure 2 gives a visual description oI the percentages oI
religious perspectives involved in the survey.









4

10
33
4
7
11
4
10
3
18
8apLlsL
CaLhollc
MeLhodlsL
Mormon (LuS)
LuLheran
resbyLerlan
AgnosLlc
ALhelsL
CLher








Figure 2: Religious Perspective oI Participants
Question 3 asked the participants Ior their age. The surveyed participants came Irom very a Iairly
wide range oI ages. However, a vast majority oI participants were between the ages oI 18 and 21
dominated the survey. Although this may produce a bias outcome, I considered the age bracket
to be very relevant to my research. A large majority, 77.2, oI the participants were between the
ages oI 18-21, while 3.5 were between 15 and 17, 5.3 between 22 and 25, 1.8 between 26
and 30, 1.8 between 31 and 40, and 10.5 were 40 years or older. Figure 3 visually describes
the ages oI the participants.

Figure 3: Age oI the Participants
II Iaced with the situation oI seeing an individual stealing something at the grocery store as
question 4 does, the majority (62.7) oI the surveyed population claimed that they would say
something to the cashier, while a surprisingly 27.5 oI the population claimed that they would
not say anything Ior it is not their business. These statistics compare with the Mormon and
Catholic participants opinion in that 79.2 claimed that they would say something, while 20.8
said it was not their business what happened. I combined the responses Irom this particular
0
3
78
3
2
2
10 10 Lo 14
13 Lo 17
18 Lo 21
22 Lo 23
26 Lo 30
31 Lo 30
40 +
5

question into three categories: say something to the cashier, not say something to the cashier, and
take some other sort oI action. Figures 4a and 4b graphically show the results oI question 4.


Figure 4a: All religious perspective responses to the stealing at the grocery store situation

Figure 4b: Mormon and Catholic responses to the stealing at the grocery story situation
Question 5 asked participants how they would react to seeing a small child spilling a drink at a
local Iootball game, and the mother hitting the child on the side oI the head Ior causing the mess.
This question brought up quite a bit oI controversy, as well. It highlighted upon questioning the
authority oI a parent. For this question, I was able to contract the responses into two categories:
say something to the parent and not say anything to the parent. A solid 70.1 oI the total
participants answered that they in Iact would not say anything to the mother Ior it is not their
position to question the authority oI a parent, while the other 29.1 oI the participants said that
they would take some sort oI action in the situation by speaking up to the mother. The Mormon
63
27
10
Say SomeLhlng Lo Lhe
Cashler
noL Say SomeLhlng Lo
Lhe Cashler
1ake Some CLher SorL of
AcLlon
Say SomeLhlng Lo
Lhe Cashler
noL Say
SomeLhlng Lo Lhe
Cashler
1ake Some CLher
SorL of AcLlon
0
10
20
30
40
30
60
70
80
90
Mormon 8esponses
CaLhollc 8esponses
6

and Catholic responses appeared quite similar to the rest oI the population. As Figures 5a and 5b
illustrate, 60.4 oI the Catholic and Mormon responses claimed that they would not question the
judgment oI the parent, while the remaining participants claimed that they would take action in
the situation.


Figure 5a: All Religious Perspective responses to the questioning the authority oI a parent
situation

Figure 5b: Mormon and Catholic responses to the questioning the authority oI a parent situation
Question 6 asked the participants what they would do iI they saw a man who had been drinking
get into a car to drive home. When conIronted with this task, 59.2 oI the surveyed population
claimed that they would take some sort oI action to stop the man Irom driving, while 40.8 said
that they would in Iact not do or say anything to the man. That 40.8 Ielt like it was not their
place to say anything. OI that 40.8 that would not say anything, 1/3 was either Mormon or
Catholic. 29.1 oI the surveyed Mormons and Catholics said that they would not say anything to
the man iI Iaced with the situation. A solid 70.8, however, claimed that they would take some
sort oI action to prevent the man Irom driving home. Although this question was open ended, I
categorized the responses into take action to stop the man Irom driving and not taking any action
at all. Figures 6a and 6b represent the responses oI all oI the participants and the Mormon and
Catholic responses.
70
30
Say SomeLhlng Lo Lhe
arenL
noL Say AnyLhlng Lo Lhe
arenL
Say SomeLhlng Lo Lhe
arenL
noL Say AnyLhlng Lo
Lhe arenL
0
10
20
30
40
30
60
70
Mormon 8esponses
CaLhollc 8esponses
7



Figure 6a: All religious perspective responses to the drunken man driving a car situation

Figure 6b: Mormon and Catholic responses to the drunken man driving a car situation
Question 7 asked the participants Ior their reaction iI they were at lunch with a group oI Iriends
and a person at the table expressed his hateIul opinion toward homosexuals, while you knew that
another person at the table was homosexual. This question caused a split in the participants. The
majority (44.8) oI the surveyed participants claimed that they would quickly change the subject
iI the issue was brought up in a group oI Iriends, while a close 39.7 oI participants claimed that
they would deIend sexuality to the group. Surprisingly, 37.5 oI the Mormons and Catholics
that were surveyed claimed that would deIend homosexuality, while 54.2 said that they would
change the subject. I included all oI the responses Ior Figure 7a, but I contracted the responses
Ior Figure 7b into two categories: DeIend homosexuality and change the subject. Figures 7a and
7b are an illustration oI the responses oI all oI the participants in comparison with the responses
oI the Catholic and Mormon participants.

39
41
1ake AcLlon Lo SLop Lhe
Man from urlvlng
noL 1ake Any AcLlon aL
All
1ake acLlon Lo sLop Lhe
man
noL Lake any acLlon
0
10
20
30
40
30
60
70
80
Mormon 8esponses
CaLhollc 8esponses
8


Figure 7a: All religious perspective responses to the biased opinion oI homosexuality situation

Figure 7b: Mormon and Catholic responses to the biased opinion oI homosexuality situation
Question 8 asked the participants what they would do iI they were pumping gas and saw a
woman standing by the door crying. 55.2 oI the surveyed participants stated that they would
walk up to the woman and ask her iI is she was alright, while 20.7 oI the surveyed population
said that they would pay Ior their gas and leave in hopes that someone else would help the
woman. Focusing on only the Catholic and Mormon participants, the results appeared to be
greatly split between two options. A solid 54.2 oI the survey Mormons and Catholics claimed
that they would walk up to her and ask her iI she was alright. While the other 45.8 oI the
surveyed Mormons and Catholics claimed that they would pay Ior their gas and drive away in
hopes that someone else would help the woman. I included all oI the responses Ior Figure 8a, but
I contracted the responses Ior Figure 8b into two categories: Ask her iI she is alright and leave in
hopes that someone else will help her. Figures 8a and 8b represent the responses oI all oI the
participants in comparison with the responses oI only Catholic and Mormon participants.

43
40
0
3
10
Change Lhe Sub[ecL
uefend PomosexuallLy
8emaln SllenL
1ell Lhe 1able ?our
lrlend ls a Pomosexual
CLher
uefend homosexuallLy Change Lhe sub[ecL
0
10
20
30
40
30
60
Mormon 8esponses
CaLhollc 8esponses
9


Figure 8a: All religious perspective responses to the crying woman outside oI a gas station
situation

Figure 8b: Mormon and Catholic responses to the crying woman outside oI a gas station situation
Question 9 dealt with the situation oI poverty. It speciIically asked the participants what they
would do iI they saw a homeless man holding a sign that read, 'Anything Helps. May God
Bless. 32.8 oI the surveyed participants responded that they would in Iact not do anything Ior
the man but continue into the parking lot and then get their groceries. However, a close 27.65
oI the total participants said they would turn around and bring the man a BigMac Irom
McDonalds. In response, the Mormon and Catholic responses were very similar in the Iact that
62.8 oI the speciIied participants said that they would continue into the parking lot and buy
their groceries. Once again, I included all oI the responses Ior Figure 9a, but I contracted the
responses Ior Figure 9b into two categories: Continue into the parking lot and get your groceries
and bring him a BigMac. Figures 9a and 9b visualize the results oI question 9.

33
8
21
14
2
Ask her ls she ls alrlghL
ay for your gas and
leave
Leave and hope
someone else helps her
SlL ln your car and waLch
her
CLher
0
10
20
30
40
30
60
Ask Per lf she ls AlrlghL Leave and Pope LhaL
Someone else Pelps Per
Mormon 8esponses
CaLhollc 8esponses
10


Figure 9a: All religious perspective responses to the homeless man outside oI the grocery store
situation

Figure 9b: Mormon and Catholic responses to the homeless man outside oI the grocery store
situation
When the surveyed participants were asked how much inIluence their religious perspective had
upon their actions or decisions (as question 10 did), the average rating was 5.04 out oI 10. 22 oI
the 57 participants claimed that religious perspective had absolutely no inIluence on their
decisions. The participants were then asked how much they considered themselves to be
'religious and the average rating came back at 4.96 out oI 10. Finally, the participants were
asked how much they considered themselves to be 'spiritual and the average rating returned at
5.68. Table 1 expresses these Iindings in a more deIinitive manner.

9
33
27
19
12
Clve hlm 20 dollars
ConLlnue Lhe parklng
loL and geL your
grocerles
8rlng hlm a 8lg Mac
Say a sllenL pray for
hlm
0
10
20
30
40
30
60
70
80
ConLlnue lnLo Lhe
arklng LoL and geL ?our
Crocerles
8rlng hlm a 8lg Mac
Mormon 8esponses
CaLhollc 8esponses
11

Table 1. Religious InIluence
1 Not at All 10 Very Much
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
How much
inIluence does
your religion
have on your
actions and
behaviors?
5.7 5.7 11.3 5.7 9.4 9.4 20.8 3.8 5.7
How
'religious
would you
consider
yourselI?
18 5.7 13.2 5.7 9.4 11.3 11.3 13.2 9.4 1.9
How
'spiritual
would you
consider
yourselI?
13.2 13.2 0 5.7 9.4 13.2 9.4 151 151 5.7

ANALYSIS

The results did not exactly agree with my initial hypothesis oI the survey. I assumed that
religious perspectives would have an inIluence on the decisions and actions that individuals took
in certain situations. However, according to the survey responses, religious perspective may not
have an eIIect on action or decision.

Mormon or Catholic participant responses were in Iact very similar to one another. Obviously,
there were a Iew responses that strayed away Irom the majority, but Ior the most part, responses
were Iairly similar.

This survey was a great piece oI evidence to demonstrate that despite such diIIering religious
doctrines, Mormons and Catholics respond to situations quite similarly. This may suggest that
perhaps religion is in Iact not a very inIluential Iactor on an individual`s everyday behavior. For
instance, question 6 is a great example to dissect. Homosexuality is not an accepted practice
within the Catholic Church or the Mormon Church. However when participants were asked what
they would do iI Iaced with a situation oI a homosexual being verbally deIenseless, a solid
majority oI the participants claimed that they would in Iact deIend the idea oI homosexuality.
This demonstrates that religious dogma may not be a deciding Iactor in an everyday decision or
action. This could suggest that individuals are inIluenced by some other Iactor.

Questions 5 and 6 bring up a Iew controversial points, as well. For instance, question 5 is
centered on whether or not one has the right to question the authority oI a parent. A large
majority oI the participants responded that it was not their position to question the parent`s
authority despite the unjust reaction oI the parent. As the researcher, I was taken aback at this
response. I originally assumed that the majority oI the participants would say something to the
12

parent. I was particularly taken aback by the Mormon and Catholic responses, because the
Mormon and Catholic religion are oIten times associated with high values Ior Iamily. However,
the Mormon and Catholic respondents answered the question tremendously similar to the whole
by saying that an outsider observer does not hold the position to question the authority oI the
parent. Once again, it appears that religious dogma does not aIIect the decision or action oI an
individual in an everyday situation.

The results to question 6 leIt an inquisitive imprint, as well. AIter looking at the results Irom
question 5, I automatically assumed that the participants would respond very similarly and say
that it was not there position to interject on the drunken man`s action. However, nearly 60 oI
the total participants responded that they would take some sort oI action to stop the man Irom
driving. Similarly, over 70 oI the survey Mormon and Catholic participants said that they
would take an action to stop the man. The results Irom question 6 appear to be in contradiction
with the results oI question 5. Participants claimed that they wouldn`t interIere with a parent`s
judgment, but a majority oI participants Ielt that it was just to interIere with the man`s judgment.

DISCUSSION

Since it has been determined that religious perspective does not seem to overtly aIIect behavior
and decision, it is important to acknowledge that this notion can be applied to other areas oI
diIIerence. For instance iI two religions with such diIIering doctrinal views (such as Mormonism
and Catholicism) can respond with similar decisions in situations, why can`t this idea apply to
diIIerences between race, culture, or politics?

There is oIten a tension associated with the Catholic and Mormon doctrine because they diIIer so
much; however, my research has demonstrated that their everyday practice is usually similar.
Perhaps iI all Catholics and Mormons saw these results, the tension would be reduced. A key
component to take away Irom this is that perhaps people should look Ior the similarities between
two seemingly opposite ideas, rather than the contraries.

This notion oI recognizing similarities could easily be incorporated with the conIlict oI race. It
would be interesting to take the same research method and replace the individual`s religious
perspective with their race to determine a correlation between race and participant responses
versus the religion and the participant responses. However, why limit it to race? The religious
perspective could be replaced with the individual`s culture or political stance or sexual
orientation.

However, the limitations oI my research must be taken into account when considering my
results. The results may prove to be slightly inaccurate due to the number oI participants and the
biased age and sex oI the participants. Participants were selected as they clicked on the link. The
likeliness oI a random population decreased as the survey was only available to a speciIied
population: my own Iriend`s list.` Another Iactor in the accuracy oI this survey was the Iact that
the male to Iemale ratio was in Iavor oI Iemales, in turn creating rather biased results.

