Ch6 Analog Modulation

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications
Chapter 6
Chapter 6 Analog Modulation and Demodulation
Chapter 6

Amplitude Modulation Pages 306-309
Chapter 6
The analytical signal for double sideband, large carrier amplitude modulation (DSB-LC AM) is: sDSB-LC AM(t) = AC (c + s(t)) cos (2 fC t) where c is the DC bias or offset and AC is the carrier amplitude. The continuous analog signal s(t) is a baseband signal with the information content (voice or music) to be transmitted.
Chapter 6
The baseband power spectral density (PSD) spectrum of the information signal s(t) or S(f) for voice has significant components below 500 Hz and a bandwidth of < 8 kHz: S(f) = F(s(t)) The single-sided spectrum of the modulated signal is:
F(AC (c + s(t)) cos (2 fC t)) = S(f fC)

500 Hz dB
Power Spectral Density of s(t)
8 kHz
Chapter 6
The single-sided (positive frequency axis) spectrum of the modulated signal replicates the baseband spectrum as a double-sided spectrum about the carrier frequency.
Carrier 25 kHz
Double-sided spectrum
Baseband spectrum
Chapter 6
The double-sided modulated spectrum about the carrier frequency has an lower (LSB) and upper (USB) sideband.
Chapter 6
The modulated DSB-LC AM signal shows an outer envelope that follows the polar baseband signal s(t).
Chapter 6
The analytical signal for double sideband, suppressed carrier amplitude modulation (DSB-SC AM) is: sDSB-SC AM(t) = AC s(t) cos (2 fC t) where AC is the carrier amplitude. The single-sided spectrum of the modulated signal replicates the baseband spectrum as a double-sided spectrum about the carrier frequency but without a carrier component.
Chapter 6
The analytical signal for double sideband, suppressed carrier amplitude modulation (DSB-SC AM) is: sDSB-SC AM(t) = AC s(t) cos (2 fC t) where AC is the carrier amplitude. The modulated signal sDSB-SC AM(t) looks similar to s(t) but has a temporal but not spectral carrier component.
Chapter 6
The DSB-LC AM and the DSB-SC AM modulated signals have the same sidebands.
DSB-LC AM
Carrier 25 kHz
DSB-SC AM
No carrier
Chapter 6
The modulated DSB-LC AM and the DSC-SC AM signals are different.
Chapter 6
The modulated DSB-SC AM signal has an envelope that follows the polar baseband signal s(t) but not an outer envelope.
Chapter 6

Coherent Demodulation of AM Signals Pages 309-315
Chapter 6
The DSB-SC AM coherent receiver has a bandpass filter centered at fC and with a bandwidth of twice the bandwidth of s(t) because of the LSB and USB. The output of the multiplier is lowpass filtered with a bandwidth equal to the bandwidth of s(t). r(t) = sDSB-SC(t) + n(t) The DSB-SC AM received signal is r(t) = sDSB-SC(t) + n(t). The bandpass filter passes the modulated signal but filters the noise: z(t) = sDSB-SC(t) + no(t) S&M Eq. 6.3
no(t) has a Gaussian distribution. The bandpass filter has a center frequency of fC = 25 kHz and a -3 dB bandwidth of 8 kHz (25 4 kHz).
Chapter 5
The filter noise no(t) has a flat power spectral density within the bandwidth of the bandpass filter:
no(t)
PSD
21 kHz
29 kHz
fC = 25 kHz
Chapter 6
The filter noise no(t) can be described as a quadrature representation: no(t) = W(t) cos (2 fCt) + Z(t) sin (2 fCt) S&M Eq. 5.62R In the coherent receiver the noise is processed: no(t) cos (2 fCt) = W(t) cos2 (2 fCt) + S&M Eq. 6.5 Z(t) cos (2 fCt) sin (2 fCt)
PSD
21 kHz
29 kHz
fC = 25 kHz
Chapter 6
Applying the trignometric identity the filter noise no(t) is: no(t) cos (2 fCt) = W(t) + W(t) cos (4 fCt) + S&M Eq. 6.5 Z(t) sin (4 fCt) After the lowpass filter in the receiver the demodulated signal is: sdemod(t) = AC s(t) + W(t)
PSD
S&M Eq. 6.7
21 kHz
29 kHz
fC = 25 kHz
Chapter 6
The transmitted DSB-SC AM signal is: sDSB-SC AM(t) = AC s(t) cos (2 fC t) The average normalized bi-sided power of sDSB-SC(t) is found in the spectral domain with S(f) = F (s(t)):
Ptrans = A 2 1 [S(f fC ) + S(f + fC )] df 2
2
S&M Eq. 6.8
Chapter 6
The dual-sided spectral do not overlap (at zero frequency) and the cross terms are zero so that: 2 1 Ptrans = A 2 [SDSB-SC (f fC ) + SDSB-SC (f + fC )] df 2
Ptrans A2 = Ps 2
S&M Eq. 6.9
where Ps is the average normalized power of s(t).
Chapter 6
The average normalized power of s(t) is found in the spectral domain: S&M Eq. 6.10 In a noiseless channel the power in the demodulated DSB-SC AM signal is:
Pdemod, noiseless 1 2 2 2 = A Ps = Ptrans 4 2
Ps = S(f) df = S(f + fC ) df
S&M Eq. 6.11
Chapter 6
The average normalized power of the processed noise is:

Pprocessed noise = 1 No (2 B) 4
The signal-to-noise power ratio then is: 2 Ptrans 2 Ptrans SNRcoherent DSB-SC = 2 = 1 No B No (2 B) 4
2B
S&M Eq. 6.12
Chapter 6
The DSB-SC AM coherent receiver requires a phase and frequency synchronous reference signal. If the reference signal has a phase error then:
SNRcoherent DSB-SC phase error = 2 cos2 Ptrans No B
S&M Eq. 6.17
Chapter 6
The DSB-SC AM coherent receiver requires a phase and frequency synchronous reference signal. If the reference signal has a frequency error f then: Sdemod frequency error(t) = AC s(t) cos (2 f t) + X(t) cos (2 f t) + Y(t) sin (2 f t) S&M Eq. 6.18 Although the noise component remains the same, the amplitude of the demodulated signal varies with f:
Chapter 6

Non-coherent Demodulation of AM Signals Pages 315-326
Chapter 6
The non-coherent AM (DSB-LC) receiver uses an envelope detector implemented as a semiconductor diode and a lowpass filter: The DSB-LC AM analytical signal is: sDSB-LC AM(t) = AC (c + s(t)) cos (2 fC t) where c is the DC bias (offset).
Chapter 5
The envelope detector is a half-wave rectifier and provides a DC bias (c) to the processed DSB-LC AM signal :
c = DC bias
Chapter 5
The output of the half-wave diode rectifier is low-pass filtered to remove the carrier frequency and outputs the envelope which is the information:
Chapter 6
The DSB-LC AM signal can be decomposed as: sDSB-LC AM(t) = s(t) cos (2 fC t) + AC c cos (2 fC t) S&M Eq. 6.20R The average normalized power of the information term:
Pinfo term
2 AC = PS 2
S&M Eq. 6.23
Chapter 6
The average normalized transmitted power is:
Pcarrier term Pcarrier term
1 = T
[A
0
c cos(2fC t)] dt
2
2 AC c2 = 2
S&M Eq. 6.24
Since s(t) + c must be >= 0 to avoid distortion in the DSB-LC AM signal: c | min [s(t)] | or c2 s2(t) for all t.
Chapter 6
Therefore c2 Ps and for DSB-LC AM:
Pcarrier term Pinfo term
S&M Eq. 6.28
The power efficiency of a DSB-LC AM signal is:
Pinfo term Pinfo term = = 0.5 Pcarrier term + Pinfo term Ptrans DSB-LC AM term
S&M Eq. 6.29
Chapter 6
The DSB-LC AM signal wastes at least half the transmitted power because the power in the carrier term has no information:
Pcarrier term Pinfo term
0.5
The modulation index m is defined as:

m = max [ s(t) + c ] + min [ s(t) + c ] max [ s(t) + c ] min [ s(t) + c ]
S&M Eq. 6.30
Chapter 6
The modulation index m defines the power efficiency but m must be less than 1. If m > 1 then min [s(t) + c] < 0 and distortion occurs.
m = max [ s(t) + c ] + min [ s(t) + c ] max [ s(t) + c ] min [ s(t) + c ]
S&M Eq. 6.30
Chapter 6
The average normalized power of the demodulation noiseless DSB-LC AM signal is:
Pdemod, noiseless = 2 2 Pinfo term
S&M Eq. 6.39
Then the signal-to-noise power ratio for the DSB-LC AM signal is: S&M Eq. 6.40 2 2 Pinfo term 2 Ptrans DSB-LC = SNRnoncoherent DSB-LC = No (2 B) No B
2B
Chapter 6
The non-coherent AM (DSB-LC) receiver is the crystal radio which needs no batteries! Power for the highimpedance ceramic earphone is obtained directly from the transmitted signal. For simplicity, the RF BPF is omitted and the audio frequency filter is a simple RC network.
Chapter 6

