A paper on

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE

By

S.T.RAJESH
3rd year IT strajesh4u@gmail.com

E.M.RAVI
3rd year IT raviemindia@gmail.com

Proud hosts of

K. S. Rangasamy College Of Technology,

Department of Information Technology, Tiruchengode.

ABSTRACT
If you and I were to exchange dollar bills, Neither would be richer. But if we were to exchange ideas. Each would increase Knowledge When we enter the enchanting world of electronics we have pleasant routes. The path we have chosen is the union of robotics & medicine. The integration of nanotechnology into medicine is likely to bring some new challenges in medical treatment. Let us peep inside the real world of NANOTECHNOLOGY. Nanorobot is a wonderful vision of medicine in the future. The most advanced nanomedicine involves the use of nanorobots as miniature surgeons. An advancement in nanotechnology may allow us to build artificial red blood cells called Respirocytes capable of carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules (i.e, functions of natural blood cells).

Respirocytes are nanorobots, tiny mechanical devices designed to operate on the molecular level. Respirocytes can provide a temporary replacement for natural blood cells in the case of an emergency. Thus respirocytes will literally change the treatment of heart disease. We can envision a day when you could inject billions of these nanorobots that would float around in your body. One of the most realistic and nearly feasible achievements is the cure for cancer, which is one of the main focuses of this work. Nanorobots could carry and deliver large amounts of anticancer drugs into cancerous cells without harming healthy cells, reducing the side effects related to current therapies. These nanorobots will be able to repair tissues, clean blood vessels and airways, transform our physiological capabilities, and even potentially counteract the agingprocess.

THE COMING ERA OF NANOROBOTS

A nanorobot can be defined as an artificially fabricated object able to freely diffuse in the human body and interact with specific cell at the molecular level. The figure shows a schematic representation of a nanorobot that can be activated by the cell

ideal matrix that it is not toxic at the nanometer level. The pore size can be tuned permitting release of different size molecules. The surface is easily functionalizable with simple chemical methods but most important is that the silica is not biodegradable permitting a long-term activity in the body. Nanorobots will be able to analyze each cell types surface antigens to recognize if the cell is healthy, what the parent organ is, as well as almost all information about the cell, and using chemotactic sensors, certain molecules and cells could be identified and easily targeted for action. A 1 cm3 injection of nanorobots would be able to deliver selectively into cells at least 0.5 cm3 of chemical agent, and the sensors could test levels of the chemical to guard against an accidental overdose. Self-Assembly and Nanomanipulation are two main ways for the production of Nanorobots .

Itself, when it is needed. Stress induced by disease or infectious attack generally leads to changes in the chemical content of the cell which in turn trigger the Nanorobots. Nanorobots can be coated with different agent depending on their application or tissue destination. The external shell is a crucial point because it has to be recognized as a part of the body (inert coating) and be able to release different size molecules (tunable porosity). A rigid shell like silica is an

EXPLORING INCREDIBLY

THE SMALL

MEDICAL NANOROBOTS:
The artificial respirocyte is a hollow, spherical nanomedical device 1 micron in diameter. This would serve as a super efficient red blood cell, by providing oxygen or carbon dioxide molecules. It will act like mini scuba tanks within the blood allowing a person to hold their breath for more than an hour. It would be a moving thin celled tank with a brain and sensors. In an emergency situation they can be injected directly into the bloodstream of the endangered individual. They do not move by their own power, but are carried along in the bloodstream like natural erythrocytes. Once the respirocytes have dispersed they

an individual has lost access to a natural oxygen supply due to drowning, choking, or any other form of asphyxia, respirocytes can release oxygen throughout the bloodstream until the danger has been removed. Respirocytes make it possible to breathe in oxygen-poor environments, or in situations where normal breathing is physically impossible. Prompt injection with a therapeutic dose, or advance infusion with an augmentation dose, could greatly reduce the number of choking deaths and reduce the use of emergency tracheostomies, artificial respiration in first aid, and mechanical ventilators. The device would provide an excellent prophylactic treatment for most forms of asphyxia, especially those involving drowning.. Respirocytes could be employed as a long-duration perfusant to preserve living tissue, especially at low temperature, for grafts (kidney, marrow, liver and skin) and for organ transplantation. It could also

begin releasing oxygen and collecting carbon dioxide. . If

serve as a universal blood substitute. Respirocytes will literally change the treatment of heart disease. Therapeutic doses injected into a person at risk for heart disease would give that person enough time after a heart attack to call their doctor, report their heart has stopped and get to the emergency room where they will likely be okay, as long as they are helped within an hour. It could permit the achievement of major new sports records.

