1.

Which of the following is a characteristic of organelles?

A.

They are only found in eukaryotic cells

B.

They are only found in prokaryotic cells

C.

They are sub-cellular structures

D.

They are all membrane bound

(1)

2.

Which of the following are connected by a hydrogen bond?

A.

The hydrogen and oxygen atoms of a water molecule

B.

A base pair of a DNA molecule

C.

Two amino acid molecules of a dipeptide

D.

Two glucose molecules in a disaccharide

(1)

3.

Which molecule represents ribose?

A

H
O

HH

HC

H
H

2H

C
2

O
H

H
O

C
H

H
H

C O

C O

O2

OC

H
C

(1)

4.

The data shows the number of flowers per flower head of a random sample from a white clover
(Trifolium repens) population.
36
51
56
62
62
63
65
69
73
83
Mean = 62
Standard deviation = 12.5
What statistical percentage of the population has between 49 and 75 flowers per flower head?
A.

5%

B.

32 %

C.

68 %

D.

95 %
(1)

5.

The scientific names of two organisms are shown below.

Lathyrus palustris
Angelica palustris
What is the relationship between these organisms?
A.

They both belong to the same genus but they are different species

B.

They both belong to the same species but different genera

C.

They are both different species and different genera

D.

They both belong to the same species and the same genus
(1)

6.

Which of the following structures help the absorption of food by the small intestine?
I.

Capillary networks

II.

Villi

III.

Microvilli

IV.

Membrane proteins

A.

I and II only

B.

II and III only

C.

II, III and IV only

D.

I, II, III and IV

(1)

7.

Why do antibiotics kill bacteria but not viruses?

A.

Antibiotics stimulate the immune system against bacteria but not viruses

B.

Viruses have a way of blocking antibiotics

C.

Viruses are too small to be affected by antibiotics

D.

Viruses do not have a metabolism

(1)

8.

In thermoregulation, what would happen over a short period of time in each of these areas, if a
person was placed in water at 15C ?
Peripheral circulation

Sweat glands

Liver

Skeletal muscle

A Increased blood flow

Increased secretion Decreased temperature

Decreased shivering

B Decreased blood flow

Decreased secretion Decreased temperature

Increased shivering

C Decreased blood flow

Increased secretion No change in temperature Increased shivering

D Decreased blood flow

Decreased secretion No change in temperature Increased shivering

(1)

9.

Which way do the protons flow when ATP is synthesized in mitochondria?

A.

From the inner matrix to the intermembrane space

B.

From the intermembrane space to the inner matrix

C.

From the intermembrane space to the cytoplasm

D.

From the cytoplasm to the intermembrane space

(1)

10.

A polygenic character is controlled by two genes each with two alleles. How many different
possible genotypes are there for this character?
A.

B.

C.

D.

16
(1)

11.

Where is human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) produced?

A.

Ovary

B.

Anterior pituitary

C.

Embryo

D.

Posterior pituitary
(1)

12.

Which curve shows the response of the immune system to a vaccine, followed by an infection?
A

L e v e l
a n t i b o

o f
d y

L e v e l
a n t i b o

i m

V
C

L e v e l
a n t i b o

V
=

a c c i n

o f
d y

T
I

a t i o

e
I

L e v e l
a n t i b o

i m

i m

o f
d y

T
V

o f
d y

i m

V
I

I
=

I n

f e c t i o

(1)

13.

What is required to form a blood clot?

I.

Platelets

II.

Clotting factors

III.

Antibodies

IV.

Fibrinogen

A.

I and II only

B.

I, II and III only

C.

I, II and IV only

D.

I, II, III and IV

(1)

14.

Where in the kidney does ultrafiltration take place?

A.

Glomerulus

B.

Loop of Henl

C.

Proximal tubule

D.

Collecting ducts
(1)

15.

A woman who is a carrier of hemophilia marries a man who is not affected. What are the
possible genotypes of their children?
H h

H H

H h

H H

H h

H h

h h

H h

H h

h h

A.

X X , X X , X Y, X Y

B.

X X ,X X ,X Y ,X Y

C.

