Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

MEEM 4058 Product Health, Safety, Environmental Standards and Compliance Instructor: Dr. Oscar K.S. HUI (Room Y6-626) Email: meoscar.hui@cityu.edu.hk;

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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

American industry and government are currently dealing with such issues as:
Acid rain, ground-level ozone, lack of stratospheric ozone. Radon gas, cleanup of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Polluted ground water, higher-than-acceptable levels of lead in drinking water.

Industry and the environment can be compatible, mutually beneficial entities with the proper care and appropriate practices.

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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

SAFETY, HEALTH, AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Much progress has been made in cleaning up and protecting the environment since Congress became interested in environmental protection in the 1960s. The EPA reports significant progress in cleaning up air & water pollution since the 1970sbut not all the news is good.
According to the EPA, nitrogen oxide emissions and ocean dumping of sewage sludge are still problems.
Much work remains to be done about environmental safety & health.

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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

SAFETY, HEALTH, AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Actions recommended by the EPA:
Acid rain - reduce sulfur oxide emissions while avoiding expensive new regulation-induced clampdowns until sufficient evidence is available to justify such actions. Ground-level ozone - new regulations that focus on gas stations & small sources of ground-level ozone emissions.
Avoiding any new drastic restrictions on automobile emissions.

Global warming - focus more on the use of nuclear power while continuing efforts to use fossil fuels more efficiently. Water pollution - build more sewage treatment plants throughout the nation as quickly as possible. Toxic wastes - develop & implement incentive programs to encourage a reduction in the volume of toxic waste.
Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

SAFETY, HEALTH, AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Actions recommended by the EPA:
Garbage - increase the use of recycling while simultaneously reducing the overall waste stream.
Burn or bury what cannot be recycled, but under strict controls.

Lead - better protective clothing and hygiene facilities should be provided for employees in lead-contaminated workplaces. Mercury - better detection, mitigation, and elimination of mercury in work and home environments.

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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

LEGISLATION AND REGULATION

The Occupational safety & health Administration (OSHA) is responsible for regulating the work environment in an individual company or plant. Environmental issues beyond the boundaries of the individual plant are the responsibility of the EPA. Some environmental issues and concerns do not fall clearly within the scope of either OSHA or the EPA.
Therefore, these two agencies have begun to cooperate closely in dealing with environmental matters.

To respond effectively & efficiently to OSHA & the EPA, companies may be forced to combine workplace safety & environmental health departments.
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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Clean Air Act

One of the most important pieces of federal environmental legislation is the Clean Air Act.
EPA & state regulatory agencies have great latitude to craft regulations to implement the intentions of Congress.
The EPA had to draft more than 250 regulations to implement fully the titles set forth in the Clean Air Act.

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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Clean Air Act

The Clean Air Act contains provisions that require companies to take actions necessary to prevent or minimize accidental release of pollutants into the air.

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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Economics of Environmental Regulation

Ample evidence suggests legislation & regulations since 1970 have resulted in many improvements.
No one has yet been able to produce accurate information on the cost of benefits derived from these improvements.

We need accurate data on how a countrys annual investment in a clean environment impacts:
The unemployment & inflation rate, and rate of growth of the gross national product & international trade balance. Productivity in the workplace, human health, reduced damage to exposed materials. Agricultural output and Industrial modernization. Research/innovation in the chemical/pharmaceutical industries.
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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTS
The natural environmentair, forests, lakes, rivers, oceans & other natural resourcesis not the only type of environment with which we interact.
Induced environments are those that have been affected in some way by human action.
A big city with smog has an induced environment.

A controlled environment is a natural or induced environment, changed in some way to reduce or eliminate potential environmental hazards. An artificial environment is fully created to prevent hazardous conditions from affecting people and material.
The environment within a submarine is an artificial environment.

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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTS
The natural environmentair, forests, lakes, rivers, oceans & other natural resourcesis not the only type of environment with which we interact.
A closed environment is completely or almost completely shut off from the natural environment. A free environment is one that freely allows the flow and free movement of air.

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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTS
Dealing with hazards of the environment involves protecting workers within a plant from dangerous environmental conditions.
And protecting the general public from unsafe conditions that may be created by operations or products of the plant.

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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

ROLE OF SAFETY & HEALTH PROFESSIONALS

In todays workplace, the safety/health professional will take on environmental responsibilities in addition to the traditional safety & health responsibilities.
Be prepared to undertake the increased workload associated with environmental safety. Be prepared to study environmental courses or parts of courses in their college curricula. Be prepared to undertake continuing education in environmental issues.

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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

HAZARDS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Modern safety & health professionals must consider environmental factors in their plans for ensuring a safe and healthy workplace.
Environmental hazards can affect people, machines, systems & other inhabitants of a given environment.
High-humidity conditions can cause mold, mildew, and damage to mechanical equipment. Dust, radiation, temperature, and other factors can be hazardous to people and equipment.

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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Indoor Environmental Quality

Indoor air quality, as the name implies, simply refers to the quality of the air in a work environment.
Sick-building syndrome is a term people use to convey symptoms they believe are attributed to the building itself.
Workers typically implicate the workplace environment because their symptoms are alleviated when they leave their workplace.

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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Indoor Environmental Quality

NIOSHwhich recommends the term indoor environment quality (IEQ)have found concerns about air quality may be caused by a number of factors, encompassing more than air contamination.
Comfort, noise, lighting, ergonomic stressors, job-related psychological stressors can contribute to complaints.

Typical symptoms associated with IEQ:

Headaches, unusual fatigue, varying degrees of itching or burning eyes, skin irritation, nasal congestion, dry or irritated throats, and nausea.

Requests to evaluate office environments were once only about 8% of requests for NIOSH investigations.
Today, they account for more than 50% all requests.
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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Indoor Environmental Quality

Why are IEQ problems increasing?
In the 1970s, ventilation requirements changed to conserve fossil fuels & virtually airtight buildings emerged. Computers & new work technologies forced a change in office procedures and productivity.
Ergonomics and organizational stress problems increased.

A dramatic increase in the number of white-collar workers. Greater awareness & increased media coverage may also have contributed to a higher reporting rate.

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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Indoor Environmental Quality

What types of IEQ problems are typically found in the workplace?
Ventilation system deficiencies; Overcrowding. Offgassing (ventilating) from office materials and mechanical equipment. Tobacco smoke, microbiological contamination, and outside air pollutants. Comfort problems due to improper temperature/humidity. Poor lighting & unacceptable noise levels. Adverse ergonomic conditions & job-related psychosocial stressors.

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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Indoor Environmental Quality

What do investigators look for during an IEQ evaluation?
Pollutant sources.
Is there a source of contamination or discomfort indoors, outdoors, or within the mechanical systems in the building?

Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system.

Can the HVAC system control existing contaminants and ensure thermal comfort? Is it properly maintained & operated?

Pollutant pathways and driving forces.

Are pressure relationships maintained between areas of the building so air flow goes from cleaner areas to dirtier areas?

Occupants.
Do the building occupants understand that their activities affect the air quality?
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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Action Plan for Ensuring IEQ

Maintaining a safe, healthy, and comfortable indoor environment conducive to the optimum performance of employees is a challenge.
It involves the integration of many different components that make up todays complex work environment.

Indoor environmental problems are both preventable and solvable.

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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Action Plan for Ensuring IEQ

An eight-step action plan will help safety, health, and environmental professionals ensure a safe and healthy indoor work environment.
Step 1: Designate an IEQ manager.
Responsible for the indoor environment can come from a number of different backgrounds.

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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Action Plan for Ensuring IEQ

Step 2: Develop an IEQ profile of all buildings in question.
Existing records must be identified and reviewed.

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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Action Plan for Ensuring IEQ

Step 2: Develop an IEQ profile of all buildings in question.

An assessment of the current situation must be conducted.

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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Action Plan for Ensuring IEQ

An eight-step action plan will help safety, health, and environmental professionals ensure a safe and healthy indoor work environment.
Step 3: Address existing and potential problems.
Remove or reduce any sources of problems identified. (seal or cover the source or modify the environment) Improve ventilation to provide outside air to employees and to dilute or exhaust pollutants. Improve air filtration to clean air from outside and inside the building. Control occupant exposure through administrative strategies. (schedule contaminant-producing activities during unoccupied periods, etc.)

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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Action Plan for Ensuring IEQ

An eight-step action plan will help safety, health, and environmental professionals ensure a safe and healthy indoor work environment.
Step 4: Training for employees.
Employees are often the best sources of information about problems and potential problems. Their input can be improved by providing training to familiarize them with the problem and show them how to raise an issue.

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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Action Plan for Ensuring IEQ

An eight-step action plan will help safety, health, and environmental professionals ensure a safe and healthy indoor work environment.
Step 5: Implement a facility operations/maintenance plan, which should ensure:
The HVAC system is in operation during periods of significant activity The HVAC system is operated with as much outside air as possible before employees arrive for work. Cleaning and housekeeping materials are properly selected and controlled.

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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Action Plan for Ensuring IEQ

Step 5: Implement a facility operations/maintenance plan.

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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Action Plan for Ensuring IEQ

An eight-step action plan will help safety, health, and environmental professionals ensure a safe and healthy indoor work environment.
Step 6: Manage processes that are potentially harmful.
Processes ongoing & problematic should be managed. Remodeling, renovation, painting, pest control, smoking, and shipping & receiving.

Step 7: Communicate with employees about their role.

Raise issues and help identify problems as appropriate. Understand that actions/activities can contribute to problems. Know the organizations policies concerning IEQ & follow them.

