General Introduction of Nepal

The Kingdom of Nepal is a landlinked country situated in between India and Chinas Tibetan Autonomous region. The Himalayas fall within the countrys boundaries, thus Nepal is well known for its mountainous and hilly topography. In fact, Nepal is home to the magnificent Mount Everest, believed to be the worlds tallest mountain. The fascinating geography of Nepal contributes greatly to the countrys wonder and touristic appeal. As we investigate Nepals geography one will quickly discover why it draws an adventure seekers and those interested in exploring its ecological discovery. Nepal encompasses 147181 sq. km. of land in a rough rectangular shape and is comparable in size to Arkansas. As any one travel from the south to north of Nepal one will note that the altitude changes. Despite its small size, Nepals geography is very diverse from its lowest point in Kechana Kalan (Jhapa) of 70m above sea level to its highest point at Mount Everest of 8848m. Along this rise in altitude there are notable valleys. With the combination of mountains, rolling hills, ridges and valleys, Nepal has electric mix of ecological zones. Nepal is made up of three regions defined by its topographical changes. In the north are the Himalayas, then the hills with the Mahabharat range plus Churia hills and finally Terai in the south with some flatter forested or cultivated areas. In the northern reaches of Nepal one will find the temperatures can variation. Monsoon clouds cover Nepal in June, July and August.

1. Introduction of Civil Aviation

Civil aviation is one of two major categories of flying, representing all non-military aviation, both private and commercial. Most of the countries in the world are members of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and work together to establish common standards and recommended practices for civil aviation through that agency. Civil aviation includes two major categories: Scheduled air transport, including all passenger and cargo flights operating on regularly scheduled routes; and General Aviation (GA), including all other civil flights, private or commercial Although scheduled air transport is the larger operation in terms of passenger numbers, GA is larger in the number of flights (and flight hours, in the U.S. In the U.S., GA carries 166 million passengers each year, more than any individual airline, though less than all the airlines combined. Some countries also make a regulatory distinction based on whether aircraft are flown for hire: Commercial aviation includes most or all flying done for hire, particularly scheduled service on airlines; and Private aviation includes pilots flying for their own purposes (recreation, business meetings, etc.) without receiving any kind of remuneration.

All scheduled air transport is commercial, but general aviation can be either commercial or private. Normally, the pilot, aircraft, and operator must all be authorized to perform commercial operations through separate commercial licensing, registration, and operation certificates. The Convention on International Civil Aviation (the Chicago Convention) was originally established in 1944: it states that signatories should collectively work to harmonize and standardize the use of airspace for safety, efficiency and regularity of air transport. The entire States signatory to the Chicago Convention, now 188, are obliged to implement the Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) of the Convention. Each signatory country has a Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) (such as the FAA in the United States) to oversee the following areas of civil aviation: Objective of the study To study about the development of the civil aviation of the world To study the importance of Civil Aviation for development of the nation To study the function of civil aviation To study the roles and responsibilities of civil aviation for promoting tourism industry To study the history of civil aviation of Nepal To study present situation of civil aviation in Nepal

2. Function of Civil Aviation The main function of Civil Aviation is to access the people from one place to another destination by air or aircraft. There are many types of aircrafts in world, which are operating flights in different purposes, but Civil Aviation deals only those types of aircraft, which is doing flights for general people, which is for paid service for all. It means Civil Aviation deal neither with the military aircrafts, nor with the private aircraft. It only talks about the public aircrafts. In present world, Civil Aviation is playing role of bridge between two different places. In this 21st century, people do not have enough time to move everywhere by the surface or the water. So that people are being, close with the Aviation industry for short, easy, safe and comfort travel. Civil Aviation always talks about the safety and comfort of its passenger. This industry can be a good communicator between different places or destinations; the destinations can be domestic or international the industry can be a good mediator for making a good relationship with the national/international arena. The mail functions of civil aviation are listed below: Ensuring the safe and orderly conduct of all aviation activities in world. Providing efficient and user responsive Air Navigation Services to the national and international aviation community Cooperating with other agencies in the facilitation, provision and regulation of a reliable and safe Air Transport System. Development of the air links in domestic and international arena. Development of the aircrafts with latest technology and facility. Development of airports and air routes. Providing a conducive environment for the development of its staff. Providing air links at the time of distress and for law and order purpose Providing air transport facilities to VIPs on short notices Imparting Training in Flying and Aircraft Maintenance through Providing training in Aircraft Maintenance Engineering. 3. Roles and responsibilities of civil aviation for promoting tourism industry Before we talk about the roles and responsibilities of Civil Aviation for Tourism industry we have to study that what is tourism and Civil Aviation: In general terms Tourism and Aviation industry are defined as follows. Tourism industry Tourism industry refers to an industry that deals with the people those who travel from their own place to other in order to visit. Aviation Industry Aviation industry is a segment of travel industry that deals with air transportation from one destination to another destination. Tourist, Tourism & Tourism Industry According to World Tourism Organization: Tourists are defined as people who travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited".
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Tourism is known as the collective activities and services that facilitate and attract tourists and shaped within their participation. International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined Tourism in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment. These service industries include Transportation services such as airlines, cruise ships, rails, taxis and any other mode of transportation. Accommodation such as hotel, motel, resort, dorms and any further offers that accommodate people to stay overnight. Food services namely restaurants, bars, pubs etc. Recreation Entertainment, sports, festival, and Treatment services such as spas and resorts. Tourism industry is the industry that focuses on the operation and implementation of the above components of service industries collectively to satisfy need and demand of tourists. In the broader sense, at present tourism industry is the worlds largest industry, which captures about 4% share of the worlds economy, and classified as the most employment generating industry of the world. For many countries tourism is the dominant sector for income by the consumption of goods and services by tourists, the taxes levied on businesses in the tourism industry, as well as the opportunity for employment in the service industries associated with tourism. Classification of Tourism: The United Nations classified three forms of tourism 1. Domestic tourism is involves residents of the given country traveling within the national boundary. 2. Inbound tourism involving nonresidents traveling in the given country and 3. Outbound tourism involving residents of a given country is traveling in another country. The UN also has categorized tourism by 3 basic forms: Internal tourism, National tourism and International tourism. Why people travel? There are numerous reasons behind traveling such as Business, Visiting friends and family, Curiosity, Natural attraction, Historical places, Recreation. However, two factor that influence traveling The first is Internal push factor for example Pilgrimage, Education, Health Care. The second is External pull factor Nature, Sports, Recreation and many more. In order to regulate tourism nationwide organization is National Tourism Council Example In Thailand TOA Tourism Authority of Thailand and for International tourism is UNWTO World Tourism Organization. Whatsoever the reason of traveling people need transportation for movement, the next question arise which mode of transportation?. The answer is affordable, time saving, convenient and safety. So, air transportation is the one meet most all of the above The aviation basically categorized as Civil aviation and Military aviation. Dear reader, at this point I would like to inform you that our focus would be on the civil aviation only. Hence Air transportation would represent Civil aviation. The air transport sector includes those activities that are directly dependent on transporting people and goods by air. Airports, airlines, air navigation services are the terms that describe the industry comprehensively. The airlines are classified as Career (Passenger Transportation) (career) and Cargo (Freight Transportation). Aviation provides the only worldwide transportation network, which makes it essential for global business and tourism. Air transpiration alleviates poverty and helps to improve living standards by facilitating tourism. Air transport improves quality of life by broadening peoples leisure and cultural experiences. It provides a wider choice of holiday destinations around the world and an affordable means to visit distance friends and relatives. Air transport contributes to sustainable
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development not only by facilitating tourism and trade, it generates economic growth, provides jobs, increase revenues from taxes as well as facilitates the delivery of emergency humanitarian aid relief and swift delivery of medical supplies anywhere on the earth. To regulate international air transportation navigation the organization IATA - International Air Transport Association, play the vital role. ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization, works for to promote understanding and security through cooperative aviation regulation. 3.1 Influence of aviation on tourism Tourism and Air Transport industry are complementing each other. Tourism depends on transportation to bring visitors, while the transportation industry depends on tourism to generate demand for its services. The growth in tourism industry directly reflects onto the air transportation. Over the last 25 years, the number of international tourists has more than doubled. The expansion of international tourism has a large impact on the discipline of transport geography. Transport is the cause and the effect of the growth of tourism. To start with, the improved facilities have stimulated tourism, and the expansion of tourism has stimulated transport. Accessibility is the main function behind the basics of tourism transport. In order to access the areas that are mainly aimed, tourists will use any transportation mode. However, air transport is the main mode for international tourism. Air transport plays a dominant role in inter-regional movements of tourists, which normally entails travel over long-distance. Growth rates of international air traffic are pegged with growth rates of international tourism. Attractive package tours, competitive airfare attract more and more tourist day by days, therefore both the industry is expanding rapidly. Transport policies and decisions of governments can make a big difference in the destinations available to tourists, for instance the Suvarnabhumi airport Bangkok, Thailand. Air transport is far advance than the transport mode. Air transport has revolutionized the geographical aspect of distances; the most remote areas can now be attained, any journey around the world can be measured in terms of hours of traveling. With jet that, can reach up to 1950 km/hrs, international tourism is no longer an ongoing adventure. About 6.7 million jobs worldwide are in tourism industry directly supported by the spending of foreign visitors arriving by air. Taking into account both the overseas visors and work force employed it can be said that the Industry is giant in shape The worlds largest industry of Travel and Tourism. How big the airline industry and its market share are an example will give you a clear image - in a statistics it shown that, American Airlines saves US$40,000 in a year by eliminating one olive from each salad served in first class only. 3.2 Air transportation and modern tourism In the modern world, traveling is more centered to the annual holidays and can be fairly well predicted. The demand in international and even national transport infrastructures implies a very large number of people who wants to move in an efficient, fast and inexpensive manner. It requires heavy investments and complex organization. Well-organized terminals and intelligently planned schedules are essential in promoting effective transportation facilities for tourists, notably since the industry is growing at a fast rate. Inducement tour - Tourism now a day not only the personal influence, but it also is group affluence as well, many company to induce their work force arrange tour overseas, which is the significant reason of Group tour. Such as Japanese tour group in Thailand is very obvious example. So, when a big company arranges these types of tour instead to depending on schedule flight they usually seek for chartered flight.
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4. Development of civil aviation in world Since human beings approach flying only in 13th century in England. But it was only in 16th century when people tried to fly. Italian mathematician Giovanni Batista Danti in jan 1503 carried a gilter of some sport of the tower of the church in Perugia and attempted to fly off the ramparts. The machine fouled on the building and crashed to the roof, Danti suffering a broken leg. Shortly watching birds and concluded a bird is an instrument working according to mathematical law with all its movements. He designed helicopter. By 1506, he was ready to try flying but failed. Two brilliant French brothers (42) Joseph and Estinne Montgolfer (37) straightened out the worlds thinking and got flying. Inspired by the rising smoke, they experimented the balloons full of smoke to fly in 1782. On the June 4, 1783 they demonstrated a great linen and paper bag filled with smoke to exhibit their invention in Paris. King Louise XIV and Queen Marie commanded a royal performance at Versailles in September 19, 1983. They attached a basket passenger, a roster, a dog and a sheep. After one and half mile flight, the trio of animal aeronauts landed dingy but unharmed. On 21November 1783, a young French Dr. Jean Francais Pilatie De Rogier became a first man in history to fly on a hot air balloon. He flew more than five miles before landing. Ten days later, Professor Jacques Charles and Noel Robert made the first hydrogen balloon ascend from the garden of the Tuilreres. They took off on the flight that lasted more than two hours and covered 27 miles to the village of Nescle. Overwhelmed with joy, Charles went up alone same afternoon, attaining the giddy altitude of 9,000 feet. It made him the first person to see two sun sets in a single day. Scarcely a year after Charles first flight, English Channel was crossed in a hydrogen balloon by daring Frenchman Jean Pierre Francois Blanchard and Dr. John Jeffries in January 1785. In June 15, 1785 Pilatre de Rozier after a half an hour flight in hydrogen filled balloon exploded and he along with his only passenger Pierre Romain were both dead- the first recorded dead in aviation accident. Sir George Cayley of Yorkshire experimented with paper balloon in childhood, as teenager he built a toy helicopter and in youth he did pioneering research on the nature of air, air pressure and the importance of wing angles. He thus discovered that shaping the wings of a plane into a shallow V would increase its stability. In 1809 he published a scientific paper that laid the basis for all present day aerodynamics. Cayley built the first true steerable glider in 1804 and then after he built many more gliders, monoplanes, biplanes, triplanes. On December 17, 1903 at 1030hrs the heavier than air machine began to move alone the 60 feet high rail track into the wind at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Near the end of the track, the plane rose into the air and one life saving man snapped what was to become aviations most thrilling photo- the first controlled power plane to fly. It flew for 12 seconds. At just 12 O clock, Wilbur started on the fourth and last trip. The machine started off with its ups and downs as it had before, but by the time he had gone three or four hundred feet, he had it under
6

