:

.:101243

2011

: ,
.
m x n .
, .
.
.
: , , , .
:
1.
-
2.
-
-
-
-
-
-

1.

m x n 11, 12, a1n, a21, a22, .a2n, am1, . amn
:

aik ( i=1,.m, k=1,.n) .

m x n (m x n).

a11=-1, a12=0, a21=-0,5, a34=0

ai1,ain i- A, : a1k,amk
- A. ,
{1,0,1,0} 3- , {0,0,0} 2- .
(1,n) , A(m,1) .
O(m,n) .

 m=n , A n.
: a11, a22,anm

(-1; 14,9; -0,3) .

n- , In n-
:
aij = 1 i = j

aij = 0

i j

( , ).

 n x n , . ,
n- . A=[aij]nxn n- ,
11, 22, ann , a1n,
a2,n-1,, an1 .
n-
0, . :

,
, . :

2.

A(m,n) B (k,l)

A=B
(m=k, n =l)
:
aij = bij (i=1,2,m, j=1,.n).

A B A+B , A-B=A+(-B)
,
. ,
:

A+B, A-B, A+C, A-C, B+C

B-C .

A+C B+C A-C B-C

C A B.

,
,

:
: A, B C
m x n, ,

m x n, O mxn

1 A+B=B+A, ( )
2 (A+B)+C=A+(B+C) , ( )
3 (A+B)= A+ B , (
)
4 (+) = + , (
)
5 A+0 mxn =0 mxn +A=A , (
)
6 A+(-A)=0 mxn =(-A)+A , (
)

( ) ,
,
,

( ) . ,
, .

A(m,n)
B= A :

B(m,n)

bij= aij , i=1,,m; j=1,,n

A( m,n).
- = (-1) , .. +(-)=.
: (m,n) (m,n),
A-B = A + (-B)
(A+B)= A+ B ( + )A= A+ A
,
A B
, .. .

AB A
B (.. n=p)

 m x q ( ..
),

i=1,2,...,m j=1,2,...,q
1 :
:

AB

BA
3 2.
2:
A B

2
AB BA ,
, .. AB BA
a b , ab=0, a=0 b=0.
.
10

AB=03x3, A03x3 B03x3.

A, B C (AB)C=A(BC). ..
.

ABC.
A , n
(AA..A) n .
. n- A
An=AA.....A

A, A
n x m B=AT bkl=alk,
k=1,2,...,n, l=1,2,...,m, ..

. A

11

. A B ,
1 (AT)T=A
2 (A)T= AT
3
A+B ( A-B ) /, (A+B)T=AT+BT (
(A-B)T=AT-BT)
4 AB , BTAT
(AB)T=BTAT.

/ " ", ,
:
1. (
,
, ).
2.
3.
4. ( )

A n- B AB=In, A
, B A
A-1.
A, ..
A-1A=In=AA-1.
. =[aij]nxn n- , A-1
detA 0

=[Aij]nxn n-
A=[aij]nxn.

12

 A det 0, . , ..
detA=0, A .
.

detA 0.

.

Aij=(-1)i+jMij.
, 22=4
.

A11=(-1)1+1M11=M11=1
A12=(-1)1+2M12=-M12=-1
A21=(-1)2+1M21=-M21=-3
A22=(-1)2+2M22=M22=2

A-1 A=I n=AA -1 .

13

1. (2007) -
2. 1
3.

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