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Adam Williams

BTEC Sport

Classifications of joints
Joints A joint is the location at which two or more bones make contact. They are constructed to allow movement and provide mechanical support, and are classified structurally and functionally. Fibrous Joints A fixed joint (Fibrous) is a joint between two bones that doesnt move. The bones of your skull and pelvis are held together by fibrous joints.

An example of a fibrous joint The cranium starts off life as being separate plates of bone when a child is born, this allows easier child birth. As time continues the plates fuse together using connective tissue to form several fibrous joints that protect the brain tissue.

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Structure Fibrous joints are also known as non-synovial joints as they have no joint cavity, connective tissue or cartilage uniting the structure. They do however hold joints together with either fibrous articulations or fibro cartilage. These joints display little or no movement. Examples of this type of joint can be found in the suture of the skull and in the pelvis.

Range of movement At a fibrous joint theres no active movement this is due to the skull needing to stay rigid to protect the brain from any damage.

Cartilaginous Joints Cartilaginous joints may be also known as slightly movable joints and are connected entirely by cartilage. Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly moveable synovial joint.

Cartilaginous joint

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Synovial Joints A Synovial joint is the most common and most movable type of joint in the body of a mammal. As with most other joints, synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones. They are movable joints containing a lubricating liquid called synovial fluid. Synovial joints are predominant in your limbs where mobility is important. Ligaments help provide their stability and muscles contract to produce movement.

Cartilage
Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in many areas in the bodies of humans and other animals, including the joints between bones, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the elbow, the knee, the ankle, the bronchial tubes and the intervertebral discs. It is not as hard and rigid as bone but is stiffer and less flexible than muscle.

Synovial Fluid
Synovial fluid is a viscous, fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints. The principal role of synovial fluid is to reduce friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints during movement.

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Synovial Bursa
A bursa is a small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of slimy fluid. It provides a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a joint. This helps to reduce friction between the bones and allows free movement. Bursae are filled with synovial fluid and are found around most major joints of the body.

Ligaments
Ligaments are the fibrous, slightly stretchy connective tissues that hold one bone to another in the body, forming a joint. Ligaments control the range of motion of a joint, preventing your elbow from bending backwards and stabilizing the joint so that the bones move in the proper directions.

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Type of synovial joint Gliding Hinge Condyloid Ball and socket Saddle Pivot

Where you may find an example Intercarpal Joints Elbow or Knee Wrist Shoulder and Hip Thumb Vertebrae

Range of movement allowed

Gliding Flexion and Extension Flexion/Extension/Adduction/ Abduction/Circumduction Flexion/Extension/Adduction/ Abduction/Rotation Flexion/Extension/Adduction/ Abduction/Circumduction Rotation

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Major Joints
Body Part Wrist Type Of Joint Condyloid Articulating Bones Carpals Radius Ulna Radio Ulna Elbow Pivot Radius Ulna Humerus Radius Ulna Scapula Humerus Pronator Teres, Supinator Triceps Brachii, Biceps Brachii Supination, Pronantion Extension, Flexion Playing a shot in tennis you may twist your hand to add spin to the ball Playing a shot in golf the bicep contracts to pull the club up then extends to play the shot When fielding a ball in cricket or baseball the shoulder flexes and extends to propell the ball When throwing a javelin the core twists and rotates to create force to throw the javelin When kicking a ball in football, the hip extends as the leg comes back to execute the movement Muscles Wrist Extensors, Wrist Flexors Movement Patterns Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction Sporting Example When bowling in cricket the wrist flexes and extends to create spin on the ball

Hinge

Shoulder

Ball and coket

Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis, Teres Major Erector Spinae, Rectus Abdominus, External and Internal ,Obliques

Spine

Cartilaginous

Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction, Rotation Flexion Extension Rotation

Hip

Ball and socket

Femur Pelvis

Gluteus Maximus, Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Minimus, Adductor Longus, Adductor Brevis, Adductor Magnus, Iliopsoas Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedius, Vastus Medialis, Biceps Femoris, Semi-Mebranosus, Semi-Tendonosus Tibialis Anterior, Gastrocnemius / Soleus

Rotation, Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction

Knee

Hinge

Femur Tibia

Flexion , Extension

When kicking a ball in rugby the quadracep muscles flex then the hamstrings extend to power the ball forward

Ankle

Condyloid

Talus Tibia Fibula

Plantarflexion, Dorsiflexion

When defending a shot in netball the player contracts their gastrocnemeus and soleus

Adam Williams 12 DB

Adam Williams 12 DB

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