much control and was travelling on fairly even course recorder Orville in his diary. It proceeded in this manner till it reached a small hummock about 800 feet from the ground. The distance over the ground was 852 feet in 59 seconds. The conquest of the sky thus began.

4.1 Chronological History of Flying in A.D.

1500 1783 First scientific approach to flight by Italian Leonardo da Vinci. First paper balloon with smoke flown by Montgolfier brothers. On November 21, Dr. J.F.P. Roger made the mans first hot air balloon flight covering more than 5 miles. Birth of an aeroplane- Sir George Cayley, a British designed a steerable glider and in 1809 he published a scientific paper dealing with nature of air, air pressure, shape of wings. Man achieved winged flight. Sir George Cayley floated a 10-year-old boy of the ground for few feet. July 2, Maiden flight of airship built by count von Zeppelin, Germany. Mr. Zeppelin built on 8 January 1908 an airship to hold 100 peoples. Octane Chantue experiment stabilizing devices for glider. Wilbur and Orville Wright successfully got a machine into the air. December 17, first power driven airplane flown by Wright brothers near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA. The glider was powered by 12 HP water-cooled engines. Distance covered was 852 feet in 59 sec. On October 5 the Wright brothers made a record flight of 38 minutes. First passenger carrying flight by Zeppelin in Germany. First Air Mail flight from Allahabadh to Naini in India (10 kms) First airplane passenger service in USA by Percy F. Fansler and Anthony between St. Peterburg and Tampa, Florida (29 miles)

1804

1869

1900

1903

1905 1909 1911 1914

1914-18 World War I, use of plane for fighting 1918 Worlds first international scheduled air mail service started between Vienna, Austria and Kiev, Ukraine in Hansa Brandengurg CI biplane. First crossing of Atlantic Ocean by US flying boat NC-4 from New Foundland to Lisbon (2400 miles) by Arthur Brown (British). June 15, First non-stop Atlantic flights by Capt. John Alcock and Lt. Arthur Written Brown on a Vickers Vimy biplane landed in Ireland where nose of the plane dug into the ground, but the two heroes were unhurt and both received knighthoods.

1909

 Capt. Ross Smith and party flew 11,000 miles in 27 days and 20 hours from England to Australia. Formation of International Air Traffic Association (IATA) in The Hague. Formation of international air law in Paris convention. Beginning of regular air services in USA, France, Britain and Germany. London Paris first schedule passenger flight on August 25. In India, it was in 1920 and in Nepal in 1951. 1929 First all metal aircraft in Poland a three engines 10 seater Flokker F VII B/3M under a Dutch license. Warsaw convention in International Air Traffic Association (IATA). March 30, Imperial Airways starts first air service between UK to India by de Havilland D.H.66 aircraft, involving one week. November 29, first flight over South Pole by US Commander Byrd. 1930 May 15, Elen Church becomes the worlds air stewardess as a member of Boeing Air Transport service between San Francisco and Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA Jet engine invited by Frank Writtle in USA. July 22 Wiley Postcompletes first solo flight around the world in 7 days 18 hours 49 minutes in a Lockheed Vega (landed in New York). First flight by Boeing model 247 and Douglas DC-1, airlines. Air France was created as the French national airline by merging four existing operators: Air Orient, Air Union, CIDNA and SGTA. First Trans Pacific flight and passenger air service by Pan American World Airways between San Francisco and Manila via Honolulu an Martin M-13 Flying Boat October 29, British Airways was created by the merger of three operators, Himilton, Spartan and United Airways. First flight of Douglas DC-3, the most successful airliner in history. 1936 Worlds largest German Airship Hindenberg (972 foot long, weighting 110 tons) crossed Atlantic in 48 hours on July 6. May 6: The biggest airship exploded in New Jersy, killing 33 of 97 people on board. First jet engine airplane flown in Germany by Erich Warwitz.

1933

1935

1937 1939

1939-44 World War II: Use of DC-3 aircraft. 1944 Chicago Conference

1945

IATA: International Air Transport Association was formed. Provisional ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) formed. Resumption of Trans- Atlantic passenger service by American Overseas Airlines, after WWII, with Douglas DC-4 aircraft.

1947 1952 1953

Permanent ICAO was formed in Canada. First commercial turbo jet (de Havilland Comet I) flight by BOAC. Test flight of big jet Boeing 707 in USA. In service from 1957 changed the concept of international air travel flying 600 miles an hour. Test flight of Jumbo jet Boeing 747. Service from February 1069 Three airliners of British, Swiss, and American registry were hijacked and blown out by Arab guerrillas on September 12 in Jordan. October 28: Test flight of airbus A300 jet. Service started from 1974. September 1: Air France and British Airways began Concorde schedule flight.
Source: - Nepalese aviation and tourism

