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1-56432-846-5
: Human Rights Watch, Weve Never [ 1]
Seen Such Horror, June 1, 2011, Section I, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2011/06/01/we-ve-neverseen-such-horror-0
: Human Rights Watch, We Live as in War: Crackdown on Protesters in the [2]
Governorate of Homs, Syria, November 11, 2011, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2011/11/11/we-live-war0; Syria: Security Forces Remove Wounded From Hospital, Human Rights watch news release,
September 8, 2011, http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/09/08/syria-security-forces-remove-woundedhospital; Syria: Red Crescent Workers Under Attack, Human Rights Watch news release,
September 14, 2011, http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/09/14/syria-red-crescent-workers-under-attack.
: http://www.vdc-sy.org/ [ 3]

. .
. ""
: Syria unrest: Medvedev urges Assad to reform or go, BBC News, October 7, 2011, [4]
).2011 / 7 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15218727 (
: Hala Jaber, Strike Syria and the world will shake; Syria's president tells The Sunday Times [5]
that violence is the fault of armed gangs and the Arab League is a stooge of the West, The Sunday
Times, November 20, 2011, http://www.dp-news.com/en/detail.aspx?articleid=103707 (
).2011 / 27
: Human Rights Watch, Weve Never Seen Such Horror, June 1, 2011, [6]
.27 http://www.hrw.org/reports/2011/06/01/we-ve-never-seen-such-horror-0
.[7]

[ " 8]
: International Crisis Group, Uncharted Waters: Thinking Through Syria's ."
Dynamics, November 24, 2011,
http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Leba
non/Syria/B031%20Uncharted%20Waters%20.)2011 / 24 %20Thinking%20Through%20Syrias%20Dynamics.pdf (

 / 16
. .
.2011 / 24 .
.
: pek Yezdani, Dissidents from Syria Reveal Action Strategy, Hrriyet Daily News, November [9]
30, 2011(accessed December 5, 2011); Syrian opposition to Co-ordinate with Free Syrian Army,
5 BBC News, December 1, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15984682 (
).2011 /
: Anthony Shadid, Sectarian Strife in City Bodes Ill for All of [ 10]
Syria, The New York Times, November 19, 2011,
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/20/world/middleeast/in-homs-syria-sectarian-battles-stir-fears-ofcivil-war.html?pagewanted=all (accessed November 25, 2011); Nir Rosen, A Tale of Two Villages,
October 24, 2011, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/10/2011102365913224161.html
(accessed November 25, 2011); AFP, Homs, a Syrian City Ripped Apart by Sectarian Killing,
5 November 26, 2011, http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/11/26/179278.html (
).2011 /
: Nada Bakri, U.N. Says Action Needed to Prevent Civil War in Syria, The New York Times, [11]
December 2, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/03/world/middleeast/un-says-action-needed-to).2011 / 5 prevent-civil-war-in-syria.html (
: Syria: Targeted Arrests of Activists across Country, Human Rights Watch [ 12]
news release, May 15, 2011, http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/05/15/syria-targeted-arrests-activistsacross-country.
: Syria: Mass Arrest Campaign Intensifies, Human Rights Watch news release, July 20, [ 13]
2011, http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/07/20/syria-mass-arrest-campaign-intensifies; Syria: Shootings,
Arrests Follow Hama Protest, Human Rights Watch news release, July 6, 2011,
http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/07/06/syria-shootings-arrests-follow-hama-protest.

[ " 14]


" : 1 .)2 (."

( ) i) 2( 7 ."
"

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][15 : Human Rights Watch, Weve Never Seen Such Horror, p. 34; Syria: Rampant Torture of
Protesters, Human Rights Watch news release, April 15, 2011,
http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/04/15/syria-rampant-torture-protesters
][16 .44
][17 : Syrias Intelligence Services: A Primer, Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, July 1, 2000,

( http://www.intelpage.info/forum/viewtopic.php?t=588 1/ )2009
: Syria Unmasked 48 .51
.
.
][18 ""
.
. : Syrias Intelligence Services: A Primer, Middle East
Intelligence Bulletin, Vol. 2 No. 6, July 1, 2000, http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0007_s3.htm
( 5/ .)2011 : Ahed Al Hendi, The Structure of Syrias Repression,
Foreign Affairs, May 3, 2011, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67823/ahed-al-hendi/the( structure-of-syrias-repression?page=show "
") . : Shmuel Bar, Bashars Syria: The Regime and its Strategic