Frequency Modulation and Phase Modulation Pages 334-343
Chapter 6
The analytical signal for an analog phase modulated (PM) signal is: sPM(t) = AC cos [2 fC t + s(t)] S&M Eq. 6.53 where is the phase modulation constant rad/V and AC is the carrier amplitude. The continuous analog signal s(t) is a baseband signal with the information content (voice or music) to be transmitted.
Chapter 6
The analytical signal for an analog frequency modulated (FM) signal is: sFM(t) = AC cos{ 2 [fC + k s(t)] t + ] S&M Eq. 6.53
where k is the frequency modulation constant Hz / V, AC is the carrier amplitude and is the initial phase angle at t = 0. The continuous analog signal s(t) is a baseband signal with the information content.
Chapter 6
The instantaneous phase of the PM signal is: PM(t) = 2 fC t + s(t) S&M Eq. 6.56
The instantaneous phase of the FM signal is: FM(t) = 2 [fC + k s(t)] t + ] S&M Eq. 6.57
The instantaneous phase is also call the angle of the signal. The instantaneous frequency is the time rate of change of the angle: f(t) = (1/2) d(t) / dt S&M Eq. 6.58
Chapter 6
The instantaneous frequency of the unmodulated carrier signal is: fcarrier(t) = dcarrier(t) / dt = d/dt {2 fCt + } The instantaneous phase is also:
t t
S&M Eq. 6.59
(t) = f () d = f () d + 0 -
S&M Eq. 6.60
There are practical limits on instantaneous frequency and instantaneous phase. To avoid ambiguity and distortion in FM signals due to phase wrapping: k s(t) fC for all t S&M Eq. 6.61
Chapter 6
To avoid ambiguity and distortion in PM signals due to phase wrapping: - < s(t) radians for all t S&M Eq. 6.61
Since FM and PM are both change the angle of the carrier signal as a function of the analog information signal s(t), FM and PM are called angle modulation. For example, is this signal FM, PM or neither: t x(t) = AC cos { 2 fCt + k s() d + } S&M Eq. 6.60 -
Chapter 6
The instantaneous phase of the signal is:

t
x(t) = 2 fCt + k s() d + S&M Eq. p. 336 - which is not a linear function of s(t) so the signal is not PM. The instantaneous frequency of the signal is: fx(t) = (1/2) dx(t) / dt = fC + k s(t) / 2 and the frequency difference fx fC is a linear function of s(t) so the signal is FM. The maximum phase deviation of a PM signal is max | s(t) |. The maximum frequency deviation of a FM signal is f = max | k s(t) |.
Chapter 6
The spectrum of a PM or FM signal can be developed as follows: S&M Eqs. 6.64 through 6.71
v(t) = A C sin(2 fC t + sin 2 fm t) v(t) = Re { exp(j 2 fC t + j sin 2 fm t) } now exp(j 2 fC t + j sin 2 fm t) = cos (2 fC t + sin 2 fm t) + j sin (2 fC t + sin 2 fm t) v(t) = Im { A C exp(2 fC t + j sin 2 fm t) } now exp(j sin 2 fm t) =
n = -
c exp(j 2 n f
n n
t)
after further development exp(j sin 2 fm t) =