1967 1970

1972 1974

4.2 The Founding of IATA (International Air Traffic Association)

IATA (International Air Transport Association) was founded in Havana, Cuba, in April 1945. It is the prime vehicle for inter-airline cooperation in promoting safe, reliable, secure and economical air services - for the benefit of the world's consumers. The international scheduled air transport industry is now more than 100 times larger than it was in 1945. Few industries can match the dynamism of that growth, which would have been much less spectacular without the standards, practices and procedures developed within IATA. At its founding, IATA had 57 members from 31 nations, mostly in Europe and North America. Today it has some 230 members from 126 nations in every part of the globe. The modern IATA is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association founded in The Hague in 1919 - the year of the worlds first international scheduled services. Early Days The old IATA was able to start small and grow gradually. It was also limited to a European dimension until 1939 when Pan American joined. The post-1945 IATA immediately had to handle worldwide responsibilities with a more systematic organization and a larger infrastructure. This was reflected in the 1945 Articles of Association and a much more precise definition of IATA's aims than had existed before 1939. To promote safe, regular and economical air transport for the benefit of the peoples of the world, to foster air commerce, and to study the problems connected therewith;
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To provide means for collaboration among the air transport enterprises engaged directly or indirectly in international air transport service; To cooperate with the newly created International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO - the specialized United Nations agency for civil aviation) and other international organizations. The most important tasks of IATA during its earliest days were technical, because safety and reliability are fundamental to airline operations. These require the highest standards in air navigation, airport infrastructure and flight operations. The IATA airlines provided vital input to the work of ICAO, as that organization drafted its Standards and commended Practices. By 1949, the drafting process was largely complete and reflected in "Annexes" to the Chicago convention, the treaty which still governs the conduct of international civil aviation. In those early days, ICAO coordinated regional air navigation and support for airports and operational aids in countries which could not themselves afford such services. IATA provided airline input to ICAO and to sessions of the International Telecommunications Union on wavelength allocation. The standardization of documentation and procedures for the smooth functioning of the world air transport network also required a sound legal basis. IATA helped to mesh international conventions, developed through ICAO, with US air transport law which had developed in isolation prior to World War Two. The Association made a vital input to the development of Conditions of Carriage the contract between the customer and the transporting airline. One early item on the legal agenda was revision and modernization of the Warsaw Convention - originally signed in 1929 - on airline liability for passenger injury or death and cargo damage or loss. This work continues. Once they were operating within a sound technical and legal framework, airlines' next requirements were for answers to questions such as: who can fly where? What prices are to be charged? How is the money from multi-airline journeys - that is, interlining - to be divided up, and how do airlines settle their accounts. The Chicago Conference of 1944 which gave birth to the Chicago Convention tried to achieve a multilateral answer to the first two questions, but failed to do so. The questions of who flies, and where, were resolved on a bilateral basis. The benchmark Bermuda Agreement of 1946 between the US and the UK was the first of almost 4,000 bilateral air transport agreements so far signed and registered with ICAO. Source: -www.iata.org 4.3 Formation of ICAO The 1919 Paris Convention: The starting point for the regulation of air navigation Needless to say that the technical developments in aviation arising out of World War I created a completely new situation at the end of the hostilities, especially with regard to the safe and rapid transport of goods and persons over prolonged distances. However, the war had also shown the ugly potential of aviation; it had therefore become much more evident that this new and now greatly advanced means of transport required international attention.
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For obvious reasons, the treatment of aviation matters was a subject at the Paris Peace Conference (Congrs de la Paix) of 1919. At the suggestion of Albert Roper, Air Expert at the French Cabinet of the Under-Secretary of State for Aeronautics, France had formally taken up the idea of international collaboration in aviation matters; the other principal Allied Powers received it favorably. Paris Air Convention Subsequently, a special Aeronautical Commission, which had its origin in the Inter-Allied Aviation Committee created in 1917, was formed on 6 March 1919 under the auspices of the Peace Conference. In seven months and using the groundwork laid at the 1910 Paris Diplomatic Conference, this Aeronautical Commission drew up a Convention Relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation, which was signed by 27 States on 13 October 1919. This new Convention (with texts in French, English and Italian) consisted of 43 articles that dealt with all technical, operational and organizational aspects of civil aviation and also foresaw the creation of the International Commission for Air Navigation (ICAN), under the direction of the League of Nations, to monitor developments in civil aviation and to propose measures to States to keep abreast of developments. At 1 June 1922, fourteen instruments of ratification were deposited with the French Ministry of the Foreign Affairs; hence, the Convention and ICAN could enter into force forty days later, that is to say on 11 July 1922. Albert Roper was instrumental in obtaining those ratifications; he was at the origin of a series of meetings, which were named at the beginning Conferences anglo-francobelges and took later the too broad title of Conferences aeronautiques internationals. The first eleven of these Conferences were held between 1920 and 1922 in Paris, London and Brussels until the Convention came into force. They were made up of staff from the aeronautics administrations. Those conferences and various other regional conferences (i.e. The Mediterranean Air Conference, the Baltic and Balkan Air Conference) were to study problems of detail and practical difficulty which arose in the operation of international airlines between the various states, and to report the results to ICAN for action by means of amendments to the annexes to the Paris Convention. Later, ICAO made large use of regional machinery. i.e. Regional Air Navigation Meetings and Regional Offices. 4.4 The Evolution of Civil Aviation The first transport aircraft were conversion of bombers of World War I (1914-18) after which the first civil air transport operations started. In Europe, carriage of passengers had priority whereas in the United States the emphasis was on airmail. Single engine aircraft adopted from military designs were the most widely used type. The services were very expensive and had to besubsidized by the governments who considered airlines as the Chosen Instruments of national policy. During 1920s, the German designed monoplanes and biplanes were used by most pioneer airlines. By early 1930s, twin engine, all metal monoplanes were developed in the USA. The Douglas DC-3 of 1935 was an outstanding aircraft, which played a decisive role in turning the airlines into a viable means of transport. During World War II (1939-45), the long range for engine version likes Douglas DC-4 were developed possible.
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The jet engine was an important technological development during the later 1930s. Initially used in military aircraft, the jet aircraft was introduced in civil aviation after the war. Jet turbine power began to take over piston engine in transport aircraft in the 1950s. British Overseas Airways Corpon, first started comet jet services to South Africa in early 1950s. Introduction of Boeing 707 jet service since 1957 dominated all long haul air services during the 1960s. The jet engine saw the introduction of wide body jet with more advanced engine and double the capacity of B707. The wide bodies with three or four engines were designed for short, medium and long haul services. The first supersonic transport was also introduced in service, catering ti the select needs of the haul market. Source:-www.icao.int Date: entry into service Turbo Pro May-34 Jun-36 Oct. 1945 1947 29-Jul-50 Jun-48 Nov. 1958 Nov. 1961 1961 1967 Sept. 1963 Jun-64 Nov. 1965 Jul-66 1975 Feb. 1978 Mar-71 Feb. 1982 Dec. 1982 1984 Oct. 1984 Sep. 1985 1985 1985 Aug. 1985 Aircraft type Max. Seat Capacity 14 28 50 12 47 40 52 58 110 50 Largest 56 56 19 30 36 50 22 19 19 29 34 34 36 56 44 15 30 Max. Takeoff Weight ton 8.42 12.7 33.1 5.5 22.68 18.9 19.3 21.1 64 21 Turboprop 26.3 26.3 5.67 10.4 12.3 21.3 7.3 5.7 6.1 10.9 12.7 12.9 15.6 18.6 16.7 6.5 11.5 Max. Range Nautical m. 865 1310 2,500 488 1070 850 1,000 1,998 5,000 550 2,577 2,577 722 473 400 1,100 945 1,460 675 775 630 800 1,085 900 520 275 945
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Douglas DC-2 Douglas DC-3 (C-47) Douglas DC-4 AN - 2 (Harvester)* Vickers Viscount 700 Conveyor CV 240 Fokker F 27 Friendship HS 784 Avro IL 18 Antonov AN-22 Antonov AN-24 Conveyor CV 580 Conveyor CV 600 DHC-6 Twin Otter Short SD 330 Short SD 360 DHC-7 (Dash Seven) CASA C- 212 Dornier Do 228 Jet stream 31 Jet stream 41 (1993) Saab SF 340 A SF 340 B (1989) DHC-8/100 DHC-8/300 (1988) ATR-42/300 Antonov AN-28 EMB 120

Apr-85 Oct-86 Dec-86 1987 Sep-87

Sep-96 Turbo Jet Feb-69 1987 1992 1993 Dec-85 Oct-88 Mar-92 1996 1999

EMB 110 Cessna Twin Caravan Cessna C208 CASA CN-235 Fokker F 50 ATP Harbin Y 12 II Beach 1900 D Pilatus PC-6 (B1-H2) Fokker F-28-400 Fokker 70 (1995) Fokker 100 (1998) Canadair CRJ 200er AVRO RJ 85 RJ 100 ATR 42/500 ATR 72/500 Saab 2000 Embraer 145 LR Embraer 135

19 9 9 44 50 64 17 19 5 85 79 107 50 85 100 50 74 50 50 37

5.9 4.25 3.6 14.4 20.8 22.9 5.3 7.7 2.2 32.2 38 45.8 23.1 44 46 18.6 22.5 22.8 22 18.2

575 1,030 1,370 360 1,590 985 550 1,298 915 km. 1,530 1,415 1,575 1,645 1,150 1,150 1,200 1,700 1,600 1,300

Fig 1.1 Evolution of Civil Aircraft

Note: Douglas DC-3 (known as C-47 in military version), first flown in 1935, became the most famous airliner in history, with almost 13,000 units built. Based on 14 seater DC-3 had all the metal construction, with 21 seats, had a gross weight of 11.43 tons (empty 7.65 tons) and speed 370 kms per hour with two Wright SGR 1820-71 engines (1,200 h.p.) Vikers Viscoumt 700 (later 900 and 810 series) was worlds first propeller turbine airliner. Over 60 operators in 40 countries purchased 445 of this aircraft being until April 1964. It is the first British airliner to achieve substantial sales in USA. *More than 5000 units of AN-2 (Agricultural biplanes) were built during 1950 to 1960 in USSR and under license in China and Poland for agricultural, armed forces, civil and other uses. AN-22 is the largest turbo prop airplane ever built. Similarly, AN 124-100 Ruslan is the largest transport plane (120 ton capacity for 4,500 kms range).
Source: Nepalese aviation and Tourism

Date: entry into service Jet Aircraft May-52 1961 May-62 Mid. 1971

Aircraft type De Havilland Comet 1 Illusin IL-18 Caravelle SE210 Anglo French Concorde

Max. Seat Capacity 99 122 80 144

Max. Takeoff Weight ton 70.76 64 46 185.1

Max. Range Nautical m. 5,190 3700 745 3870

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21-Dec-57 1-Feb-64 Sep-67 Dec-67 Dec-84 Sep-88 Feb-90 1997 1998 1998 Jan-83 Sep-82 Jun-84 Oct-86 Feb-88 Feb 1971 Mar-83 Feb-89 May-95 Feb-97 May-98 18-Sep-59 Feb-65 Apr-71 Dec-72 Apr-90 Aug-81 1-Feb-85 Sep-87 Oct-87 Feb-95 Jul-69 Apr-72 Apr-75 Apr-77 Mar-87 May-89

Boeing Aircraft co. Boeing 707/720 Boeing 727/100 Boeing 727/200 Boeing 737/200 Boeing 737/300 Boeing 737/400 Boeing 737/500 Boeing 737/600 Boeing 737/700 Boeing 737/800 Boeing 757/200 Boeing 767/200 Boeing 767/200 ER Boeing 767/300 Boeing 767/300 ER Boeing 747/200 Boeing 747/300 Boeing 747/400 Boeing 777/200 Boeing 777/200 GW Boeing 777/300 Mc Donnel Douglas Douglas DC-8 Douglas DC-9 DC 10- 10 DC 10- 30 MD 11 MD 82 MD 83 MD 87 MD 88 MD 90-30 Lockheed Aircraft C-5 Galaxy L1011 1 L1011 100 L1011 200 L1011 - 250 L1011 - 500 USSR (Russian) AN-124-100

189 131 170 130 149 168 132 132 149 189 130 247 247 290 290 550 660 660 418 418 500 179 90 380 380 405 172 172 130 172 172

151.3 77.1 83.3 52.4 62.8 68 65.1 65.1 69.4 78.2 52.4 142.8 179.1 159.2 186 377.8 377.8 396.8 247.2 293.8 286.8 158.7 51.7 199.5 263 283.6 67.8 72.5 67.8 67.8 70.7 346 195 211.3 211.3 224.9 231.3 Pay 120

3410 2338 983 1960 2270 2090 2420 3230 3245 2925 1960 4430 6650 4250 6150 6,300 5800 5255 5,195 7540 5255 3,910 1139 3500 5420 6600 2000 2050 2300 2050 2050 2,562 3000 3750 3750 4750 5330 2,430

400 400 400 400 330 220

14

24-Apr-61 2-Oct-62 15-Sep-67 30-Sep-68 31-Dec-68 1970 1975 Dec 1980 1990 1997 1-Mar-64 29-Apr-64 Autumn 1964 9-Apr-82 Aug-82 Apr-79 Apr-88 Sep-88 1994 May-96 Dec-95 Mar-93 Mar-93 Jan-94 1998

TU 114 TU 124 IL 62 Yak 40 TU 144 Supersonic TU 154 Illusion IL-76 Illusion IL-86 Illusion IL-96 TU 204-200 British Aircraft H.S. Trident 3B VC-10 (Super) H.S. 125 BAC One Eleven BAe 146/200 Airbus Industrie A300 B4 A 300-600R A320 A 321 A 319 A 310/300 A 340/200 A 340/300 A 330/300 A330/200

56 186 24 121 180 90 350 300 212

171 38 157.5 13.2 150 98 170 206 240 110.7 68.3 141.5 10.6 44.5 42.2 164.9 170.4 73.5 82.2 63.9 163.9 257.8 257.8 216.9 230

3348 658 4158 864 3510 2160 5405 5405 3450 950 4382 1685 1226 1355 2950 4050 3000 2350 3000 5300 7200 6400 4600 600

164 174 12 109 109 345 361 179 200 150 280 390 440 440 380

Fig 1.2 Evolution of Jet Aircraft

Source: - Rolls Royce Aero Delta Feb. 1998

Top Ten Most dangerous airports in world Some of the most-visited and beautiful places in the world just so happen to have the most dangerous airports. From mountain ranges and oceans to less than half a mile runways, pilots around the world have to go to great lengths to avoid the natural and unnatural obstructions surrounding these busy airports. Here are the 10 most dangerous airports in the world: S.N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Airport Name Tenging Hilary Airport Toncontin Gustaf III (St-Jean) St. Maarten Airport Gibraltar Airport Kai Tak Airport Airport Code LUA TGU SBH SXM GIB HKG City Lukla Tegucigalpa Gustavia Simpson Bay Gibraltar Macau[old HKG] Country Nepal Honduras Guadeloupe Netherlands Gibraltar China
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7 8 9 10

Courchevel Airport Eagle Vail Airport Maderia Airport San Diego Airport

CVF EGE FNC SAN

Albertville Gypsum Maderia San Diego

France USA Portugal USA

Fig 1.3 Top Ten Most dangerous airports in world

Source: - www.airport-data.com

5. Development of civil aviation in Nepal A. The Beginning: The first pioneer of aviation in Nepal was a lone pilot (1947) who spluttered over the mountains, dipped into Kathmandu valley, circled the Tundikhel and gently glided to a half on the old gulf course which is the site of Tribhuban International Airport now. In April 1949 a single engine (4 seater) vintage Beachcraft Bonanza aircraft if Indian Ambassador Mr. Sarjit Singh Mahathia landed at Gauchar and thus heralded the beginning if aviation of Nepal. Himalayan Aviation Dakota DC-3 (VT-DCE) aircraft performed a charter flight on 20 Feb 1950 from Gauchar to Calcutta in 2 hrs. 45 minutes. Later, the airline started three weekly scheduled flights between Patna and Kathmandu. Another Dakota VT-CBC brought in King Tribhuban from Patna to Gauchar, Kathmandu in 18 Feb 1951, to announce the dawn of democracy in Nepal. Indian government donated National Airlines started flights between Calcutta and Kathmandu. Other private airline like Jamir and Kalinga Airways from Calcutta also operated some charter fights in 1954 between Bhairawa and Pokhara, airlifting commodities like salt worth Rs.20 per sack at an airfare of Rs.60. The advent of commercial aviation in Nepal was thus the outcome of democratic spirit of 1951 when a private airline from India, Indian national Airways was allowed to airlink Kathmandu from Patna, three flights a week. In 1953 Himalayan Aviation of Mahabir and Madan Shumshere started the first commercial services to Pokhara, Bhairawa, Simra and Biratnagar from Kathmandu with Dakota DC-3. After the nationalization of air services in India, eight domestic private carriers were merged from Indian Airlines. An associate of Indian Airlines started flying into and within Nepal until July 1958. The associate brought in 6 DC-3s in Nepal and lost in Tikbhairav, 1 in Bhairawa, 1 in Simra and 3 in Pokhara. Encouraged by the democratic needs to accelerate the pace of development in his land locked and road less country. His Majestys Government nationalized the air transport system in Nepal to from Royal Nepal Airlines Corporation (RNAC) on July 1, 1958. The management of airline was contracted out to Managing Agent Maharaja Kumar of Mayurbhanj who held 49% share in airline and brought the first DC-3 9N-AAB from the Indian Airline Associates. He is said to have collected some Rs. 75,000 (Indian) each from his uncle and himself to start Royal Nepal Airlines in 1958. Capt. Jaisingh was the first pilot to fly the schedule flight to Simra on 4th July 1958, Pokhara and Bhairawa on 5th and Biratnagar on 6th July. Airfare charged was Rs.23 (Indian) for Simra and Rs.40 for Pokhara and Biratnagar from Kathmandu. On October 12, 1959, the government took over full control of the airline and appointed an Administer. The airlines took up the route and feet
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expansion program and managed domestic air transport services in a safe, efficient, well managed economical and proper manner. Beginning with one Dakota DC-3 aircraft operating to 4 domestic airports in 1958, the airline has grown to have modern fleet of Boeing 757s and STOL equipment servicing 38 domestic airports plus 10 international destinations covering half the globe between Osaka in the east to London in the west. The airline contributed significantly in developing the remote area through STOL air services and national tourism industry through jet services. B. Phases of Development In the last 40 years of schedule airline operation, Royal Nepal Airlines has crossed six distinct phases of development and since 1995 the airline has suffered stagnation in route/ fleet expansion, production development etc. Each phase has witnessed increased in the airlines capacity production and route coverage to more than double and previous phase. Early phase (1958-59): Royal Nepal Airline began internal services in July 1958 as a joint venture with an Indian Managing Agent. The emphasis then was on the commercialization of services to 4 domestic airports, namely Pokhara, Simra, Bhairawa and Biratnagar rather than on the expansion of fleet and route network which was the priority of the government. Expansion phase (1960-65): The government took full control of the airline on 12 October 1959, acquired two more DC-3 and route expansion program was initiated with services to Patna, Delhi and Calcutta in India and Janakpur, Rajbiraj, and Gorkha inside Nepal in 1960. Seven more DC-3 aircraft were acquired and routes were further expanded from Bhadrapur to Dhangadi including Dang and Nepalgunj inside Nepal and Dhaka in the then East Pakistan. By 1965 eight of the ten DC-3 aircraft were operating to twelve domestic and four international destinations, flying seven hours. So, this period can also called Dakota phase. Two MI-4 Russian helicopter and two Chinese AN-2 Fong Shu (Harverter) were also acquired while two DC-3s were lost (AAD in Bhairawa and AAD in Dhorpatan) during this period. The route coverage increased from 659 kms of 1959 to 5,177 kms by 1965, production ton increased from 0.9 million to 4.6 million, staff strength reached 434 from 97 in 1958 and passenger carriage increased from 32,000 to 120,000. Modernization phase (1966-70): The next five years until 1970 was the propjet phase with a new Fokker Friendship F27 aircraft joining the fleet on 24 January 1966 and two new HS-748 Avros in January and March 1970. Modernization of international services to Delhi, Calcutta and Dhaka with the new F27 from 1966 and the beginning of mountain sightseeing flight from December 1967 significantly helped to boost tourism inflow into the country. Domestic services to Pokhara, Biratnagar, Bhairawa and Nepalgunj were also modernized with the new Avro aircraft from 1970. One DC-3 (AAQ) was added in 1968 while 4 DC-3s were lost during this period (9N-AAO in Nepalgunj, 9N-AAP in Batasedanda; 9N-AAI in June, AAM in December 1970) and the Fokker F27 crash landed on the day the first arrived. MI-4 helicopters also started serving Jomsom, Tumlingtar and Jumla in 1968

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at a subsidized rate. Two new routes (Surkhet and Meghauli) were added during this period and the production tons kms reached 8.5 million. Another significant development in this phase was the allocation of army occupied land near New Road gate to Royal Nepal Airlines (credit goes to Mr. Kedar Man Byathit, the then Minister of Public Works and Transport who convinced the king) and completion of the Headquarter building in 1969. Jet and STOL Age (1971-78): The airline signed a 3-year technical cooperation agreement with Air France and retained 5 experts from 13 July 1970 to achieve 3 specific purposes: To undertake immediate improvement in the technical, commercial and financial aspects of the airline operation, To plan and implement a long range program for the improvement RNACs routes, services, operations and capital equipment; and To provide training to RNAC personal. A fleet of DHC-6 twin otter and 4 Pilatus Porter PC-6 STOL aircraft were acquired for an extensive network of STOL services connecting 19 new airports in the mountainous regions of Nepal. The airline embarked into jet age upon the arrival of a new Boeing 727/100 jet on 9 September 1972. The jet called Yeti, serviced Delhi and Calcutta from 15 September, Bangkok in Thailand from 1st October and Colombo, Sri Lanka from March 1977. Second Boeing 727 combo jet joined the fleet on 16 May 1978 and began the profitable British Gorkha charters to Hong Kong. This was the by far the most eventful phase of development of the airline. The management was taken over by Nepali from October 1973 by July 1978, the annual production reached 31.7 million ton kms. (8.5 million in July 1970), the route coverage increased to 13,819 kms and the staff strength reached 1350 personal. A significant contribution was made in the number of tourist arrival from 24,209 of 1968 to 156,123 in 1978. Regional Expansion phase (1979-1986): With the acquisition of a second Boeing 727 jet in May 1978, jet service was expanded to six new regional routes. They are Dhaka, Hong Kong, Rangoon, Singapore, Karachi, and Dubai for the promotion of trade and tourism. Similarly, six more Twin Otters and the third Arvo aircraft were acquired to link up six more airports, thus making the domestic service network most extensive to cover 38 stations. One Pilatus and two Twin Otter aircraft were lost during this period. The service network of the airline increased to 29,439 route kms and the annual production reached 71.6 million-tons kms. Jet Modernization phase (1987-1994): The new Boeing 757/200 aircraft were acquired in 1987 and 1988; and the international services were extended to Frankfurt and London in western Europe besides regional extension to Lasha and Maldives in 1987 and Bombay in 1991. Services to Colombo, Male were withdrawn in 1988, Rangoon in 1989, Dhaka and Lhasa in 1990 to concentrate more on Europe services including
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Paris from 1993 and Shanghai- Osaka route extension from October 1994. The two Boeing 727/100 were sold out in 1994 and the beginning was made of the practice of leasing the third jet to cover the schedule services. By October 1994, the route coverage was 53,419 kms. (9,548 kms in domestic and 43,871 kms in international services) and the annual production reached 142.7 million tons kms by July 1994. Stagnation and Privatization phase (1995 to 99): The airline has suffered stagnation since 1995 with no expansion of route or fleet stagnant annual production. Route coverage shrieked to 32 domestic and 10 international stations; fleet size got reduced by one Avro and two PC-6s; and annual production remained almost static. Between May 1995 to August 1999, the Airlines Board had been re-constituted eight times, thus making the most unstable management period in the history of the airline. Annual passenger traffic and cargo carriage during these four years dropped from 699,455 to 675,357 and cargo tonnage from 6,750 to 4,105 ton in 1997/98. Business on domestic sectors was taken away by enthusiastic private operators since May 1992. Market share in international sector eroded by its own unreliable service in competition with wide body operators from Europe, Middle East, Singapore and Bangkok markets; and short stage of capacity in peak travel season due to lack of aircraft. C. Present Stage Advent of democracy in early 1950s had inspired air transport development culminating to the formation of Royal Nepal Airlines in 1958; whereas the restoration of democracy in 1990 took away the freedom of the airline with successive changes in airlines Board of Directors (thirteen times within nine years). Many scandals in acquisition and sale of aircraft, appointment of agent etc; through political pressure robbed off the past glory and professional image the airline was known for until early 1990s. Liberal sky policy of the government opened the sky for private participation and since May 1992 twenty eight air operator certificates (AOC) has been issued for domestic and regional airline services. Two of the earliest operators (Nepal Airways and Everest Air) folded their wings after five years of the services. Necon Air is the oldest survivor since 1992 followed later by Buddha, Cosmic, Grokha, Yeti, Skyline, Shangri-la Air, Flight Care Aviation and Mountain Air. Other airlines operate helicopter services. Private airline operations have dramatized scenario in Nepal in many ways with the addition of up to 26 additional aircraft and 23 helicopters to supplement the existing fleet of Royal Nepal and VVIP wing. As September, 2000 there were sixteen airlines operating thirty six fixed wing and twenty helicopters in Nepal. The domestic fleet comprises 4 BAe 748 Avros, fifteen Twin Otters, four Dornier Do-228s, eight Beachcraft 1900s, 1 Cessna C-208. Necon Air added one ATR42 and Cosmic Air added one Saab SF340. Helicopter fleet consist of eight MI-17, six Ecureiul AS 350, two each of Kawasaki BK117, SA 332 Super Puma and Bell B206 types helicopters. The aircraft seat capacity of the national fleet was 968 (808 of fixed wing plus 160 seats of helicopters)- a drop from 1108 seats in March 4, 1996; due to the grounding of BAe 748 Avro of Nepal Airways and restriction imposed on MI-17 to carry more than seven passengers from January 1999.
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The number of passenger in domestic services more than doubled in the first six years from 309,000 in 1991/92 to 646,600 in 1997/98. Private airlines carried 63.2% of domestic passenger traffic as the market share of Royal Nepal Airlines eroded from 71% in 1993 to 36% in 1997. Weekly seat production of eight domestic schedule airlines including Royal Nepal as at September 15, 1999 was 118,324 seats in 818 flights. About 79% of the seats are offered by the seven private airlines (Necon, Gorkha, Buddha, Cosmic, Yeti, Lumbini, Skyline, Mountain and Shangrila) and 59% of total capacity is scheduled on the six touristic routes (Pokhara, Mountain, Lukla, Bharatpur, Jomsom, and Meghauli). Royal Nepal Airlines serve 30 airports with 63.4% of its sear capacity dedicated to social routes whereas private airlines serve only fifteen airports and only 35% of their seat capacity is dedicated to so called social routes like Bhadrapur, Biratnagar, Nepalgunj, Janakpur, Bhairawa, Phaplu, Tumlingtar, Lamidanda, Ramechhap and Simra. After one year in September 2000, the number of domestic schedule operators increased to nine and the size of their fleet increased from 28 to 36 fixed wing aircraft including the two new type of aircraft; ATR42 and Saab SF340 introduced by Necon air and Cosmic Air. The number of flight and seat capacity was, however, reduced to 731 flights and 14,903 seats per week. The share of five touristic sectors (Mountain, Pokhara, Bhairawa, Lukla and Jomsom) was 45.4% of total weekly flights, whereas the other thirty airports shared the remaining 54.6% of weekly flights. Private airlines operations have created congestion at the airport terminal, parking bays and airways, thus threatening passenger comfort and safety on ground and in the air. In eight years since 1992, there have been 23 air accidents in Nepal, sixteen accidents of which included private airlines, and killing more than seventy passengers. Safety of flight has now become a serious concern in domestic air transport. Privatization of domestic air services has shown remarkable growth in aircraft seat capacity, from 265 seats in RNAC fleet I 1992 to 616 seats plus 190 seats of helicopter fleet by January 2000 (private airlines contributed 68.2% of seats). The privatization has benefited. Travelers with more seat in six touristic few other routes in the choice of flight time, aircraft type and amenities in flight of different airlines. They are paying 30% higher than Royal Nepal fares for easy availability of seats and better reliability of flights. Agents got special rate in the indiscriminate discounting of tourist fare in the competitive situation especially in the mountain sightseeing flight. Remote areas trekking tourism activities with the ease of helicopter services in assured and efficient Himalayan Rescue Service. However, two of the earliest airline folded their wings after five years of operations and some others are sailing in the troubled waters. Some operators have undermined the interest of aircraft lessors and lenders, thus losing credibility of private airlines in the international capital market.

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D. National Civil Aviation Policy 2050(1999) The National Civil Aviation Policy 2050 as amended in 2053/6/14 B.S. liberalized the licensing of airline operators and also aimed at privatizing Royal Nepal Airlines and airports on BOOT (built, own, operate and transfer) process. The Aviation Policy aims to Provide necessary contribution to promote tourism, Develop, expand, promote and protect the national flag carrier through the improvement of local or foreign joint venture investors for international air services, Develop healthy and competitive air transportation by encouraging the private sectors, Develop and expand airports in remote areas, Make air transport reliable and safe through the development of modern equipment and facilities at the airport and Encourage, recreational, adventure and research oriented air services facilities. Under the policy, air transport and airports have been declared essential services which restricts employees to participate in any types of strike. The National Civil Aviation Authority has been established from January 1, 1999to gradually make the Authority self-reliant. The monopoly right of Royal Nepal Airlines in the domestic services had been broken after the licensing of private operators from May 1992. These airlines have crowding themselves in more lucrative fifteen airports, leaving the other twenty seven airports to be inadequately served by the declining fleet of Royal Nepal Airlines. Necon, Buddha and Cosmic Air presently operate to four airports only from Kathmandu, Gorkha Yeti and skyline serve five airports each. On the airport development side, the sizeable investment is being made for airport construction and improvements especially during 1990s (eighth and ninth plan) to cope up with the increasing air traffic and flights in both domestic and international services. Basic airports facilities in touristic airports like Lukla, Jomsom, Jumla, Pokhara, Bhadrapur, and Biratnagar have been upgraded under the Tourism Infrastructure Development Project funded by Asian Development Bank. The improvements included new terminal and runway metalling at Pokhara, security fencing, fire and rescue, navigational aids and information services at other airports.

5.1. Civil Aviation Act, 2015 (1959) Date of Authentication 2015.12.31 Amendments

Publication Date on Nepal Gazette 2016.1.10

1. Some Nepal Laws (Amendment and Rearrangement) Act, 2020

2020.11.16
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2. Civil Aviation (First Amendment) Act, 2023 3. Civil Aviation (Second Amendment) Act, 2030 4. Civil Aviation (Third Amendment) Act, 2034 5. Administration of Justice Act, 2048 6. Civil Aviation (Fourth Amendment) Act, 2053 7. Some Nepal Laws Amendment Act, 2063

2023.5.24 2030.5.16 2034.6.6 2048.2.16 2053.8.5 2063.6.28

8. Republic Strengthening and Some Nepal Laws Amendment Act, 2066 2066.10.7 Act Number 22 of the Year 2015 An Act Made to Control and Regulate Civil Aviation Preamble: Whereas, it is expedient to control and regulate civil aviation to create conditions favourable to promote the development of civil aviation so that the country could acquire maximum benefit from the air transportation, and to Maintain peace, order and convenience of the people in general, Now, therefore, be it enacted and promulgated by His Majesty the King on the advice of the Council of Ministers. 1. Short Title, Extent and Commencement: (1) This Act may be called "The Civil Aviation Act, 2015 (1959)". (2) This Act shall extend all over the Nepal, and also apply to the following aircrafts and persons a) Every citizen of Nepal wherever he/she may be, and b) Every aircraft registered in the Nepal, wherever it may be, and every person on board an aircraft. (3) This Act shall come into force from such date as Government of Nepal, by a Notification published in the Nepal Gazette, may appoint. 2. Definitions: Unless the subject or context otherwise requires, in this Act a) "Aircraft means any machine which can derive support in the atmosphere from reactions of the air, and this term also includes balloons, whether fixed or unfixed, airships, kites, gilders and flying machines. b) "Aerodrome" means any definite or limited area in water or ground intended to be used either wholly or in part, for the landing or take off of aircraft and includes all buildings, sheds, vessels, piers and other structures thereon or appertaining thereto.

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c) "Import" means the act of bringing into the Nepal. d) "Export" means the act of taking out of the Nepal. e) "Defined Area" means any area or place specified by Government of Nepal with detailed description of the boundaries there of by a Notification published in the Nepal Gazette. f) "Aerodrome are means aerodrome of any place, building, shed, tower, aircraft, vessel and pier with or without installation of any machine and communication and navigational aid equipments intended to be used for safe operation or control of air flights or for exchange or information and knowledge related therewith. g) "Corporation operating air service" means a corporation, company, agent, firm or person incorporated with the object of operating air transportation services undertaking the responsibilities for transporting passengers, mail and baggage. h) "Flying school" means an institute meant for imparting training to technicians concerned with the operation of civil aviation in subjects pertaining to civil aviation and imparting other similar type of technical knowledge, and this term also includes a flying club established with a similar object. 3. Power to Frame Rules: (1) In order to implement the objectives of this Act Government of Nepal may frame Rules as required. (2) Without prejudice to the generality of the powers conferred by Sub-section (1), such Rules particularly may provide for any of the following matters: a) Regarding conditions pertaining to establishment of an aerodrome at any place in Nepal, granting permission and prescribing fees for the same. b) Regarding complete prohibition of the use of aircraft in any part of aerial territory of Nepal or allowing flights only in particular conditions or times. c) Regarding adoption of any necessary means for the protection of the person and life of the people in course of air flights. d) Regarding fixing the modalities for determining the amounts for compensation for any loss or damage which may be caused if any body's house, building, shed, tower etc. are demolished wholly or in part in course of construction or operation of aerodrome or while regulating, restricting or prohibiting any construction work carried out at an aerodrome or aerodrome area. e) Regarding prohibition, restriction, prevention and regulation of carrying anysubstance by aircraft.

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f) Regarding grant of license to corporations operating air services, flying schools and the institutes engaged in the manufacture, repair and overhauling including test of aircraft and their parts. g) Regarding search of aircraft and carrying out rescue operations. h) Regarding controlling the noise of aircraft and preventing environmental pollution cause by the operation of aircraft. 4. Power of Government of Nepal to issue orders in special situation: (1) Government of Nepal may, by an order published in the Nepal Gazette, do as followings if it deems necessary for public safety, peace and order:a) Cancel or suspend all or any license or certificate, granted in accordance with this Act or prevailing law, in accordance with the terms if, such terms are prescribed by the Government of Nepal it so required and without prescribing any terms if terms are not being prescribed. b) Prohibit the flight of all or any types of aircrafts over Nepal or any part thereof in accordance with the terms if, having deemed it necessary, Government of Nepal has prescribed any terms in the order and otherwise without any terms, or regulate that in accordance with other modalities prescribed in the same order. c) Prohibit or regulate, whether by prescribing any terms or not, the act of making, or carrying out proper maintenance thereof, or using aerodrome, aircraft factory, flying school or club or other types of places where aircrafts are manufactured or repaired or kept. d) To require that any aircraft or any class of aircraft or any aerodrome, aircraft factory, flying school or club or other types of places where aircraft are manufactured, or repaired or kept should hand over machinery, plant, including other materials to be used for the operation, manufacture, repairing or maintenance of aircraft to the prescribed authority immediately or within such period of time or in such modalities as may be prescribed in the same order, Government of Nepal may use the things so handed over in the public service. (2) If any order made under Clause (c) or (d) of Sub-section (1) results directly in any loss or damage to any person, such person shall be compensated therefor with such amount as may be fixed by the authority appointed by Government of Nepal for that purpose. (3) Government of Nepal may, for the compliance with any order made under Sub-section (1), take or cause to be taken such steps as it may deem necessary. (4) Where any person, who does not comply with the order made under Sub-section (1) or acts in contravention of such orders, shall be punished with imprisonment of up to Three years or a fine of up to Five Thousand Rupees or both.
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4A. Power to Declare an Aerodrome Area: (1) Government of Nepal may, by a Notification published in the Nepal Gazette, declare any are or place in Nepal specifying its boundaries on all four sides as an aerodrome area. (2) Government of Nepal, by framing Rules, makes necessary arrangements for security of the aerodrome area declared as per Sub-section (1). 5. Power of Government of Nepal to frame Rules relating to investigation of accidents: (1) Government of Nepal may frame Rules relating to the investigation of any accident arising out of the air navigation over the territory of Nepal or the flight over elsewhere of an aircraft registered in Nepal; such Rules shall come into force after having been published in the Nepal Gazette. (2) Without prejudice to the generality of the powers conferred by Sub-section (1), the following matters may be provided for in such Rules:a) Providing information of accidents, the form of such notice and the informant thereof, b) Application of the provisions about the investigation of accident contained in the prevailing laws of Nepal, with or without some modifications, to also about the investigation of such accidents, c) Prohibit access to or interference with aircraft to which an accident has occurred until the investigation thereof concludes, and empower any person to have access to such aircraft for the purposes of investigation, examine, remove, take measures for the preservation of or otherwise deal with any such aircraft, and d) Where it is deemed necessary in course of the investigation of the accident, cause to, require to or empower to require to the cancellation, suspension, endorsement or, surrender of any license or certificate granted or recognized in accordance with this Act or prevailing law, and cause to present any such license for the purposes of such investigation. 6. Power to Detain Aircraft: (1) The authority empowered therefor by Government of Nepal may detain any aircraft on the following conditions:a) Having regard to the nature of an intended flight, the flight of such aircraft is likely to endanger to the safety of persons therein or any other persons or any body's property, or b) In so far as it deems to be expedient to ensure compliance with any of the provisions of this Act or the Rules applicable to such aircraft, or to prevent violations of any Rule made under Clause (b) of Sub-section (2) of Section 3.

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(2) Government of Nepal may frame Rules to regulate all the activities which are ancillary or incidental to the exercise of the powers under Sub-section (1). These Rules, shall come into force after having been published in the Nepal Gazette. 7. Power of Government of Nepal to frame rules for the protection of public health: Government of Nepal may frame rules for the prevention of danger arising to the public health by the introduction or spread of any infectious or contagious disease from aircraft arriving at or being at any aerodrome, and for the prevention of the conveyance of such infectious or contagious disease by means of any aircraft departing from an aerodrome. These rules shall come into force after having been published in the Nepal Gazette. 8. Emergency powers for protecting the public health: (1) Government of Nepal, if it is of the opinion that any dangerous epidemic disease has out broken or is likely to outbreak in the Nepal or any part thereof and that the provisions of Nepal Law for the time being in force are not sufficient for the prevention of danger arising to the public health through the introduction or spread of the disease by the agency of aircraft, may take or cause to be taken such measures as it deems necessary for the prevention of such danger. (2) Government of Nepal may, by notification published in the Nepal Gazette issue necessary orders to carry out the objectives of Sub-section (1). 9. Punishment for the violation of any Rule framed under this Act: Any person violating any Rule framed under Section 3, Section 5, Section 6, Section 7 and Section 8 or an order issued shall be punished with imprisonment upto Three Months or with a fine upto Ten Thousand rupees or both. 9A. Offence and Punishment: (1) Commission of any of the following acts shall constitute following offences: a) Offence relating to unauthorized entry: If any aircraft enters into Nepal without obtaining permission under this Act or the prevalent law, it shall be deemed to have committed an offence relating to unauthorized entry. b) Offence relating to violation of aerial territory: In case any aircraft flies over the territory of Nepal without obtaining permission under the prevalent law it shall be deemed to have committed an offence relating to violation of aerial territory. c) Unlawful seizure or hijacking of an aircraft: In case any person on board an aircraft on flight, unlawfully by force or threat thereof or by displaying any other type of threat or intimidation, captures or exercises control over that aircraft, he/she shall be deemed to have committed the offence of unlawful seizure or hijacking of the aircraft. d) Offence against the safety of air flight: Commission of any of the following acts shall constitute an offence against the safety of air flight:-

26

(1) Committing an act of violence against a person on board an aircraft on flight or the likelihood of any danger to be caused to the safety of an aircraft by such an act. (2) Destroying an aircraft in service or causing damage to such an aircraft by rendering it incapable of flight or probably endangering its safety during flight. (3) Destroying or damaging an aircraft on ground or the parts or equipments installed in an aircraft or the air navigation facilities or the aid equipments relating to communication-aviation or fire prevention or life saving services and protection equipments or materials or goods related thereof or unlawfully taking out any part or mechanical parts thereof or interfering with their operation. (4) Endangering the safety of an aircraft on flight by communicating any information in spite of the knowledge of its being false. e) Offence against the safety of Aircraft: If any device or substance is placed or caused to be placed on an aircraft in service or on ground which is likely to destroy that aircraft or to render it incapable of flight or to endanger its safety during flight pursuant to Clause (d), Sub-clause (2), it shall be treated as an offence committed against the safety of the aircraft. f) Offence against the safety or aerodrome: If an aerodrome and the communication and navigational aid equipments existing inside or outside an aerodrome area, visual aids, equipments pertaining to weather and climate, machines and equipments relating to fire prevention and life-saving services, other equipments and machines relating to safety and other machines or equipments related directly or indirectly to air navigation, buildings, run-way, taxi-way, apron, hangar etc. or goods related thereof are in any way fully or partially spoiled, destructed, damaged or destroyed, it shall be treated as an offence committed against the safety or an aerodrome. g) Offence against the safety of persons concerned with Air Navigation: If any attempts are made to endanger or obstruct air navigation and its safety by coercing any employees involved in air navigations, Government or non-Government employees employed at an aerodrome and any visitor to an aerodrome including air passenger to deviate from their duties by abducting or capturing them through intimidation or threat, with or without arms, or through temptation or adoption of other means, it shall be treated as an offence committed against the safety or persons concerned with air navigation. (2) Making attempts at the Commission of offences mentioned in Clauses (c), (d), (e), (f) and (g) of Sub-section (1) or being accomplices to the commission or an attempt at such offences shall be also treated as offences under this Section. (3) Those who commit the following offences mentioned in Sub-section (1) shall be liable to the penalties as mentioned below:
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a) Any person who commits an offence under Clauses (a) and (b) shall be punished with imprisonment for a term ranging from One year to Three years. b) Any person who commits an offence under Clauses (c), (d) and (e) shall be punished with imprisonment for life, and any person who attempts at its commission or is an accomplice of a person committing such offences shall be punished with imprisonment for a term ranging from Fifteen to Twenty years. c) Any person who commits an offence under Clause (f) shall be punished with imprisonment for a term ranging from One year to Five years, besides making him/her liable to pay the amount claimed for the loss. d) Any person who commits an offence under Clause (g) shall be punished with imprisonment for a term of Five to Ten years. e) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Clauses mentioned above, if as a consequences of any such offence any person on board an aircraft dies or the aircraft itself is destroyed, the offender shall be punished with imprisonment for life, and an accomplice to such an offence shall be punished with imprisonment for life or for a term of Fifteen to Twenty years, and the assets of such an offender and the accomplice shall be confiscated. 9B. Aircraft in flight or in service: (1) An aircraft shall be deemed to be in flight at any time from the moment with all its external doors are closed following embarkation until the moment when any such door is opened for disembarkation. Provided that, in case of a forced landing, the aircraft shall be deemed to be continued in flight until the competent authorities take over the responsibility for the aircraft and for persons and property on board. (2) An aircraft shall be deemed to be in service from the beginning of the preflight preparation of the aircraft by ground personnel or by the crew for a specific flight until Twenty Four hours after landing. Such period of service shall, in any event, extend for the entire period during which the aircraft is in flight as defined in Clause (a) above. 9C. Conditions to which Section 9A. Applies: The provisions of Section 9A shall apply to the following conditions: (1) When the aircraft is engaged in any flight, international or domestic Provided that, if the aircraft is registered in the country other than Nepal, the following conditions must be existed:

(a) The place of take-off or landing, actual or intended, of the aircraft is situated outside the territory of the state in which the aircraft is registered, or

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(b) The offense is committed outside the territory of the state in which the aircraft is registered. (2) When the offense is committed against the air navigation facilities. Provided that, when such facilities are situated in foreign country, such facilities must be used in international air flights. 9D. Jurisdiction: (1) The courts of Nepal shall have jurisdiction over the offenses under Section 9A in any of the following conditions: (a) When the offense under this Act is committed in the territory of the Nepal, (b) When the offense is committed against or on board an aircraft registered in the Nepal, (c) When the aircraft on board which the offense is committed lands in the territory of the Nepal with the alleged offender still on board, (d) When the offense is committed against or on board an aircraft leased without crew (dry lease) to a lessee who has principal place of business in Nepal or, if the lessee has no such place of business, his/her permanent residence in the Nepal. (2) Except as provided in Sub-section (1) above, the courts of the Nepal shall have jurisdiction over the offense under Section 9A, wherever it committed, if the accused of such offense is in the territory of Nepal and he/she is not extradited pursuant to this Act or any extradition treaty to which Nepal is a party. 9E. Power to Arrest: (1) Where the offense under Section 9A. has been committed or is about to be committed, personnel of aerodrome, crew of the aircraft, or personnel of the concerned air transportation service or any person witnessing the commission or about to the commission of the crime or identifying the accused or offender with having reasonable ground thereto, police or personnel of Nepal Army or security personnel or any other persons may arrest the accused or offender, and having arrested the accused or offender, they should hand over them to the police forthwith. Provided that, while arresting such criminal or accused, if circumstances so warrant that it could be detrimental to the lives of the passengers or other persons or it could cause a great damage to the aircraft or air transport facilities, other persons other than police and security personnel should proceed activities to arrest only with the permission of the police or security personnel. (2) Air service personnel, police, security personnel may, so as to arrest under Sub-section (1), seek help of armed police, security personnel and Nepal Army or other governmental or non-governmental persons; and it shall be the duty of such all to render their help thereupon.

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(3) If the accused or offender arrested pursuant to this Section is a citizen of a foreign country, he/she shall be provided with an opportunity for or assisted in communicating with the nearest appropriate representative of his/her country; and following the notification of such arrest and the carrying out of other preliminary inquiries, the concerned countries shall be notified of the findings of such inquiries and also about whether the jurisdiction of this Act is exercised. 9F. Accused or offender may be extradited: (1) In case where a person committing the crime under Section 9A is a Non-Nepalese citizen and the state, in the territory of which the crime is committed or the crime is committed against the aircraft of which registration, requests the extradition of such person, Government of Nepal may, notwithstanding anything contained in the Extradition Act, 2045, extradite such person; and where he/she is not so extradited, a suit against such person shall be initiated in the court of Nepal for punishing him/her. (2) With respect to extradition, any offense mentioned in Section 9A shall not be treated as a political crime notwithstanding committed by any person irrespective of his/her position or the motive therefor. 9G.To return the Seizure of aircraft and allow to make flight: If any aircraft, being subject to the unlawful seizure and hijacking under Clause (C) of Sub-section (1) of Section 9A, lands in any aerodrome or place of the Nepal, it shall be handed over to the commander having legal rights over such aircraft or the personnel of the air transportation service to repossess thereon; and such aircraft shall be allowed, without any obstruction and as promptly as possible, to make flight, with its pilot, passengers and cargo, to the place from where it has made its flight or the intended destination of such flight. 9H. Jurisdiction under other Laws of Nepal: Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act with respect to punishment for and proceedings in the offenses under Section 9A., it shall not be deemed to exclude or limit the exercise of criminal jurisdiction conferred by the existing laws. 9I. Recognition of International conventions relating to the Prevention of unauthorized Interference in Air Service: (1) If Nepal becomes a party to any of the following conventions, Government of Nepal may issue order with specifying the effective date of such convention for the Nepal and with indicating other things necessary in course of implementing such convention, and such order shall be published in the Nepal Gazette. (a) Convention on Offenses and Certain Other acts Committed on Board Aircraft Concluded in Tokyo in 1963 A.D. (b) Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft Concluded in Hague in 1970 A.D.
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(c) Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation Concluded in Montreal in 1971 A.D. (d) Any convention specified by Government of Nepal by publishing a Notification in the Nepal Gazette. (2) The order issued under Sub-section (1) shall be deemed as the provision of this Act. 10. Penalties for those Flying an Aircraft in a dangerous way: (1) Any person who flies an aircraft in a dangerous way which may cause loss or damage to the life or person of anybody or to any property located at water, land or in the aerial territory or which may cause obstruction or damage to any aircraft on flight or on ground shall be punished upto Six Months imprisonment and a fine from Fifty Thousand Rupees to One Hundred Thousand Rupees. (2) If anybody dies or an aircraft gets destroyed as mentioned in Clause (e) of Sub-section (3) of Section 9A as a result of flying an aircraft in a dangerous way as mentioned in Subsection (1), penalties shall be awarded as provided in the same Clause. 10A.Penalties for access to the restricted areas without permission: (1) Government of Nepal may, by a Notification published in the Nepal Gazette, designate the prescribed area of any aerodrome, specified in the same notice, as the restricted area; and following such designation, it shall be the responsibility of the Chief Official of the concerned aerodrome to keep displaying such notice in main places of people's passage, around such restricted area. (2) Any person without obtaining permission of the chief official of the concerned aerodrome shall not enter into the restricted area designated under Sub-section (1). Provided that, where the chief official of the concerned aerodrome has, having deemed it reasonable, displaced the notice allowing the general public to travel within such area in any time for some period, it shall be deemed, for the purposes of this Sub-section, to have permission obtained to enter into such restricted area in such time. (3) A person who enters into the restricted area in contravention of Sub-section (2) may be liable to a fine not exceeding Two Hundred Rupees, by an order of the chief official of the concerned aerodrome. 10B. To make searches of passenger, or any other persons or goods: (1) The Chief authority of any aerodrome or an official authorized therefore, or police or security official may, so as to prevent the commission of the offenses of under section 9A., may make searches of passengers and their goods, whether before or after they embark on any aircraft ready to make flight, and any scientific device and equipment may also be used in making such searches. Such searches may also be made of the pilots of the aircraft and

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officials of the air transportation service as well as all workers who embark on or approach to the aircraft for the purposes of managing the flight. (2) The passengers or persons who refuse to undergo a search under Sub-section (1) may be denied to embark on or approach to the aircraft. (3) While making searches of the passengers or pilots under Sub-section (1), so long as any gun (all types), artificial gun which is illusive or seems as if it were a real one, other fatal weapons other than gun (sword, Khukuri (Nepalese sword), knife) or explosive substance (including bomb, grenade, bullet, gun-powder) have been seized, the following shall be followed: (a) If such gun or explosive substance is illegal, the passenger or person shall be caught and handed over to the police for legal proceedings. (b) Where it has been tried to secretly keep or carry such gun, artificial gun, other fatal weapons or explosive substances, although they are not illegal, without providing information thereof, the chief official of the aerodrome or personnel authorized therefore, or police or security officials may, as they deem proper, hand over the real or artificial gun, fatal weapon or explosive substance to the commander of the aircraft, or seize such weapons of substances and allow only the passenger or pilot to proceed, or stop the passenger or pilot also and make necessary inquiries thereabout and only in so far as they are convinced that not any mala fide intention to commit an offense is there, such passenger or pilot may be allowed to proceed or carry such gun, weapon, explosive substances. (4) If information has been received or the circumstances so warrant to suspect thereof that any person, with an intention to the commit the criminal offenses under section 9A. or other prevailing Nepalese laws, carrying any type of gun, artificial gun, fatal weapons, or explosive substances, has entered or is about to enter into the aerodrome or any restricted areas thereof, the chief official of the aerodrome or the personnel authorized by him/her therefore or security officials or police or military officials deputed to maintain security of the aerodrome may, without warrant, make searches of such persons and goods with such persons and, if such gun, other weapons or explosive substances have been seized, shall hand over them to the police for making necessary inquiries and actions. (5) If any personnel, in the course of carrying out his/her duty, stops or prohibits, in good faith under this Section, any person from embarking on or approaching to the aircraft or entering into any restricted area of the aerodrome, and thereupon, the flight time of aircraft becomes late or any damage is caused to the aircraft, the personnel shall not have any legal responsibility to any person therefor. Explanation: For the purpose of this Section the term "pilots" includes flight engineer, radio officer, flight navigator, airhostess, cabin attendant and purser.