X X ,X X ,X Y ,X Y

D.

X X , X X , X Y, X Y

H H

h h

(1)

16.

What term refers to a community and its abiotic environment?

A.

Biosphere

B.

Ecosystem

C.

Habitat

D.

Niche
(1)

H H

,X Y

C.

X X ,X X ,X Y ,X Y

D.

X X , X X , X Y, X Y

(1)

17.

Which organisms externally digest dead organic matter and then absorb the nutrients?
A.

Autotrophs

B.

Detritivores

C.

Heterotrophs

D.

Saprotrophs
(1)

H
H

C.

X X ,X X ,X Y ,X Y

D.

X X , X X , X Y, X Y

(1)

18.

Which of the following is correct regarding the enzymes listed in the table?
Enzyme
Amylase

Lipase

Protease

A. Substrate polysaccharide

emulsified fat

dipeptide or polypeptide

B. Substrate emulsified fat

dipeptide or polypeptide

polysaccharide

C. Product

amino acids

small polysaccharides or
monosaccharides

fatty acids and glycerol

D. Product

small polysaccharides or amino acids

monosaccharides

fatty acids and glycerol

(1)

19.

The diagram shows how the body regulates glucose levels in the blood.
G

l u

c o

s e

l u

Y r e l e a s e d

i n

c r eX ar e s le e a s e d

c o

s e

l u

r m

a l

c o

s e

e c r e a s e

What is Y?
A.

Amylase

B.

Insulin

C.

Glucagon

D.

Glycogen
(1)

20.

What is transported by the blood?

I.

Carbon dioxide

II

Antibodies

III

Urea

A.

I only

B.

I and II only

C.

II and III only

D.

I, II and III
(1)

21.

What can reduce the effect of a competitive inhibitor of an enzyme?

A.

Decrease the temperature at which the reaction takes place.

B.

Increase the temperature at which the reaction takes place.

C.

Increase the substrate concentration.

D.

Add a non-competitive inhibitor.

(1)

22.

What accumulates in the inter-membrane space of the mitochondrion during electron transport?
A.

ATP

B.

Electrons

C.

Protons (hydrogen ions)

D.

Oxygen
(1)

23.

A cross is performed between two organisms with the genotypes AaBb and aabb.
What genotypes in the offspring are the result of recombination?
A.

Aabb, AaBb

B.

AaBb, aabb

C.

aabb, Aabb

D.

Aabb, aaBb
(1)

10

24.

Where does human fertilization most frequently occur?

A.

Ovary

B.

Oviduct

C.

Uterus

D.

Vagina
(1)

25.

Which type of immunity usually results from vaccination?

A.

active, natural

B.

active, artificial

C.

passive, natural

D.

passive, artificial
(1)

26.

Which type of cell is responsible for secondary immune responses to a pathogen?

A.

Cytotoxic T-cells

B.

Phagocytes

C.

Macrophages

D.

Memory cells
(1)

11

27.

Which structure is responsible for passing messages directly to effector organs?

(1)

28.

The movement of which ion initiates an action potential?

A.

Calcium

B.

Magnesium

C.

Sodium

D.

Potassium
(1)

29.

What is a characteristic of xerophytes?

A.

Absence of roots

B.

Absence of vascular tissue

C.

Leaves with very small surface area

D.

Large number of stomata

(1)

12

30.

What causes movement of water through the xylem?

A.

Active transport in the root tissue

B.

Evaporation of water from leaves

C.

Active translocation

D.

Gravity
(1)

13

31.

Rats were bred for several generations to prefer alcohol (ethanol) consumption. When tested, it
was discovered that the brains of these rats possessed lower quantities of the chemical
neuropeptide Y (NPY).
To test the hypothesis that lower quantities of NPY leads to a preference for alcohol, rats were
genetically engineered to be NPY deficient (genotype NPY /), or to produce an excess of
NPY (NPY-EX). In separate experiments, the two groups were compared to normal rats (in
terms of their alcohol preference) possessing the genotype NPY +/+. The groups were offered
solutions of increasing alcohol concentration. The quantity of each solution consumed per day
was measured.

