NUMERIC WATER LEVEL INDICATOR

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION:
Most water-level indicators for water tanks are based upon the number of LEDs that glow to indicate the corresponding level of water in the container. Here we present a digital version of the water-level indicator. It uses a 7-segment display to show the water level in numeric form from 0 to 9. The circuit works off 5V regulated power supply. It is built around priority encoder IC 74HC147 (IC1), BCD-to- 7-segment decoder IC CD4511 (IC2), 7-segment display LTS543 (DIS1) and a few discrete components. Due to high input impedance, IC1 senses water in the container from its nine input terminals. The inputs are connected to +5V via 560-kilo-ohm resistors. The ground terminal of the sensor must be kept at the bottom of the container (tank). IC 74HC147 has nine active-low inputs and converts the active input into active- low BCD output. The input L-9 has the highest priority. The outputs of IC1 (A, B, C and D) are fed to IC2 via transistors T1 through T4. This logic inverter is used to convert the active-low output of IC1 into active-high for IC2. The BCD code received by IC2 is shown on 7-segment display LTS543. Resistors R18 through R24 limit the current through the display. When the tank is empty, all the inputs of IC1 remain high. As a result, its output also remains high, making all the inputs of IC2 low. Display LTS543 at this stage shows 0, which means the tank is empty. Similarly, when the water level reaches L-1 position, the display shows 1, and when the water level reaches L-8 position, the display shows 8. Finally, when the tank is full, all the inputs of IC1 become low and its output goes low to make all the inputs of IC2 high. Display LTS543 now shows 9, which means the tank is full. Assemble the circuit on a general- purpose PCB and enclose in a box. Mount 7-segment LTS543 on the front panel of the box. For sensors L-1 though L-9 and ground, use corrosion free conductive-metal (stainless-steel) strips.

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CHAPTER 2

2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig(i).circuit diagram

2.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE:

The Numeric Water Level Indicator employs a simple mechanism to detect and indicate the water level in a tank or any other container. The level sensing is done by a set of nine probes which are placed at nine different levels on the tank walls (with probe9 to probe1 placed in decreasing order of height; COM probe is placed on the base of the tank).Basically, level9 represents the tank full condition while COM represents the tank empty condition. When the tank is empty, all the inputs to the priority encoder 74HC147 (IC1) remain high, as a result its output also remains high. Since these outputs are inverted and fed as inputs to the decoder driver CD4511 (IC2), all inputs to IC2 are low.

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The seven segment display correspondingly shows a 0, indicating that the tank is empty. For example, when the water reaches level1 (but is below level2), pin11 (A0) of IC1 is pulled to ground and the output generated at pin9 (Y0) of IC1 also becomes low. After inversion, the bits fed to the input pins of IC2 are 0001 (DCBA). Hence, the corresponding digit displayed by the seven segment display is a 1. The same mechanism applies to the detection of all the other levels. When the tank is full, all inputs to IC1 become low and all its outputs also go low. This causes all the inputs to IC2 to go high and hence the display shows a 9, thereby indicating a tank full condition.

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CHAPTER 3

3.1 LIST OF COMPONENTS:

Semiconductors:

IC1 IC2 T1 to T4

- Priority Encoder IC74HC147 - BCD to Seven Segment Decoder IC CD4511 - NPN Transistor BC547

Resistors (all -watt, 5% carbon):

R1 to R9

- 560 kilo-ohm

R10 to R13 - 12 kilo-ohm R14 to R17 - 33 kilo-ohm R18 to R24 - 470 ohm

Miscellaneous:

DIS1 - Common Cathode Seven Segment Display(LTS543) Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

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3.2. BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS: 3.2.1. RESISTOR:

A resistor is a component of an electrical circuit that resists the flow of electrical current. A resistor has two terminals across which electricity must pass, and is designed to drop the voltage of the current as it flows from one terminal to the next. A resistor is primarily used to create and maintain a known safe current within an electrical component. Resistance is measured in ohms, after Ohm's law. This rule states that electrical resistance is equal to the drop in voltage across the terminals of the resistor divided by the current being applied to the resistor. A high ohm rating indicates a high resistance to current. This rating can be written in a number of different ways depending on the ohm rating. For example, 81R represents 81 ohms, while 81K represents 81,000 ohms. A symbol of resistor is shown in figure.