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11. Penalties for abetment or attempt of offenses: In case, any person abets others to commit any offense violating prescribed air safety provisions and other matters which is punishable under this Act or Rules framed under this Act, or attempts to commit such offense, and if such attempt does any act towards the commission of the offense, shall be liable to the penalties provided for the offense. 12. The Authority to hear cases, and proceedings for such cases: (1) The local District Court shall have the power to make initial proceeding (Original Jurisdiction) and decision upon cases under this Act. (2) In deciding the case, the District Court may give orders to confiscate and take over by Government of Nepal the aircraft or substance or both related to the offense under the Rules framed in respect of Clause (b) or (e) of Sub-section (2) Section 3 and to the act in contravention with the order under Sub-section (1) of Section 4. (3) In hearing and deciding the cases related to the offense under Section 9A., the District Court shall follow the procedures as prescribed in Special Court Act, 2059. (4) An appeal against any decision made by District Court under Sub-section (1) or (2) may be filed before the Court of Appeal within Thirty-Five days of such decision. 12A........................ 13. Power to Apply Nepal law relating to Customs: Government of Nepal may, by a Notification published in the Nepal Gazette, apply the provisions of prevailing Nepal Law, all or with modifications as may be specified in the notification, related to the import and export of goods, also for the purpose of import and export of goods by air ways. 14. Prohibition of Certain Suits: If any person makes flight of an aircraft in any height over the assets of a person and that flight is reasonable on account of wind, weather, and other circumstances, no civil suit shall be initiated in any court against him/her for his/her trespassing to others assets or causing direct or indirect damage or loss to others by reason only of making such flight or any ordinary incident resulted from such flight. 14A.Government to be the Plaintiff: Government of Nepal shall be plaintiff in the cases under Section 9A. 14B.Granting Waivers: Notwithstanding anything contained in the prevalent law, Government of Nepal may, taking into consideration a persons' technical knowledge and efficiency, grant waivers in respect of some of the qualifications concerning license for air service operation, efficiency rating or qualifications required for other certificates to any person who may have acquired membership of any army aviation squad or gained experience and technical knowledge about civil aviation recognized by the Government of Nepal or who may have got through any special examination prescribed by Government of Nepal. 14C. Powers may be Delegated:
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(1) Government of Nepal may, by publishing a Notification in the Nepal Gazette, delegate its powers conferred to it under this Act and the Rules framed thereunder to be exercised by anybody or any official. 15. Saving for acts done in good faith: No suit, prosecution or other legal proceedings shall initiate against any person for anything done in good faith intended to be done under this Act. 16. Saving of application of Act: Nothing in this Act, or in Rule framed or order issued thereunder, shall apply to ............................. any aircraft belonging to Government of Nepal or Nepalese Army. Source:-www.caannepal.org 5.2 Airlines operating to Nepal internationally Flight Per Week 14 4 3 7 7 7 3 3 3 4 6 7 7 7 7 7 12 14 4 4 14 7 7 7 3 Seat Production/ Utilization 2352 512 384 1176 1176 2198 141 396 366 488 1800 0 1834 1323 1323 1071 1632 2030 488 580 2016 1008 1302 1218 0
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S.N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Airlines Air Arabia Air China Air Indigo Bahrain Air Biman Bangladesh Buddha Air China Eastern China Southern Dragon Air Druk Air Etihad Airways Fly Dubai GMG Airways Gulf Air Indian Airlines Jet Airways Jet Lite Kingfisher Airlines Korean Air

Sector SHJ-KTM-SHJ LXA-KTM-LXA DEL-KTM-DEL BAH-KTM-BAH DAC-KTM-DAC KTM-LKO-KTM KMG-KTMKMG CAN-KTM-CAN HKG-KTM-HKG PBH-KTM-PBH AUH-KTM-AUH DXB-KTM-DXB DAC-KTM-DAC BAH-KTM-BAH DEL-KTM-DEL CCU-KTM-CCU VNS-KTM-VNS DEL-KTM-DEL BOM-KTM-BOM DEL-KTM-DEL KTM-DEL-KTM ICN-KTM-ICN

A/C Type A-320 A-319 B737 A-319/A-320 DC10/AB310/B737 ATR-42 B-737 A-319 A-330 AB-319 A-332/A-320 B737-800 MD-80 A320 A-320 A-319 A-320 B-737-800 B-737-800 B-737-800 A 320 B-777

Seat Capacity 168 128 168 138/168 314/221 /162 47 132 122 300

Remarks

On TOP Basis

On TOP Basis

262-136 189 153 136 145 122 145 144 144 186 174

On TOP Basis

20

Nepal Airlines

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Oman Air PIA Qatar Airways Silk Air Spice Jet Thai Airways TUI Airlines United Airways

KTM-DEL-KTM KTM-BKK-KTM KTM-HKG-KTM KTM-DXB-KTM KTM-DOH-KTM MCT-KTM-MCT KHI-KTM-KHI ISB-KTM-ISB DOH-KTM-DOH SIN-KTM -SIN DEL-KTM-DEL BKK-KTM-BKK AMS-KTM-AMS DAC-KTM-DAC

B-757

190

7 3 3 6

1330 570 570 1140 1078 678 339 7455 450 2968 2163 0 1400 46955 2535570
Source: - CAAN Nepal

B738 A-310/B-772 B777/A346/ A330/ A321/ A320/ A319 A320 B737800/900 B-772 MD-83/A310

154 184/339 355/306/ 305/ 182/ 144 /110 150 212 309 0 155/200

7 2 1 28 3 14 7 0 7

On TOP Basis

Not in operation

TTL seat Production/ Utilization per Year(Annual)

Fig 1.4 Airlines operating to Nepal internationally

5.3 Airlines Operating to Nepal Domestically Fixed Wing S.N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Airlines Agni Air Pvt. Ltd. Air Kasthamandap Buddha Air Pvt. Ltd. Goma Air Gorkha Airlines Pvt. Ltd (Not in Operation) Guna Airlines Pvt. Ltd. Makalu Air Nepal Airlines Corporation Sita Air Pvt. Ltd. Tara Air Pvt. Ltd. Yeti Airlines Pvt. Ltd.
Source: - CAAN Nepal

Fig 1.5 domestic airlines fixed wings.

Rotor Wing S.N. Airlines 1 Air Dynasty Heli Service 2 Simrik Air
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3 4 5 6

Fishtail Air Shree Airlines Manang Air (Not in Operation) Mountail Helicopters
Source: - CAAN Nepal

Fig 1.6 domestic airlines rotor wings

5.4 Airports in Nepal S.N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Name

Baglung Airport Baitadi Airport Bajhang Airport Bajhura Airport Bhadrapur Airport Bhairawa Airport Bharatpur Airport Bhojpur Airport Biratnagar Airport IATA ICAO

Chauradi Airport Dang Airport Darchula Airport Dhangarhi Airport Dolpa Airport Gorkha Airport Janakpur Airpoet Jiri Airport Jomsom Airport Jumla Airport Kadmandu Airport Lamidanda Airport Langtang Airport Lukla Airport Mahendranagar Airport Manang Airport Meghauli Airport Mountain Airport Nepalganj Airport Phaplu Airport Pokhara Airport Rajbiraj Airport Ramechhap Airport Rolpa Airport Rukumkot Airport Rumjatar Airport

BGL BIT BJH BJU BDP BWA BHR BHP BIR HRJ DNP DAP DHI DOP GKH JKR JIR JMO JUM SKH LDN LTG LUA XMG NGX MEY MWP KEP PPL PKR RJB RHP RPA RUK RUM

VNBL VNBT VNBG VNBR VNCG VNBW VNBP VNBJ VNVT VNDG VNDL VNDH VNDP VNGK VNJP VNJI VNJL VNSK VNLD VNLT VNLK VNMN VNMA VNMG VNNG VNPL VNPK VNRB VNRC VNRK VNRT

City Baglung Baitadi Bajhang Bajura Bhadrapur Bhairawa Bharatpur Bhojpur Biratnagar Chaurijhari Dang Darchula Dhangarhi Dolpa Gorkha Janakpur Jiri Jomsom Jumla Surkhet Lamidanda Langtang Lukla Mahendranagar Manang Meghauli Mountain Nepalganj Phaplu Pokhara Rajbiraj Ramechhap Rolpa Rukumkot Rumjhatar
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36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

Sanfebazar Airport Silgadi Airport Samara Airport Simikot Airport Syangoche Airport Taplejung Suketar Airport Tikapur Airport Tribhuvan Intl Airport Tumlingtar Airport

FEB SIH SIF IMK SYH TPJ TPU KTM TMI

VNSR VNDT VNSI VNST

VNKT VNTR

Safanbazar Silgadi Doti Simara Simikot Syangboche Taplejung Tikapur Kathmandu Tumlingtar

Source:-http://airport-authority.com/browse-np

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