Figure 2

P Y/
P + Y/ +

N
N

C o n s u m p tio n / g k g 1 d a y 1

C o n s u m p tio n / g k g 1 d a y 1

Figure 1

9
6
3
0

5
C

1 0
1 5
2 0
c e n t r a t i o n

2 5
o f

N
N

P Y - E
P + Y/ +

9
6
3
0

1 0
1 5
2 0
a l c o C h o o n l c s e o n l tu r t a i to i no n /

2 5
%o f

a l c o

[Source: adapted from Thiele et al., Nature, (1998), 396 pages 366369]

(a)

Calculate the difference in consumption of the 6 % alcohol solution between the

(i)

NPY / and NPY +/+ rats (figure 1).

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

NPY-EX and NPY+/+ rats (figure 2).

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

14

(b)

Compare the alcohol consumption of the NPY -/- rats with the NPY-EX rats.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

Identify the relationship between NPY levels and alcohol consumption.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)

An experiment was carried out to test the hypothesis that an increase in preference for alcohol
might be related to a decrease in sensitivity to its effects.
Rats were injected with a sample of alcohol and then assessed for the length of time it took for
them to regain the righting reflex. (The righting reflex refers to the ability of the rat to return to
its feet after being placed on its back.)
Figure 3
7
T

i m
e
r i g h t
r e f l e x

t 5o 0 r e g a i n
i n g
2/ 5 m
i n s
0

Y N

P / Y N

+ P / Y+

- E

[Source: adapted from Thiele et al., Nature, (1998), 396 pages 366369]

15

(d)

Deduce the relationship between NPY levels and the time required to regain the righting
reflex.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)

An additional experiment was carried out to determine whether differences in sensitivity to the
effects of alcohol might be related to differences in the rats' ability to remove alcohol from their
blood. Rats were injected with alcohol and blood samples were taken one hour and three hours
later to determine alcohol levels. The results are shown below.
Figure 4
K
3

C o n c e n t r a1 t i o n
o f
i n
t h e
p l a s m 2 0a 0 / m
1

a l c o
g
d L

e y :
P Y

/ +

0
T

1
i m

3
a f t e r

i n

j e c t i o

[Source: adapted from Thiele et al., Nature, (1998), 396 pages 366369]

16

r s

(e)

Evaluate the hypothesis that differences in sensitivity to the effects of alcohol might be
related to differences in the ability of the rats to remove alcohol from their blood.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

(f)

Using all the data, outline the relationship between preference for alcohol and sensitivity
to the effects of alcohol.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

(g)

(i)

Define the term homozygous.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

17

(ii)

State the phenotype of a rat with the genotype NPY +/+.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Using a Punnett grid, predict the fraction of offspring that would have the genotype
NPY +/ if two rats were crossed, one homozygous for the NPY+ allele and one
homozygous for the NPY- allele.

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 17 marks)

32.

(a)

State two processes which involve mitosis.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

18

(b)

Explain the importance of the surface area to volume ratio as a factor limiting cell size.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

State one difference between the proteins produced by free ribosomes and those produced
by ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

33.

(a)

Describe the role of skin arterioles in the regulation of body temperature.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)

19

(b)

Explain how temperature affects the rate of transpiration from a typical mesophytic plant.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

Explain the role of temperature on enzyme activity.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

34.

Draw a labelled diagram of the heart showing all four chambers, associated blood vessels and
valves.
(Total 5 marks)

35.

Describe the mechanism of ventilation in the human lung.

(Total 5 marks)

20

36.

Explain the process of water uptake and transport by a plant.

(Total 8 marks)

37.

Describe one method for determining the population of a motile animal species and one
different method for determining the population of a plant species.
(Total 7 marks)

38.

State one structural feature of each of the following plant groups: bryophytes,
angiospermophytes and coniferophytes.
(Total 3 marks)

39.

Discuss the theory of evolution by natural selection.

(Total 8 marks)

40.

State the source, substrate, products and optimum pH for any two named digestive enzymes.
(Total 4 marks)

41.

