Noise in Angle modulation When thermal noise or interfering signal amplitude is added to the FM signal, it will cause unwanted

phase shift in the carrier frequency which in turn lead to frequency deviation. The figure below shows phase modulation caused by a single frequency noise.

From the figure, the peak phase deviation due to the noise (interfering signal)

peak =

Vn ( rad ) Vc

Frequency deviation due to noise from interfering signal after limiting or thermal noise with frequencies in the range of the desired FM can be determined as follows. Suppose the instantaneous phase deviation is

(t ) =
then the frequency deviation is

Vn sin(n + n ) Vc Vn n cos(n t + n ) Vc

(t ) = (t ) =
and the peak frequency deviation,

peak =

Vn n (rad / sec) Vc Where n = c i

or f peak =

Vn f n ( Hz ) Vc f n = fc fi

From this equation, we can see that the higher the interfering signal frequency, the greater the frequency deviation. The deviation in the carrier signal due to the noise (not due to the information signal), will be demodulated as an output voltage in the receiver, which in turn distort the recovered information signal. The demodulated output noise voltage level 1

of a PM demodulator is constant (independent of noise frequency, but depends on the noise signal voltage.) However, The output noise signal level in a FM demodulator linearly increases with the frequency of the noise signal.

The signal-to-noise ratio at the output of an FM demodulator due to unwanted frequency deviation from interfering signal (noise) is given by

S f due to signal = N f due to noise

Example: For frequency modulated carrier Vc = 6cos(2110 MHz t ) with 75 kHz frequency deviation due to the information signal and a single frequency interfering signal VI = 0.3cos(2109.985 MHz t ) , determine a) Frequency of the demodulated interfering signal. b) Peak phase and frequency deviations due to interfering signal. c) Voltage signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the demodulator.

Pre-emphasis In FM signal-to-noise level at the higher modulating frequency is lower than signalto-noise level at the lower modulating frequency. Also higher frequency modulating signal tend to have lower amplitude which results in less deviation at these frequencies and therefore lower S/N than lower frequency components. Refer to the figure below

To compensate for this we boost or emphasize the amplitude of high frequency components of the modulating signal in the transmitter before modulation, and deemphasize them in the receiver after demodulation and before audio amplification. This illustrated in figure shown below