Media Management

Assignment Number 01

History of Media and Journalism in the Subcontinent

Submitted by

Usman Jawed Zuberi

BD-107/2009

Media of sub-continent
Media of Indian subcontinent consist of several types of communications forms including television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, and Internet-based websites. Print media exists in sub-continent since Mughal Empire with handwritten sheets that appeared at regular intervals to inform government about current affairs and events. This ways government was able to take necessary action to maintain good governance. Hand-written sheets started by Delhi emperors and it were enhanced by Mughal emperors to excellence. In order to prevent fake reports surveillance in the form of agents were employed. News sheets were sent to the King via pedestrians or horse-riders. In Indian; first form of media was PRINT MEDIA that was initiated in late 16th century with its slow paced growth in 17th century.

First printing press was setup at Bombay in 1674 In 1780, first print newspaper was published by the name of Hicky Gasette. Editor James August Hicky was against East India Company. In return government introduced India Gasette in November 1781 and it was pro government. In Calcutta in 1822 first Urdu newspaper Jam-e-Jahan Numa was published In 1882, in Calcutta first Persian newspaper Marat-ul Akhbar was published In 1799 first press law was introduced which required printer to include his name at the end of paper and contents need to get approved by government. In 1823 second press law was introduced which required license to be obtained before establishing a printing press or newspaper. In 1835 third law was introduced that relaxed the requirement of license by newspaper just a declaration was enough. Litho-type printing started in 1836 which reduced cost of newspapers. This resulted in increase in printed newspapers. In 1837 Syed Muhammad Khan started Syed-ul-Akhbar. After his death in young age Sir Syed Ahmed Khan his real brother continued editorship. In 1850 Munshi Harsukh Raey started Koh-e-Noor in Lahore. In 1857 Munshi Dewan Chand started newspaper in Sialkot.

During 18th Century, print media took its role in Indian politics and get in the reach of common men. It evolved media in a role that is more than government influenced historians. Muslims of India used print media (that includes magazines and newspapers as a tool to create awareness and ignite struggle for independence.

Radio broadcasting initiated in 1927. It was used by agriculture department to give instructions to farmers. Screening of Auguste and Louis Lumire moving pictures in Bombay initiated during the July of 1895 is among the oldest and largest media of the world. Raja Harishchandra a full length feature film was initiated in 1912 and completed later. Alam Ara (released 14 March 1931) directed by Ardeshir Irani was the first Indian movie with dialogs.

Indian sub-continent is divided into two countries India in Pakistan in 1947. Role of media in the region before 1947 was so strong. Pre-partition media has been evolved from print form to radio and moving screens in Indian sub-continent. On 1971, Pakistan is further divided into Pakistan and Bangladesh. Media in these three countries provides information on television, radio, cinema, newspapers, and magazines. We will examine history of these medium in each country during the course of time.

India
Indian media particularly private media is considered to be "Free and Independent" throughout most of its history. Although, there are several missionaries continuously funding media channels to further their interests. The period of emergency (19751977), declared by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, was the brief period when India's media was faced with potential government retribution.

Print Media
In the 1950s 214 daily newspapers were published in the country. Out of these, 44 were English language dailies while the rest were published in various regional languages. This number rose to 2,856 dailies in 1990 with 209 English dailies. The total number of newspapers published in the country reached 35,595 newspapers by 1993 (3,805 dailies) Newspaper sale in India is increased by 11.22% in 2007. By 2007, 62 of the world's best selling newspaper dailies were published in China, Japan, and India. Indians consume approx 99 million newspaper copies as of 2007 making it the second largest market in the world for newspapers.

Radio
Radio broadcasting was initiated in 1927 but became state responsibility only in 1930. In 1937 it was given the name All India Radio and since 1957 it has been called Akashvani.

Electronic Media
Limited duration of television programming began in 1959, and complete broadcasting followed in 1965. The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting owned and maintained the audio-visual apparatus including the television channel Doordarshan in the country prior to the economic reforms of 1991.