( Worldview, 2006, http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf 5

/ ( )2011 " ").
: Syria Unmasked 1991 .40
][19 : : :

8 / http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/47d6547928.html (2007
26/ ).2011
][20 : Elizabeth A. Kennedy and Zeina Karam, Army
defectors threaten to transform Syrian uprising into civil war, The Associated Press, November 21,
2011,
][21 : Erika Solomon, Feature Syria Army Rebels Fight from the Shadows, Reuters, November

( 23, 2011, http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/11/23/idINIndia-60691920111123 27

/ ).2011
][22 5 / .2011
][23 "" 5 / .2011
][24 "" 27 / .2011
][25 "" 15 / .2011

.2011 / 21 "[ "26]

.2011 / 25 "[ "27]
.2011 / 28 "[ "28]
.2011 / 31 "[ "29]
: UN Human Rights Council strongly condemns abuses by Syrian authorities, December 2, [30]

4 2011, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=40596&Cr=Syria&Cr1 (
).2011 /
15 / 15 [ " 31]
) 151 ( 2011 / 7 " /
" / 31 / 16 "
15 1 " .) 19 (
). 17 ( "2011 /
: Human Rights Watch, Weve Never Seen Such Horror, June 1, 2011, [ 32]
http://www.hrw.org/reports/2011/06/01/we-ve-never-seen-such-horror-0; Human Rights Watch, We
Live as in War, November 11, 2011, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2011/11/11/we-live-war-0; Syria:
Red Crescent Workers Under Attack, Human Rights Watch news release, September 14, 2011,
http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/09/14/syria-red-crescent-workers-under-attack

.2002 / 1 [ 33]
18 ." "
: Treaty Series, vol. 1155, p. 331 1969
.2000 / 29 .1970
: Report of the independent international commission of inquiry .[ 34]
on the Syrian Arab Republic, A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, November 23, 2011,
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/specialsession/17/docs/A-HRC-S-17-2-Add1.pdf (
).2011 / 5
).) (2( 7 [ 35]
: Prosecutor v. Kupreskic et al., ICTY, Case No. IT-95-16, Judgement .7 [ 36]
(Trial Chamber), January 14, 2000, para. 556.
: Prosecutor v. Kupreskic et al., ICTY, Case No. IT-95-16, Judgment (Trial Chamber), [37]
January 14, 2000, para. 556: [T]he requisite mens rea for crimes against humanity appears to be
comprised by (1) the intent to commit the underlying offence, combined with (2) knowledge of the
broader context in which that offence occurs. See also Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic, ICTY, Case No.
IT-94-1, Judgment (Appeals Chamber), July 15, 1999, para. 271; Prosecutor v. Kayishema and

Ruzindana, ICTR, Case No. ICTR-95-1-T, Judgment (Trial Chamber II), May 21, 1999, paras. 133134.
][38 : Prosecutor v. Blaskic, ICTY, Case No. IT-95-14-T, Judgment (Trial Chamber), March 3,

)2000, para. 257. Blaskic (paras. 258-259 :

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][49 ( : http://www.vdc-sy.org/ 3/ ).2011
][50 : UN Human Rights Council strongly condemns abuses by Syrian authorities, UN News
Centre.
][51 : Human Rights Watch, Weve Never Seen Such Horror; Human Rights Watch, We Live as
in War; Syria: RampantTorture of Protesters, Human Rights Watch news release, April 15, 2011,
http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/04/15/syria-rampant-torture-protesters
][52 "" 28 / .2011
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/ ).2011
][82 "" 27 / .2011
][83 "" 27 / .2011
][84 "" 31 / .2011
][85 "" 31 / .2011
[86] Human Rights Watch, Weve Never Seen Such Horror, ; Human Rights Watch, We Live as in
War; Syria: Mass Arrest Campaign Intensifies, Human Rights Watch news release, July 20, 2011,
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