Nevertheless, society may not be the only Iactor that could hold inIluence over an individual`s
decision and behavior. Culture, peers, parents, and media are determining Iactors in one`s
13

behavior, as well (Basinger 2002, Vogyt 1951). The purpose oI my white paper was not to
determine the cause oI decisions, but rather to see how people react in given situations.
Depending on those reactions, I wanted to explore whether there was religious inIluence behind
it. ThereIore, the idea oI what shapes the decisions and actions oI an individual is still very much
open Ior exploration.



14

ReIerences

Anderson, C. H. (1968). Religious communality among white Protestants, Catholics, and
Mormons. Social Forces,46(4), 501-508. Retrieved Irom EBSCOhost.
Basinger, A. (2002). Religious diversity, a philosophical assessment. London, England: Ashgate
Pub Ltd.
Carroll, J. S., LinIord, S. T., Holman, T. B., & Busby, D. M. (2000). Marital and Iamily
orientations among highly religious young adults: Comparing latter-day saints with
traditional Christians. Review of Religious Research,42(2), 193-205. Retrieved Irom
EBSCOhost.
DuIIy, M., & Gibbs, N. (2007, May 28). Jerry's kids. Time, 169, 72. Retrieved EBSCOhost.
Gabriel, H., & Geaves, R. (2008).Understanding religion. New York, NY: Universe Pub.
Gaskill, A. (2008). Know your religion. (Vol. 1, p. 205). Orem, Utah: Millennial Press, Inc.
Lehrer, E. L. (2004). The role oI religion in union Iormation: An economic
perspective. Population Research and Policy Review, 23(2), 161-161-185. Retrieved
Irom EBSCOhost.
The Book of ormon. Salt Lake City: The Church oI Jesus Christ oI Latter-day Saints, 1989.
Print.
Vatican Says Mormon Baptisms are Invalid. (2001, August 10). National Catholic
Reporter, 37(36), p. 10.
Vogt, V. Ogden. (1951). Cult and culture. A study of religion and American culture. New York,
NY: The MacMillan Company.

15

APPNDIX A Religious Doctrine and Practice Survey
1) Are you male or Iemale?
A. Male
B. Female

2) What do you is your religious perspective?
A. Baptist
B. Catholic
C. Methodist
D. Mormon (Jesus Christ oI Latter-day Saints)
E. Lutheran
F. Presbyterian
G. Judaist
H. Buddhism
I. Agnostic
J. Atheist
K. Other (iI other please speciIy)

3) What is your age?
A. 10-14
B. 15-17
C. 18-21
D. 22-25
E. 26-30
F. 31-40
G. 40

4) You are in the grocery store and the person in Iront oI you has a cart Iull oI groceries. As the
person puts their groceries on the counter, you notice that they purposeIully leave a large box oI
laundry detergent in their cart. The cashier does not notice it, but you do notice it. What do you
do?

5) You are sitting at a Iootball game with your signiIicant other. There is Iamily oI 5 sitting in
Iront oI you (a mother, Iather, and three kids). The oldest child tips over a large soda. The mother
stands up and yells at her child and hits him on the side oI the head. What do you do?

6) You are sitting at a restaurant having dinner with your Iamily. You have been watching a man
drinking at the bar. You have watched him drink 4 draIt beers. AIter dinner you walk out to your
car. You see the same man getting in his car to drive home. What do you do?

7) You are sitting with a group oI Iriends (mixed genders) having lunch. One oI your Iriends
starts talking about his biased and hateIul opinion toward homosexuals. You know that another
Iriend at the table is homosexual. What do you do?
A. Remain silent and not contribute to the conversation
B. Quickly change the subject
16

C. Interrupt and tell the table that your Iriend is a homosexual
D. DeIend homosexuality
E. Other (II other, please speciIy what you would do)

8) You are walking toward the gas station to pay Ior your gas. As you head Ior the door, you
notice a random woman standing outside oI the door crying. Do you:
A. Ask her iI she is alright
B. Just go inside and pay Ior your gas
C. Leave and hope that someone else helps her
D. Go inside, pay Ior your gas, and then sit in your car and watch her to see what she
does
E. Other (II other, please speciIy what you would do)

9) You are driving to a grocery store in a Iairly large city. As you put on your blinker to turn into
the parking lot, you see a man dressed in a tattered t-shirt, jeans, and Ilip-Ilops, holding a sign
that says: 'Anything Helps. May God Bless. Do you:
A. Give him the only money that you have, which happens to be a 20 dollar bill.
B. Look at him, but continue into the parking lot, park your car, and go into Walmart.
C. Turn around, go to McDonalds, and bring him back a Big Mac.
D. Avoid all eye contact and say a silent prayer Ior him.
E. Other (II other, please speciIy what you would do)

10) Please answer the Iollowing questions with 1 being not at all and 10 being very much so.
How much inIluence does religion have on your actions and behaviors?
How 'religious would you consider yourselI?
How 'spiritual would you consider yourselI?