The Government of India played a significant role in using the audio-visual media for increasing mass education in India's rural swathes. Projected television screens provided engaging education in India's villages by the 1990s. Following the economic reforms satellite television channels from around the world including BBC, CNN, CNBC, PTV, and other foreign television channels gained a foothold in the country. 47 million household with television sets emerged in 1993, which was also the year when Rupert Murdoch entered the Indian market. With 1,400 television stations as of 2009,, India is among the 4th largest television broadcast stations in the world with nearly 1,400 stations.

Cinema
The cinema of India consists of films produced across India. During the 1940s cinema in South India accounted for nearly half of India's cinema halls and cinema came to be viewed as an instrument of cultural revival. After Indian independence the cinema of India was inquired by the S.K. Patil Commission. S.K. Patil, head of the commission, viewed cinema in India as a 'combination of art, industry, and showmanship' while noting its commercial value. The Indian government had established a Films Division by 1949 which eventually became one of the largest documentary film producers in the world with an annual production of over 200 short documentaries, each released in 18 languages with 9000 prints for permanent film theaters across the country. Indian films are being followed throughout Southeast Asia and the Middle East where modest dressing and subdued sexuality of these films was found to be acceptable to the sensibilities of the audience belonging to the various Islamic countries of the region. As cinema as a medium gained popularity in the country as many as 1, 000 films in various languages of India were produced annually. Hollywood also gained a foothold in India with special effects films such as Jurassic Park (1993) and Speed (1994) being specially appreciated by the local audiences. Expatriates throughout the United Kingdom and in the United States continued to give rise to an international audience to Indian movies, which, according to The Encyclopedia Britannica (2008) entry on Bollywood, "continued to be formulaic story lines, expertly choreographed fight scenes, spectacular song-and-dance routines, emotion-charged melodrama, and larger-than-life heroes".

Internet

Internet was introduced in India starting with Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, Chennai and Pune on 15 August 1995. By 2009, India had a total of 81,000,000 registered Internet users comprising 7.0% of the country's population. 7,570,000 Indians have access to broadband Internet as of 2010 making it the 11th largest country in the world in terms of broadband Internet users.

The country has third highest number of Internet users as of December 2010.

Pakistan
Media in Pakistan provides information on television, radio, cinema, newspapers, and magazines, and internet in Pakistan.

Print Media
In 1947 only four major Muslim-owned newspapers existed in the area now called Pakistan: Pakistan Times, Zamindar, Nawa-i-Waqt, and Civil and Military Gazette. A number of Muslim papers moved to Pakistan, including Dawn, which began publishing daily in Karachi in 1947, the Morning News, and the Urdu-language dailies Jang and Anjam. By the early 2000s, 1,500 newspapers and journals existed in Pakistan. In the early 21st century, as in the rest of the world, the number of print outlets in Pakistan declined precipitously, but total circulation numbers increased. From 1994 to 1997, the total number of daily, monthly, and other publications increased from 3,242 to 4,455, but had dropped to just 945 by 2003 with most of the decline occurring in the Punjab Province. From 1994 to 2003 total print circulation increased substantially, particularly for dailies (3 million to 6.2 million). And after the low point in 2003 the number of publications grew to 1279 in 2004, to 1997 in 2005, 1467 in 2006, 1820 in 2007, and 1199 in 2008. Newspapers and magazines are published in 11 languages; most in Urdu and Sindhi, but Englishlanguage publications are numerous. Most print media is privately owned, but the government controls the Associated Press of Pakistan, one of the major news agencies. From 1964 into the early 1990s, the National Press Trust acted as the government's front to control the press. The state, however, no longer publishes daily newspapers; the former Press Trust sold or liquidated its newspapers and magazines in the early 1990s. The press is generally free and has played an active role in national elections, but journalists often exercise self-censorship as a result of arrests and intimidation by government and societal actors.

The press is much more restricted in FATA, where no newspapers are published; and in Pakistaniadministered Kashmir, where publications need special permission from the regional government to operate and pro-independence publications are generally prohibited.