DESIGN ISSUES RESPIROCYTE:

OF

The respirocyte is built of 18 billion precisely arranged structural atoms, It is constructed of diamondoid honeycomb framework for maximum strength. Thick diamond bulkheads separate internal tankage volumes. Twelve pumping stations are spaced evenly along an equatorial circle. Respirocytes exchange gasses via molecular sorting rotors. The

rotors have specially shaped tips to catch particular types of molecules. Gas molecules are stored tightly in tanks. Each respirocyte has three types of rotors. One gathers oxygen at the lungs or in production before introduction to the body and releases it while traveling through the body. Another captures carbon dioxide while in the bloodstream and releases it at the lungs. The third takes in glucose from the bloodstream, which is burned in a reaction similar to cellular respiration in order to power the respirocyte. An onboard chemomechanical turbine or fuel cell generates power by combining glucose drawn from the bloodstream and oxygen drawn from internal storage..

Each powerplant develops 0.3 picowatts of power. One powerplant measures 42 nm x 42 nm x175 nm in size, constructed of 100 million atoms weighing ~10-18 kg. Various sensors are needed to acquire the external data essential in regulating gas input and output operations, tank volume management, and unique protocols. One example is constructing a concentration sensor from a sorting rotor. A simple two chambered design uses an input-sorting rotor running at 1% normal speed synchronized with a counting rotor to count the number of a desired type of molecule present in a known volume of fluid. The amazing idea about this machine is its capability. The respirocyte would probably need only about 1000 operations per second.

shapes, colors, and surface textures, sensor arrays. Each medical nanodevice could be designed to do a particular job, and would have a unique shape and behavior. This image shows reciprocytes and red blood cells flowing through a blood vessel. There are many useful

NANOROBOTS IN BLOODSTREAM:

THE

power sources for the nanodevices readily available in the human body and many different ways to communicate with the machines as they do their work. Each nanorobot would have its own computer and sensor to receive the physician's messages and compute and implement the appropriate response. And a navigational network could be installed in the patient's body, with station keeping navigational elements providing high positional accuracy to all

Respirocytes have the ability to swim through the blood, or crawl through body tissue. They would have different types of robotic manipulators,

passing Nanorobots that interrogate them. It could be programmed to seek the areas that need oxygen and arrive very rapidly. Once there, it could administer much larger quantities than a single red blood cell could. The reason for this is that it would be pressurized. The average male human body has 28.5 trillion red blood cells, each containing 270 million hemoglobin molecules binding four O2 molecules per hemoglobin By contrast, each respirocyte stores up to 1.51 billion oxygen molecules, 100% of which are accessible to the tissues. To fully duplicate human blood active capacity, we have to deploy 5.36-trillion devices. If respirocytes are administered via hypodermal injection or transfusion in a 50% aqueous colloidal suspension, this requires a standard ~5.61 cm3 therapeutic dose of activated suspension, taking only seconds to inject at, say, an accident scene. But one of the potential benefits of nanomedical devices is their ability to extend natural human capabilities.