Circuit symbol:

Fig(ii): Resistor

Function:
Resistors restrict the flow of electric current, for example a resistor is placed in series with a light-emitting diode (LED) to limit the current passing through the LED.

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3.2.2. TRANSISTORS( BC547):

The BC547 is a general purpose transistor used for switching and amplification purposes. In the Numeric Water Level Indicator circuitry, these transistors are being basically used as inverters i.e. to implement the NOT gate logic. Inverters (NOT

gates) are available on logic ICs but since only one logic inversion is required at each of the four outputs of the priority encoder, the simple arrangement shown in fig5 can be used. With these connections, the following input output sequence is achieved: When the input is high (+Vs) the output is low (0V) When the input is low (0V) the output is high (+Vs).

Function:
Transistors amplify current, for example they can be used to amplify the small output current from a logic IC so that it can operate a lamp, relay or other high current device. In many circuits a resistor is used to convert the changing current to a changing voltage, so the transistor is being used to amplify voltage. A transistor may be used as a switch (either fully on with maximum current, or fully off with no current) and as an amplifier (always partly on). The amount of current amplification is called the current gain, symbol hFE. Connection of a NPN transistor to implement NOT gate is show in figure.

Fig(iii): Connection of a NPN Transistor to Implement NOT Gate LogiC

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Properties of a transistor:
Most projects will specify a particular transistor, but if necessary you can usually substitute an equivalent transistor from the wide range available. The most important properties to look for are The maximum collector current IC and the current gain hFE. To make selection easier most suppliers group their transistors in categories determined either by their typical use or maximum power rating.

3.2.3Common Cathode 7-Segment LED Display LTS 547AP:

The LTS 547AP is a general-purpose seven segment LED Display. The Numeric Water Level Indicator uses this display to show the number associated with the water level in the tank. If water is at level 1 in the tank, the segments B and C light up to indicate this. Similarly for level 2, the segments A, B, G, E, D light up and so forth.

Fig(iv): Segments of the common-cathode LTS543 A seven segment display is the most basic electronic display device that can display digits from 0-9.they find wide applications in devices that display numeric information like digital clocks, radio, microwave ovens , electronic meters etc. The most common configuration has an array of eight LEDs arranged in a special pattern to display these digits. They are laid out as a squared-off figure 8. Every LED is assigned a name
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from a to h and is identified by its name. Seven LEDs a to g are used to display the numerals while the eighth LED h is used to display the dot/decimal.

A seven segment is generally available in ten pin package. While eight pins correspond to the eight LEDs, the remaining two pins (at middle) are common and internally shorted. These segments come in two configurations, namely, common cathode (CC) and common anode (CA). In CC configuration, the negative terminals of all LEDs are connected to common pins. The common is connected to ground and a particular LED glows when its corresponding pin is given high. In CA arrangement, the common pin is given a high logic and the LED pins are given low to display a number

3.3 WORKING OF ICS:

ICs (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS):

Integrated Circuits are usually called ICs or chips. The ICs are shown in figure. They are complex circuits which have been etched onto tiny chips of semiconductor (silicon). The chip is packaged in a plastic holder with pins spaced on a 0.1" (2.54mm) grid which will fit the holes on strip board and breadboards. Very fine wires inside the package link the chip to the pins.

Fig(v) Integrated Circuits

3.3.1 PRIORITY ENCODER IC (74LS147):

The 74HC147 priority encoder accepts data from nine active LOW inputs (A0 to A8) and provides a binary representation on the four active LOW outputs (Y0 to Y3). A priority is assigned to each input so that when two or more inputs are simultaneously active, the input with the highest priority is represented on the output, with the input line A8 having the highest priority. The device features 10-line to 4- line priority encoding function by use of the implied decimal zero. The zero is encoded
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when all nine data inputs are HIGH, forcing all four outputs HIGH. All inputs are equipped with protection circuits against static discharge and transient excess voltage. In the Numeric Water Level Indicator circuit, this priority encoder IC senses the water level.

Fig(vi) Pin Diagram of IC 74LS147

This IC encodes nine data lines to four line (8-4-2-1) BCD. The implied decimal zero condition does not require an input condition because zero is encoded when all nine data lines are at a high logic level .

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3.2.3. Truth Table for IC 74LS147

FEATURES:
Encodes 10-line decimal to 4-line BCD Useful for 10-position switch encoding Used in code converters and generators Output capability: standard ICC category: MSI

3.3.2 BCD to 7-segment decoder latch drivers CD4511:

The CD4511 is a BCD to seven segment latch decoder and driver. The circuit provides the functions of a 4-bit storage latch, an 8421 BCD-to-seven segment decoder, and an output drive capability. It has a total of 4 inputs namely A, B, C and D.

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Fig(vii): pin-out of thecd4511 ic

General Description:
The CD4511BM/CD4511BC BCD-to-seven segment latch/ decoder/driver is constructed with complementary MOS (CMOS) enhancement mode devices and NPN bipolar output drivers in a single monolithic structure. The circuit provides the functions of a 4-bit storage latch, an 8421 BCD-to seven segment decoder, and an output drive capability. Lamp test (LT), blanking (BI), and latch enable (LE) inputs are used to test the display, to turn-off or pulse modulate the brightness of the display, and to store a BCD code, respectively. It can be used with seven-segment light emitting diodes (LED), incandescent, fluorescent, gas discharge, or liquid crystal readouts either directly or indirectly. Applications include instrument (e.g., counter, DVM, etc.) display driver, computer/calculator display driver, cockpit display driver, and various clock, watch, and timer uses.

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Truth table for the BCD to seven segment latch decoder drivers CD4511

Features:
Low logic circuit power dissipation High current sourcing outputs (up to 25mA) Latch storage of code Blanking input. Lamp test provision. Readout blanking on all illegal input combinations. Lamp intensity modulation capability. Time share (multiplexing) facility. Equivalent to Motorola MC14511.

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CHAPTER 4 4.1. ADVANTAGES:
It gives visual indication about the level of water in the tank. We can directly see the increasing or decreasing levels of water through seven segment display. No need to go on the roof to check the water level. Easy to install and operate. Eliminates water wastage.

4.2. APPLICATIONS:
Water level indicator is widely used in following applications Houses ,multi stored apartments Factories Hospitals Commercial centres Schools and colleges

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK: 5.1CONCLUSION:

Here in this project we use a digital version of the water level indicator using a 7-segment display to show the water level in numeric form from 0 to 9 .This gives visual indication of the level of the water in the tank. No need to go on to the roof to check the water level. Thus, in this report we have concluded all the components for the setup
of this indicator.

5.2 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK:

Water level indicator along with water level controller saves water and protects motor and reduces electricity bills. This automatic water level controller cum indicator serves 24 hours water supply without letting tank to become dry. Slight modification of the circuit by adding buzzer is used to indicate tank full and tank empty conditions.

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CHAPTER 6 REFERENCES:

[1] www.electronicsforu.com

[2] www.scribd.com/doc/Numeric Water-Level Indicator/

[3] www.electro-tech-online.com [4] www.alldatasheet.com [5] Principles of electronic circuits: THOMAS FLOYD (9
TH

edition).

[6]Electronic devices and circuits: GODSE & BAKSHI .

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CHAPTER 7

APPENDIX:

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