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4.2.5 Sensitivity Analysis
Pending
4.3 Crosstalk validation
To validate the cable crosstalk analysis methodology an experiment presented in [7] was addressed. The
results obtained with the low frequency approximation proposed by Paul, and the MTL analysis made
with CST CS were compared with the laboratory measurements.
4.3.1 Measurement setup
The measurement setup for the crosstalk validation is schematically shown in Fig. 4.8. A generator wire of
lengh L is connected to a voltage generator 1V
G
V , and terminated with a resistor R. A receptor wire is
place at a distance s from the center of the generator wire, and terminated at both sides with a resistor R.
Both cables are raised up at a distance h from the ground plane. The receptor wire is shielded with a single
braided screen. The induced voltage at the near end
NE
V , is evaluated for two different values of the
resistor R ~ 50O, 1kO, and our dierent conigurations for the shield grounding: with no connection to
ground, grounded only at the near end, grounded only at the far end, and both sides grounded. The cross-
section of the setup is shown in the lower part of Fig. 4.8.

Fig. 4.8 Measurement setup for the crosstalk evaluation. Image taken modified from [7]
The cable parameters, and the braided shield parameters are summarized in Table 4.3 below.
Table 4.3 Cable crosstalk measurement setup parameters
Generator circuit
Parameter Variable Value Units
Length of the cable L 3,6576 [m]
Height above ground h 1.5 [cm]
AC
G
V
NE
V
R
R R
L
Generator wire
Receptor wire
Shield
h
s
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Separation distance s 0.2 [cm]
Termination resistance R 50; 1k |O]
Wire radius rWG 381 [m]
Victim circuit
Parameter Variable Value Units
Length of the cable L 3,6576 [m]
Height above ground h 1.5 [cm]
Termination resistance R 50; 1k |O|
Wire radius rWR 381 [m]
Conductivity braided
shield
58 [MS/m]
Braided shield radius
(inner)
a 889 [m]
Filament radius d 63.5 [m]
Weave Angle 30 []
Number of Carriers C 16
Filaments per carrier N 4
Braid thickness tSH 127 [m]
Insulator permittivity r 2.1

4.3.2 Measurement results
4.3.2.1 Termination resistor R ~ 50O
The measurement results for the termination resistor R=50O are shown in Fig. 4.9. To identify the curves
depending on the grounding configuration the following conventions were used: O: open circuit (no
ground connection), S: short circuit (grounded). The order of the symbols is: the first and second symbols
represents the grounding configuration of the near end and the far end, respectively. For example, the
configuration S-O means that the near end of the shield was grounded and the far end was left open.
The results of the experiment are in agreement with the low frequency theoretical analysis presented in
section 3.1 of [1]. The crosstalk for the case where the shield is not grounded (O-O) is maximum because
both, the capacitive and inductive coupling in the receptor wire are present. The increase with frequency is
almost linear until a frequency point where the low frequency analysis is not anymore valid, and other
effects have to be considered. When one of the ends of the shield is grounded (O-S)-(S-O), the capacitive
coupling is eliminated and therefore a reduction of the crosstalk is expected. Since the termination
resistance is very low, the decrease is negligible. Finally, for the case of both sides connected to ground (S-
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S), the capacitive coupling is eliminated, and the inductive coupling is shorted from a cut-off frequency
limit where the response becomes flat, until the low frequency model is not anymore valid and other
effects need to be considered.

Fig. 4.9 Measurement results of the cable crosstalk for the 50O terminations.
4.3.2.2 Termination resistor R ~ 1kO
The measurement results for the termination resistor R=50O are shown in Fig. 4.10. These results are also
in agreement with the low frequency analysis of section 3.1 in [1].

Fig. 4.10 Measurement results of the cable crosstalk for the JkO terminations
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Since the termination resistor is very high, for this case, the capacitive coupling is significantly increased
with respect to the case of low impedance termination. The crosstalk for this case, follows the same
behavior of the previous case. Nevertheless, there are some discrepancies between the curves (S-O) and
(O-S) from about 300 kHz. Since both measurements should give about the same response, it is suggested
that maybe there cases were not symmetrical, thus giving different responses.
4.3.3 Comparison with the low frequency model and CST simulation results
In this subsection, the results of the measurement were compared with the results from the low frequency
model and the results provided by CST. The results are presented according to the termination resistor
and according to the shield grounding.
4.3.3.1 Termination resistor R ~ 50O
The results for the (O-O) case, the (S-O) case, and the (S-S) case when R~50O are shown in Fig. 4.11,Fig.
4.12, and Fig. 4.13 respectively. The (O-S) case was not included since in principle should give a
symmetrical result, and no further information is gained. In all the figures, the plot of the results given by
the theoretical low frequency model is shown with dashed-colored lines, the results of CST in solid-
colored lines, and the measurement in solid-black lines.

Fig. 4.11 Comparison of the crosstalk magnitude obtained with the low frequency model
(dashed-green line), CST (solid-green line), and measurement (black-solid line), for the case of a
non-grounded shield and R = S0O.
As it can be seen on Fig. 4.11, the results of the low frequency model are in agreement with the
measurement until a frequency limit at about 1 MHz, as expected. For further above frequencies, the low
frequency model gives a pessimist response since the crosstalk keeps increasing while the measurement
tends to flatten. The CST solution follows predicts very well the response in all the frequency range, and is
almost overlapped with the measurement curve. The agreement of CST solution is good enough to
predict the resonant behavior of the crosstalk at high frequency.
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Fig. 4.12 Comparison of the crosstalk magnitude obtained with the low frequency model
(dashed-blue line), CST (solid-blue line), and measurement (black-solid line), for the case of a
one-side-grounded shield and R = S0O.
The results of the low frequency model and CST presented in Fig. 4.12 are also in good agreement with
the measurement. Again, the low frequency model is valid up to about 1MHz, where the prediction starts
to be pessimistic. In contrast, the results from CST are very consistent with the measurements.