Radio
Radio is the leading audio vehicle of media in Pakistan. The reasons to that maybe radio is local, fragmented, personal, mobile and most important, it is cheap. More than 40% of Pakistans population lives under the poverty line and it is very difficult for them to buy a TV set or computer. Thus, entertainment needs with information is satisfied by radio. The government-owned Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) was formed on 14 August 1947, the day of Pakistani independence. At independence, Pakistan had radio stations in Dhaka, Lahore, and Peshawar. A major program of expansion saw new stations open at Karachi and Rawalpindi in 1948. A new broadcasting house open at Karachi in 1950. This was followed by new radio stations at Hyderabad (1951), Quetta (1956), a second station at Rawalpindi (1960), and a receiving centre at Peshawar (1960). During the 1980s and 1990s the corporation expanded its network to many cities and towns of Pakistan to provide greater service to the local people. In October 1998, Radio Pakistan started its first FM transmission.

Today, there are over a hundred public and private radio stations due to more liberal media regulations. FM 100 is said to be the pioneer of FM stations and carved the way for new generation FM stations focusing on every class of people with youth as the major target. The pop music in Pakistan got a boast with FM stations which catered to the youths needs. The radio industry in Pakistan is expanding day by day dividing its time slots among different people. The morning slots are especially for female population of our country. While the evenings, early mornings and late nights are for the youngsters. The press is much more restricted in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), where independent radio is allowed only with permission from the government.

Electronic Media
Television in Pakistan was introduced in 1964. Pakistan Television Network, also referred to as PTV, is Pakistan's state owned television network which operates on both terrestrial & satellite. The first live transmission of PTV began on November 26, 1964 in Lahore. Originally a private sector project in 1961 by prominent industrialist Syed Wajjid Ali who signed a joint venture agreement with Nipon Electric Company (NEC) of Japan, leading Pakistani engineer Ubaidur Rahman was appointed by Wajjid Ali to head the television project. By 1962 after a series of pilot transmission tests the project was quickly taken over by the Ayub government in 1963 in the greater national interest of Pakistan. On 26 November 1964, the first official television station commenced transmission broadcasts from Lahore, followed by Dhaka, Bangladesh in 1965. Third centre was established in Rawalpindi/Islamabad in 1965 and the fourth in Karachi in 1966.

Later centers in Peshawar and Quetta were established by 1974. Originally broadcast in black and white, PTV began color transmission in 1976. With this new upgrade in techniques and equipment, the Pakistan Television Academy was founded and opened in 1987 to teach students who wished to work in the medium. Since its inception in Pakistan, electronic media in the country remained in government control till 1990, when Shalimar Television Network (STN) and Network Television Marketing (NTM) signed a contract to launch Pakistans first private sector TV channel. During mid 90s, a growing demand for television entertainment in Pakistan paved way to foreign TV channels through satellite dishes. In the beginning, the phenomenon of having a dish TV was restricted to the urban elite. However, satellite dish became a commodity item with penetration across the various socioeconomic classes of Pakistani population. PTV launched a full-scale satellite broadcasting service in 1991-92 whereas Digital TV satellite broadcasting was launched in 1999. During the decades of 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, PTV dramas and teleplays were considered as the best in Indian Subcontinent, like Khuda Ki Basti, Unkahi, Tanhaiyaan, Aangan Terha, Fifty Fifty, Studio Dhai (2-1/2), Studio Ponay Teen (2-3/4), Andehra Ujala, Sona Chandi, Uncle Urfi, Taleem-e-Baalighan, Alif Noon, Waaris, Dhoop Kinare, Sunehray Din, Alpha Bravo Charlie, Ana, Akhri Chatan, Zair Zabar and block buster serials like Pesh, Dhuwan, Kath Putli, Wafa Ham Nibhaein Gai, Bandhan, Kaghaz Kay Phool, Muqqdas, Bint-e-Adam, Malangi, Sawan, Sheela Bagh, Tinkay, Aisa Bhi Hota Hai bhar,rasta de zindgi,Chuban,Kuch Lamhay,khuwahesho kay sarab and many others. Successive governments in the country adopted more liberal media policies by providing masses with the enhanced access to information, education, and entertainment by encouraging public private participation. In recent years we see the rise of so many private TV channels in Pakistan giving it a new face and form. The Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA), formerly RAMBO Regulatory Authority for Media and Broadcast Organizations; was formed in 2002 to "facilitate and promote a free, fair and independent electronic media" including opening the broadcasting market in Pakistan.