CURE FOR CANCER:

Nanotechnology has the potential to radically increase our options for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. The use of nanorobot in cancer healing is an example of target-specific action. Nanotechnology may also be useful for developing ways to eradicate cancer cells without harming healthy, neighboring cells Nanotechnology uses therapeutic agents that target specific cells and deliver their toxin in a controlled, timereleased manner. As a syringe is today used to inject medication into the patients bloodstream,

tomorrow, nanorobots could transport and deliver chemical agents directly to a target cell. Nanokiller (i.e.,Nanorobot) could find and repair damaged organs, detect and

destroy a tumor mass. They would be able to communicate their positions, operational statuses, and the success or failure of the treatment as it progresses. They would tell you their physical coordinates in the body, so you know where they are. They would tell you how many cancer cells they have encountered and inactivated. Respirocytes, identify tumors and then allow the nanokiller to kill cancerous cells with a tiny but precise amount of a chemotherapy drug. It would not only find cancers in their earliest stages before they can do damage or spread, but also deliver a small amount of a drug targeted directly at tumors, which would cause little or no side effects. A biomarker is an indicator of a biological process or event, such as aging, poisoning or, in this case, blood vessel growth. The therapeutic tool will find the tumor using the same biomarker, then release a small, precise dose of a tumor-killing drug, paclitaxel (alsoknown as Taxol). Nanomedicine could result in non-invasive devices that can enter the body to determine glucose levels, distinguish

between normal and cancerous tissue, and destroy the tumorin the initial stage itself. This nanorobot have vibrating cilia like structures with inbuilt nanosensors to detect the cancerous tissue. This nanorobot shells are specially coated with gold that allow them to attach to malignant cells and they can deliver the drug internally.

CONVENTIONAL METHOD:
BEFORE TREATMENT:

AFTER TREATMENT:

Injection of drugs affects both cancerous and non cancerous cells in conventional method. NON CANCEROUS CELLS

NON CANCEROUS CELLS (Affected) CANCEROUS CELLS CANCEROUS CELLS (Affected) NON CANCEROUS CELLS (Not affected) DRUGS Injection of drugs affects only cancerous cells and does not affect non-cancerous cells in the method described above. AFTER TREATMENT:

THE FUTURE NANOMEDICINE:

OF

Like primitive engineers faced with advanced technology, medicine must catch up with the technology level of the human body before it can become really effective. Since the human body is basically an extremely complex system of interacting molecules, the technology required to truly understand and repair the body is molecular machine technology. A natural consequence of this level of technology will be the

SUGGESTED METHOD:
BEFORE TREATMENT:

ability to analyze and repair the human body as completely and effectively as we can repair any conventional machine today. Imagine an army of tiny robots, each no bigger than a bacterium, swimming through your bloodstream. One platoon takes continuous readings of blood pressure in different parts of your body; another monitors cholesterol; still others measure blood sugar, hormone levels, incipient arterial blockages and immune-system activity. Nanomedicine will eliminate virtually all common diseases, all medical pain and sufferings. Extension of human capabilities. Pollutionfree industry will guarantee the well being of nature. Nanorobots are used in drug delivery, improving brains, cleaning teeth, lungs and Arteries. Elimination of medical problems such as: Tumors, Arteriosclerosis, Blood clots leading to stroke, Accumulation of scar tissue.

Nature has created Nanostuctures for Billenia. Biological systems are an existing proof of molecular nanotechnology. Rather than keep our eyes fixed on the far future, let us start now by creating some actual working devices that will allow us to cure some of the most deadly ailments known, as well as advance our capabilities directly, rather than as the side effects of other technologies. There will be a day when an eliminating cancer cell is mere an out patient medical procedure.

REFERENCE:
Nanotechnology Perfecting The FutureElectronics For You (August2007 vol.36 No.8)

www.nanomedicine.com

CONCLUSION:

REGISTRATION FORM

Name of the authors

S. T. RAJESH and E. M. RAVI

Department

B. Tech (IT)

Year

3rd year

E-mail

strajesh4u@gmail.com raviemindia@gmail.com

Contact no.

+91 9095294157 +91 9842945645

S. T. RAJESH and E. M. RAVI,

Pre-Final year IT, K.S.RANGASAMY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY.

Respected Sir/Madam, As we wish to present our paper on NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE in your esteemed institution, we have submitted our paper for your kind perusal. Thanking You, rs truly,
S. T. RAJESH, E. M. RAVI.

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