Fig. 4.13 Comparison of the crosstalk magnitude obtained with the low frequency model
(dashed-violet line), CST (solid-violet line), and measurement (black-solid line), for the case of a
both-sides-grounded shield and R = S0O.
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For the case of the shield grounded at both sides presented in Fig. 4.13, the low frequency solution is in
good agreement with the measurement at about 200 kHz. After this frequency, the crosstalk falls below
the prediction until a point at about 3MHz where the measurement starts to oscillate in a resonant-like
behavior above the low frequency model prediction.
The CST results are also in agreement with the measurement until the 200 kHz frequency limit mentioned
before. After this frequency, a resonant-like behavior is also displayed in the CST response, but with a
lower crosstalk level than the one given by the measurements. Since the low frequency and CST results
were in good agreement with measurements for the previous cases, it is suggested that an additional effect
is present in the measurement setup that was not present in the previous cases, or there is a measurement
error.
4.3.3.2 Termination resistor R ~ 1kO
The results for the (O-O) case when R=2.6 kO, and the ,S-O) case, and the (S-S, case when R~1kO are
shown in Fig. 4.14, Fig. 4.15, and Fig. 4.16, respectively. Attention is drawn to the fact that the first (O-O)
case was supposed to be terminated in R~1kO, but ater seeral non-successful analyses withboth the
theoretical low frequency model and CST, and some private communications with Dr. Paul [7], it was
concluded that the termination resistance was by mistake changed to R~2.6kO.
Again, the (O-S) case was not included since it should give similar results as the (S-O) case. In all the
figures, the plot of the results given by the theoretical low frequency model is shown with dashed-colored
lines, the results of CST in solid-colored lines, and the measurement in solid-black lines.

Fig. 4.14 Comparison of the crosstalk magnitude obtained with the low frequency model
(dashed-green line), CST (solid-green line), and measurement (black-solid line), for the case of a
non-grounded shield and R = 2.6 kO.. Notice that the termination resistor in this case was
changed to R=2.6kO.
According to the results presented in Fig. 4.14, the theoretical low frequency model is in agreement with
the measurement, again, up to about 1MHz. From this frequency limit, the results predicted by the low
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frequency model are pessimistic, since the measurement gives a lower crosstalk value. The results of the
CST simulation are better in agreement with the measurements. At high frequencies, the crosstalk levels
predicted by CST are the same given by the measurements, but the resonant frequencies appear to be
slightly shifted. This indicates that probably the cable length or the insulator permittivity of the
experiment were not as reported in [7].

Fig. 4.15 Comparison of the crosstalk magnitude obtained with the low frequency model
(dashed-blue line), CST (solid-blue line), and measurement (black-solid line), for the case of a
one-side-grounded shield and R = JkO.
For the (S-O) case shown in Fig. 4.15, the low frequency model predicts very well the measurement up to
about 300kHz. After this limit, as already seen in other cases, the predicted crosstalk levels are higher than
the measured ones. The CST crosstalk levels are in good agreement with the measurements along the
whole frequency range. However, as it happened for the (O-O) case, there are two resonances at high
frequencies that are slightly shifted in the CST result. This suggests again that the cable length of the
experiment or the insulator permittivity were not the same as reported in [7].
Finally, for the (S-S) case presented in Fig. 4.16 the theoretical prediction is in agreement with the
measurement up to about 30 kHz, and with the CST simulation up to about 500kHz. Above 30 kHz, the
measured crosstalk levels grow up unexpectedly to higher values than the predicted by the low frequency
model and CST, and exhibit a resonant like behavior. The results of CST do not show this sudden growth
but do present a resonant behavior at high frequencies; but again the resonance frequencies are slightly
shifted.
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Fig. 4.16 Comparison of the crosstalk magnitude obtained with the low frequency model
(dashed-violet line), CST (solid-violet line), and measurement (black-solid line), for the case of a
both-sides-grounded shield and R = JkO.
It was found with this validation that the results predicted by the low frequency model can be used up to a
frequency limit in the range of the kHz. In contrast, the results of CST are in good agreement in all the
tested frequency range. There were found some disagreements on some of the measurements, probably
due to the fact that no perfect experiment can be performed, and maybe some information was not
included in the simulation that could better predict the results. Nevertheless, the crosstalk values predicted
by both models are in the same order of magnitude. For engineering purposes this level of prediction may
result interesting.
4.4 Pigtails inclusion validation
To validate the analysis methodology proposed to estimate the effect of including the pigtails. We
reproduced a measurement example presented in [7, 8] where the crosstalk between a single wire above
ground and a shielded wire above ground was studied as a function of the pigtail length.
4.4.1 Measurement setup
A schematic setup of the measurement is shown in Fig. 4.17. A generator wire of length L is connected to
a voltage generator 1V
G
V , and terminated with a resistor R. A receptor wire is place at a distance s
from the center of the generator wire. Both cables are raised up at a distance h from the ground plane.
The receptor wire is shielded with a single braided screen of length
s
L that is connected at its both
extremities to ground. The receptor wire is terminated at both sides with a resistor R through a pigtail of
variable length
p
L , such that 2
p s
L L L . The induced voltage at the near end
NE
V , is evaluated for
two different values of the pigtail length
p
L = 3 cm, 8 cm, and termination resistor R~50O, 1kO. The
cross-section of the setup is shown in the lower part of Fig. 4.17.