By the end of 2009 PEMRA had:

Issued 78 satellite TV licenses; issued "landing rights" to 28 TV channels operating from abroad, with more under consideration; issued licenses for 129 FM radio stations, including 18 non-commercial licenses to leading universities offering courses mass communication and six licenses in Azad Jammu and Kashmir; registered 2,346 cable TV systems serving an estimated 8 million households; and Issued six MMDS (Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service), two Internet protocol TV (IPTV), and two mobile TV licenses, with more under consideration.

Cinema
The Pakistani film industry is credited with having produced some of the most notable and recognized filmmakers, actors, writers and directors, and for introducing pop music to South Asia and beyond. Competition with Bollywood and piracy, however, has led to the industry's decline.

In the golden days of Pakistani cinema, the film industry churned out more than 200 films annually, today its one-fifth of what it used to be. The Federal Bureau of Statistics shows that once the country boasted at least 700 cinemas, this number has dwindled to less than 170 by 2005. The indigenous movie industry, based in Lahore and known as "Lollywood", produces roughly forty feature-length films a year. During the regime of Zia-ul-Haq; VCRs, film piracy, the introduction of entertainment taxes, and Islamic laws have been some of the many obstacles to the industry's growth. Once thriving, the film industry in Pakistan now barely exists. Producers like Shoaib Mansoor are trying to bring life back to Pakistani film industry. In 2008 the Pakistani government partially lifted its 42-year ban on screening Indian movies in Pakistan. This has revived cinema industry with opening of new cinemas like Atrium.

Internet
The Internet in Pakistan has been available since the early 1990s. According to the International Telecommunications Union there were 133,900 Internet users in 2000 or just 0.1% of the 164 million people in Pakistan. By 2006 use had grown to 12 million users or 7.2% of the population. And in 2010 there were 18.5 million users or 10.4% of the population.

Pakistan Telecommunication Company Ltd (PTCL) started offering access via the nationwide local call network in 1995. The country has been pursuing an aggressive IT policy, aimed at boosting Pakistans drive for economic modernization and creating an exportable software industry. Pakistan had almost 128 ISPs in 2007, with customers concentrated in the areas of Islamabad, Karachi, and Lahore. Broadband access is now available in the major cities, wireless broadband Internet has been introduced by the Wireless local loop (WLL) networks in many major cities, and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) networks are being deployed. Fiber to the User (FTTU) triple-services are being offered by Nayatel in the capital city of Islamabad. In 2008, the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) reported over 22 million Internet users. Most Pakistani companies, educational institutes, and government departments maintain web sites, which has further increased the demand for Internet access.

Bangladesh

The media of Bangladesh refers to the print, broadcast and online mass media available in Bangladesh. The Constitution guarantees press freedom and freedom of expression within "reasonable restriction", though some media outlets have been harassed. The Bangladeshi media is ranked at 136th out of 173 countries on the Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index, with 1st being most free.

Print Media
The print media is private and consists of hundreds of weekly publications, presenting a vast array of viewpoints, though some outspoken papers have faced pressure in the past. English language papers appeal to an educated urban readership.

Radio
In 2006, there were 15AM and 13FM radio stations available.

Electronic Media
Television is the biggest medium for news in Bangladesh. There were 15 television stations in 1999.

Internet
There are around 500,000 internet users in Bangladesh (0.3% of the population) and use is unrestricted by the government; however some journalist's emails have been monitored.

References http://www.scribd.com/doc/24896748/History-of-Journalism-inSubcontinent-Till-1857 http://free-books-online.org/mastering_communication/evolutionof-mass-media/emergence-role-of-print-media-in-the-subcontinent/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Pakistan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Pakistan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulator y_Authority http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_Pakistan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_India http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_India http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Bangladesh