Step 8: Establish procedures for IEQ complaint response.

A systematic procedure for receiving & responding to complaints.
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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Action Plan for Ensuring IEQ

Step 8: Establish procedures for IEQ complaint response.

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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

OSHA Hazardous Waste Standard

OSHA Standard 1910.120 sets the standard for dealing with hazardous materials.

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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

OSHA Hazardous Waste Standard

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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Organizing a Waste Reduction Program

Steps to establishing a waste reduction program.

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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Organizing a Waste Reduction Program

Outline of a waste reduction plan

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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Waste Reduction Audit

A waste reduction audit identifies opportunities for decreasing the waste stream of a given facility.

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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS)

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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS) An organizations EMS may be a subset of its safety & health management system or a separate component of the overall management system.

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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS) The EMS should do the following:

Establish comprehensive environmental protection policy. Identify government regulations/requirements that apply to the organizations processes, products, or services. Establish organization-wide commitment to environmental protection. Establish responsibility and accountability relating to environmental protection. Incorporate environmental concerns in organizational planning, including strategic, operational, and procedural. Establish management processes for achieving performance benchmarks.

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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS) The EMS should do the following:

Provide sufficient resources to ensure that performance benchmarks can be achieved on a continual basis. Establish and maintain an effective emergencypreparedness program. Assess the organizations environmental performance against all applicable benchmarks & adjust as necessary. Establish a review process for auditing the EMS and identifying opportunities for improvement. Establish and maintain communications linkages with all stakeholders, internal and external. Promote the establishment of an EMS in contractors and suppliers.
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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Rationale for the EMS Movement

Different organizations are interested in better environmental management for different reasons

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2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Potential Benefits of an EMS

Benefits realized from adopting an EMS:
Ease of trade.
Uniform international standards knock down the barriers created by country-to-country variations.

Improved compliance with regulations.

Regulatory compliance is improved by uniform accountability.

Credibility.
Third-party certification takes politics out of the process.

Reduction in liability or risk.

Certification forces a focus on environmental impact.

Regulatory incentives.
Companies showing an effective EMS can take advantage of rewards for leadership in protecting the environment.
Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Potential Benefits of an EMS

Benefits realized from adopting an EMS:
Sentencing mitigation.
A comprehensive EMS may serve as a mitigating factor when fines are assessed for failing to comply with regulations.

Pollution prevention and waste reduction.

Better environmental management results in less waste and less pollution, and attendant savings.

Profit.
Better management of any kindquality, human resources, time, or environmental translates into better profits.

Improved internal management.

ISO 14000 certification requires management methods that can improve all aspects of internal management.

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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Potential Benefits of an EMS

Benefits realized from adopting an EMS:
Retention of a high-quality workforce.
Companies that are good corporate citizens find it easier to retain their best and brightest employees.

Community goodwill.
Being good corporate citizens leads to community goodwill.

Insurance.
An established, effective EMS may lead to insurance policies written at reasonable prices.

Preference in lending.
Environmental litigation can bankrupt companies, so lending institutions may give preference to those with established EMS.

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Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

ISO
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a worldwide organization of national standards bodies.
The complete membership roster for ISO contains the standards bodies of 118 countries.
The overall goal of ISO is to promote development of standardization and related activities in the world.

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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

ISO 14000
The ISO 14000 family of standards promotes effective EMS, based on voluntary organizational commitment to environmental protection.
It provides the framework for environmental management as part of the organizations overall management system.

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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

ISO 14000 SERIES OF STANDARDS

ISO 14000 Series is family of environmental management standards in five disciplines.

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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

ISO 14000 SERIES OF STANDARDS

The ISO 14000 Series contains two types of standards:
A specification standard contains only specific criteria that can be audited internally or externally by a third party. A guidance standard explains how to develop and implement EMS and principles.
Guidance standards are descriptive standards that also explain how to coordinate among various QM systems.

The ISO also develops guides and technical reports.

A guide is a tool to assist organizations in improvement of environmental management. Technical reports are written when a technical committee of ISO cannot reach consensus on an issue.
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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

Classification of ISO 14000 Standards

The two broad classifications of standards in ISO 14000 & respective subclassifications.

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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

ISO 14001 STANDARD

ISO 14001 is protects the environment & companies whose processes/products may affect it.
EMS.
The structure for implementing its environmental policy.

EMS audit.
The EMS audit is the process used to verify that an EMS actually does what an organization says it will do.

Environmental aspect.
Any aspect of an organizations processes, products, or services that can potentially affect the environment.

Continual improvement.
In the global marketplace, good enough is never good enough.

Plan-do-check-adjust model.
From W. Edwards Deming in the area of quality management.
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Chapter 29 - Environmental Safety and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management)

ISO 14001 STANDARD

Some types of activities associated with continually improving an EMS.

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