Outline two examples of the commercial application of named enzymes in biotechnology.

(Total 6 marks)

42.

Explain competitive and non-competitive inhibition, including allostery.

(Total 8 marks)

21

43.

Describe the flow of energy in an ecosystem.

(Total 5 marks)

44.

Outline the use of carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage.

(Total 5 marks)

45.

Explain the process of aerobic cellular respiration.

(Total 8 marks)

46.

Sea turtles have existed on Earth for millions of years, but are now threatened by human
activities, both at sea and on the sandy beaches where they lay their eggs. All species of sea
turtle reproduce in a similar way. During the breeding season, when females have mated at sea
they emerge from the ocean at night and drag themselves up a beach. They dig a pit into which
they lay fertilized eggs. After covering the eggs with sand the females return to the ocean. The
warmth of the sun on the sand incubates the eggs allowing the development of young turtles,
called hatchlings. These emerge after about 50 days and move down the beach at night to the
ocean.

Ecologists have been keeping records of the nesting activity of sea turtles along the eastern
coastline of Florida since the 1950s. The bar chart below shows the mean number of nests per
kilometre of beach between 1989 and 1998 for the three species of sea turtle that are commonly
found.

22

L
(C
3

o
a

g g e r h e G a dr e s e n
T u r t Ll e e s a t h e r b a c k s
r e t t a
c ( Ca rh e e t l t oa n ) i a ( D m e y r d m a o s c ) h e l y s c o

a t i t u d e
/ d
r t h
o f t h2 e8

e g r e e s
e q u a t o

a n

a v

e l b

B
2

e r a l

r n

0 0

5
N

e s t 1s

0
k

c a

a t o

[Source: M Salmon, Biologist, (2003), 50, pages 163168]

State which species of turtle nests in the greatest numbers on Jupiter Island.
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

e a c

t c h i n s o n
I s l a n
J u p i t e r I s l a n d
J u n o
B e a c h

6
0

(a)

r i

Compare the distribution of nesting in the three species of turtle along the eastern
coastline of Florida.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

23

(c)

The parts of the coastline where there was most nesting were those where there was least
human activity and therefore least artificial light. Suggest an experiment that could be
done to test whether artificial light discourages nesting.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

A study was undertaken at the southernmost nesting site, at Boca Raton. Here a beach lies
adjacent to a series of apartment buildings that are unoccupied during the nesting season. These
buildings therefore shade the beach from artificial light further inland. The location of nest sites
along the beach has been accurately recorded, in relation to the position of the apartment
buildings. The chart below shows the locations of the nests and apartment buildings and the
height of the buildings as seen from the beach.

e i g

6 0
h4 t 0 /
2 0
0

m
1

i l l a
D
eW l h
r v i t a
a Ar
A
r m
s
a Sl l t rS a o t fu o t hr d
V

L
a p

c a t i o n
a n d
a r t m
e n t

o
b

e s Wt s

i l d

i n

t h
h i t e h

e t r e s

i t e h a l l
P l a c i d

t l a n

t i c

c e a n

[Source: M Salmon, Biologist, (2003), 50, pages 163168]

24

(d)

Explain how the distribution of turtle nests provides evidence for female turtles choosing
sites that are dark at night.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(4)

On beaches where there is no human activity, hatchlings move directly towards the ocean after
emergence at night. The hatchlings can orientate themselves using one or more external stimuli.
An experiment was done at Boca Raton to test the ability of hatchlings to locate the ocean at
different levels of artificial light. Four sites were chosen and numbered 14, ranging from the
darkest site (1), to the site most exposed to artificial lighting (4). At each site a four-metre
diameter circle was marked. Hatchlings were released at the centre of each circle and the trails
made in the sand by their movements were recorded. The diagrams below show these trails. The
arrow head on the outside of the circle shows the mean direction of the tracks.

( 1

( 3

( 2

( 4

c e a n

25

(e)

Compare the movement of the hatchlings at the different intensities of artificial light.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

(f)

Deduce one external stimulus, and the source of this stimulus, that allows hatchlings to
orientate themselves at sites unaffected by human activity.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)

(g)

Using the data in this question,

(i)

explain two reasons for artificial light reducing the chances of survival of sea
turtles.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

suggest one conservation measure, aimed at increasing the chances of survival of

sea turtles.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 15 marks)

26

47.

The diagram below shows the structure of a cell.

I I I

I
I I

(a)

State the names of I and II.

I:

.....................................................................................................................................
.

II:

.....................................................................................................................................
.
(2)

(b)

Calculate the actual length of the cell, showing your working.

Answer:
......................

.......................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

State the function of the structure labelled III.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)

27

(d)

Deduce which type of cell is shown in the diagram, giving reasons for your answer.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

48.

Enzymes are used by living organisms to catalyse reactions. Some of these reactions occur in
the cytoplasm of cells. Other reactions take place outside cells, for example the digestion of
foods in the human gut.

(a)

State the name used by biochemists for the chains and cycles of reactions that occur
inside cells.
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)

28

(b)

Enzymes of digestion in humans are secreted by glands. They have a pH optimum

which allows them to work efficiently in the part of the gut into which they are secreted.
(i)

In the table below, identify the missing enzyme, the two glands, and the pH
optimum

Name of
enzyme
amylase

Gland secreting
the enzyme

Substrate

Products

starch

maltose

triglycerides

fatty acids and

glycerol

pH optimum

7
(4)

(ii)

Outline the effect of pH values above and below the optimum on enzyme structure.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Enzymes that work inside cells are sometimes affected by non-competitive inhibitors.
Explain how a non-competitive inhibitor affects the activity of an enzyme.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

29

49.

The process of translation involves the use of transfer RNA (tRNA) and amino acids. Outline
the structure of tRNA.
(Total 5 marks)

50.

Draw the basic structure of an amino acid, and label the groups that are used in peptide bond
formation.
(Total 4 marks)

51.

Explain the process of translation.

(Total 9 marks)

52.

Plants are classified together in a kingdom. Other organisms are classified in other kingdoms.
Outline the value of classifying organisms.
(Total 4 marks)

53.

Draw a labelled diagram to show the external parts of a named dicotyledonous plant.
(Total 5 marks)

54.

Explain how roots absorb water and then transport it to the xylem, noting any special
adaptations that help these processes to occur.
(Total 9 marks)

55.

Define the terms gene and allele and explain how they differ.
(Total 4 marks)

30

56.

Outline one example of inheritance involving multiple alleles.

(Total 5 marks)

x
57.

Using an example you have studied, explain a cross between two linked genes, including the
way in which recombinants are produced.
(Total 9 marks)

58.

Blood vessels carry blood to and from the kidney. Draw a labelled diagram to show the internal
structure of the kidney, including the vessels that are connected to it.
(Total 5 marks)

59.

Compare the composition of blood arriving at the kidney with the composition of blood carried
away from it.
(Total 4 marks)

60.

Explain the relationship between the structure and functions of arteries, capillaries and veins.
(Total 9 marks)

31

61.

The following equation is the Simpson diversity index.

D=

N ( N 1)
n(n 1)

N is the total number of organisms of all species found and n is the number of individuals of a
particular species.
The Simpson diversity index of two communities was measured and the results obtained are
shown below.
Community A:

(a)

D = 12.3 Community B:

D = 25.7

Outline the use of the Simpson diversity index for the above communities.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

Explain what is meant by the niche concept.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

32

62.

Explain the factors that affect the distribution of terrestrial animal species.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
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(Total 5 marks)

33

63.

Outline the importance of the ozone layer to living tissues and biological productivity.
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(Total 4 marks)

64.

Outline the use of the Simpson diversity index.

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(Total 3 marks)

(Total 4 marks)

34

65.

Explain the use of biotic indices and indicator species.

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(Total 6 marks)

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(Total 5 marks)

35

66.

(a)

Draw a labelled diagram of the nitrogen cycle.

(3)

(b)

State two fuels that can be produced from biomass.

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(2)
(Total 5 marks)

36