n = -
Bessel function of the first kind
J () exp(j 2 n f
t)
Chapter 6
Bessel functions of the first kind Jn() are tabulated for FM with single tone fm angle modulation (S&M Table 6.1): n
Chapter 6
For single tone fm angle modulation the spectrum is periodic and infinite in extent:
v(t) = A C
n = -
J () sin[2 (n f
n
+ fC ) t]
S&M Eq. 6.72
Chapter 6
The complexity of the Bessel function solution for the spectrum of a single tone angle modulation can be simplified by the Carsons Rule approximation for the bandwidth B. Since = f / fm: S&M Eq. 6.74 B = 2 ( + 1) fm = 2 (f + fm) Hz n
Chapter 6
Carsons Rule for the approximate bandwidth of an angle modulated signal was developed by John R. Carson in 1922 while he worked at AT&T. Prior to this in 1915 he presaged the concept of bandwidth efficiency in AM by proposing the suppression of a sideband (see S&M p. 326-333): B = 2 ( + 1) fm = 2 (f + fm) Hz
1886-1940
Chapter 6
The normalized power within the Carsons Rule bandwidth for a single tone angle modulated signals is:
Pin-band, sinusoid
2 A C +1 2 = Jn () 2 n = -(+1)
S&M Eq. 6.75
Note that J-n() = Jn() so that J-n2() = Jn2() and for the normalized power calculation the sign of J() is not used.
Spectrum of single tone FM modulation
Chapter 6
The analog FM power spectral density PSD of the voice signal has a bandwidth predicted only by Carsons Rule since it is not a single tone.
Voice
PSD
Chapter 6
Here fmax = 4 kHz, k = 25 Hz/V and fmax = 40(25) = 1 kHz. The Carsons Rule approximate maximum bandwidth B = 2 (f + fm) = 10 kHz or 5 kHz (but seems wrong!)
40 Voice
fC PSD
Bandwidth
Chapter 6
A 200 Hz single tone FM signal has a PSD with periodic terms at fC n fm = 25 0.2 n kHz.
fC PSD
200 Hz
Chapter 6
Here fm = 200 Hz, k = 25 Hz/V and fmax = 40(25) = 1 kHz. The Carsons Rule approximate maximum bandwidth B = 2 (f + fm) = 2.4 kHz or 1.2 kHz:
fC PSD
200 Hz
Bandwidth
Chapter 6
Since = f / fm = 1 kHz / 0.2 kHz = 5 and the Bessel function predicts a bandwidth of 2 n fm = 2(12)(200) = 4.8 kHz (since n = 12 for = 5 from Table 6.1):
fC PSD
200 Hz
Bandwidth
Chapter 6

Noise in FM and PM Systems Pages 347-355
Chapter 6
A general angle modulated transmitted signal, where (t) is the instantaneous phase, is: sangle-modulated(t) = AC cos [(t)] The received signals is: rangle-modulated(t) = AC cos [(t)] + n(t) S&M Eq. 6.87 S&M Eq. 6.86
Chapter 6
The analytical signal for PM is: sPM(t) = AC cos [(t)] = AC cos [2 fC t + s(t)] S&M Eq. 6.53 After development the SNR for demodulated PM is: SNRPM = ( AC)2 PS / (2 No fmax) where < s(t) for all t. S&M Eq. 6.98
Chapter 6
The analytical signal for FM is: sFM(t) = AC cos [(t)] = AC cos [2 fC t + k s() d] S&M Eq. 6.53 After development the SNR for demodulated FM is: SNRFM = 1.5 (k AC /(2) )2 PS / (No fmax3) S&M Eq. 6.98 where k s(t) fC for all t.
Chapter 6
End of Chapter 6 Analog Modulation and Demodulation

Ch6 Analog Modulation

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EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

Chapter 6 Analog Modulation and Demodulation

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

Chapter 6 Analog Modulation and Demodulation

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

F(AC (c + s(t)) cos (2 fC t)) = S(f fC)

Power Spectral Density of s(t)

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

The modulated DSB-LC AM and the DSC-SC AM signals are different.

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

Chapter 6 Analog Modulation and Demodulation

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

S&M Eq. 6.7

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

S&M Eq. 6.8

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

S&M Eq. 6.9

where Ps is the average normalized power of s(t).

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

S&M Eq. 6.11

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

The average normalized power of the processed noise is:

S&M Eq. 6.12

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

SNRcoherent DSB-SC phase error = 2 cos2 Ptrans No B

S&M Eq. 6.17

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

Chapter 6 Analog Modulation and Demodulation

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

S&M Eq. 6.23

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

The average normalized transmitted power is:

Pcarrier term Pcarrier term

S&M Eq. 6.24

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

Therefore c2 Ps and for DSB-LC AM:

Pcarrier term Pinfo term

S&M Eq. 6.28

The power efficiency of a DSB-LC AM signal is:

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

Pcarrier term Pinfo term

The modulation index m is defined as:

S&M Eq. 6.30

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

S&M Eq. 6.30

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications

S&M Eq. 6.39

EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications