World Renewable Energy Congress -Indonesia International Conference on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, 16-20 October 2011,

Bali, Indonesia

LIGHTING RETROFIT ON EXISTING BUILDING TOWARDS ENERGY EFFICIENT AND ENERGY COST SAVING BUILDING
Rozana Zakaria1, Armin Amirazar2*, Ahmad Suhaimi Abdul Mutalib3
1

Senior Lecturer, Department of Structures and Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University Technologi Malaysia 2 M. Sc. Construction Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 3 B. Eng Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia * Corresponding author: armin.amirazar@gmail.com

Abstract Common issue often concerning on green building is the incremental of initial investment costs as compared to the cost of conventional building construction. This paper aim to highlight the level of consumption that lead to improvement of energy efficiency and energy cost saving in existing building. The potential of retrofit for lighting were identified to minimize energy use. The data of this research were collected from the investigation of current artificial lighting that being used in University Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) building. The cost benefit of retrofitting also been analyzed. The potential retrofit is made in references to MS1525 regulation of lighting and also referred to Green Building Index (GBI). In conclusion, this study identifies the cost benefit of efficient lighting design for existing building. Keywords: Retrofit Lighting, Energy Efficient, Existing Building, Artificial Lighting.

1.0 Introduction
Energy consumption has recently become a major issue due to growing concern on CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions and unrenewable natural resources such as fossil fuels. Global energy consumption is rising continually every year. Hence, energy efficiency is one of initiative that may give effective means to solve these problems; it can both save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Energy efficiency may response to control fuel supply security, reduce dependency on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change and finally reduce cost. The United States and European countries together consume almost 40% while producing only 23% of the total energy use of the world [10]. Lighting accounts for a significant part of electricity consumption in buildings and it was the first service offered by electric utilities and it continues to be a major source of electricity consumption [12]. In addition, Lighting is a large and rapidly growing source of energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions [1]. In the US, more than 10% of all energy is used for lighting in buildings [2]. European office buildings use 30% of their total electricity consumption for lighting [13]. The Global electricity consumption for lighting is distributed approximately 28% to the residential sector, 48% to the service sector, 16% to the industrial sector, and 8% to street and other lighting. In the industrialized countries, national electricity consumption for lighting ranges from 5% to 15%, on the other hand, in developing countries the value can be as high as 86% of the total electricity use [3]. The Figure 1 shows more specific data about electricity consumption per unit area of a building. The appliances are such Air Handling Unit, CWPs, Fans, lighting, computers, office equipment, elevators and others.

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World Renewable Energy Congress -Indonesia International Conference on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, 16-20 October 2011, Bali, Indonesia

Fans, 3% Others, 5% CWPs, 2%

Lighting, 16% Computers, 6% Office Equipment, 7%

Air Handling Unit, 53%

Elevators, 8%

Figure 1 - Electricity consumption in the building [7]. In addition to that, lighting system is essential to ensure the comfort, productivity and safety of the occupants in the buildings, Therefore, the lighting system needs to be correctly designed to achieve the desired illumination level while using minimum amount of electricity [4]. Globally, almost one fifth of the total amount of electricity generated is consumed by the lighting sector [1]. Global lighting energy consumption by educational building is 10% [12]. In the US lighting energy consumption by educational building is 11% [5]. In order to have energy efficient building that uses energy efficient lighting, there are numbers of rating tool response to assess and provide guidelines for applying energy efficiency in green building. This is such as BREEAM 2008, LEED V2, Green Mark V3, Green Star, Green Building Index, and LEED 2009. The component is show in Table 1. Table 1: Green Building Assessment Tools [6]
Rating Tools BREEAM 2008 LEED V2 Green Mark V3 Green Star Green Building Index LEED 2009 Energy Efficiency 19% 25% 62% 20% 35% 35% IEQ 13% 22% 5% 19% 21% 15% 33% 16% 26% Sustainable Site 37% 20% 20% 16% 11% 14% Materials & Resources 17% 19% Water Efficiency 5% 7% 9% 8% 10% 10% Innovation 9% 7% 4% 4% 7% 10%

2.0 Research Methodology

This paper used a methodology of selected case study. Faculty of Civil Engineering (FKA), UTM have several buildings which utilized for academic purposes such as lectures rooms, lecture theatre, lectures rooms, administration offices, laboratories, student centre and research centre. A case study was conducted on the building M47. Figure 2 shows the location of selected building for the energy analyses case study. Due to convenience for measurement and observation, the chosen building may indicate the energy use for others FKAs building. Investigation to the current lighting applies to this selected case study building was conducted. The mechanical and electrical drawing also has been referred to indentify

EERB: Energy Efficiency Research in Buildings

World Renewable Energy Congress -Indonesia International Conference on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, 16-20 October 2011, Bali, Indonesia

the location and orientation of the lighting.

Figure 2 - Buildings utilize by Faculty of Civil Engineering After the identification of current energy usage, this selected building (M47) is suggested to opt for alternative of energy equipment offer more energy saving in the markets. This will provide a prediction on cost reduction in a year time if retrofit to energy efficient lighting. The significant saving will be identified when comparison made between energy analysis before retrofit and after retrofit. For the comparison with real data, the consumption of energy was collected from Office of Built and Asset Management (PHB), UTM. This data include electrical bills in month for several since from 2006 to 2009 utilised by FKA building campus and residential. Conclusion was drawn based on assumption current market price and energy tariff.

3.0 Result
From the both followings Figure 3 and Figure 4, the energy consume by campus building from research conducted by Jianjun (2010) in UTM campus shown the same trend. Energy consumption at early July is higher compare to December and November. The increment occurs at Mac and April before decrease at June. This trend could be caused by student study session and holiday. Table 2 - Electric Consumption in UTM [7].
Years Month Jan Feb Mac Apr Mei Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total kwh 4,646,190 4,513,780 4,909,980 5,127,470 3,945,330 3,356,310 4,287,160 5,264,530 4,835,570 4,686,020 4,686,020 4,320,760 54,579,120 2006 MW 12.72 13.24 13.68 13.77 12.04 10.30 13.42 13.58 13.42 13.23 13.23 11.95 RM 1,067,817 1,051,483 1,132,489 1,174,790 926,207 866,127 1,168,589 1,434,687 1,253,892 1,121,965 1,121,965 1,119,674 13,439,689 kwh 4,609,880 4,532,870 4,903,020 5,299,610 3,881,820 4,310,933 5,011,214 5,070,490 5,052,636 4,480,841 4,433,422 3,505,448 55,092,184 2007 MW 13.32 13.12 13.77 13.80 12.21 10.88 13.89 14.30 14.09 13.95 11.66 12.93 RM 1,204,606 1,184,878 1,274,239 1,358,287 1.033,920 1,098,914 1,299,166 1,318,950 1,311,469 1,188,540 1,138,469 965,098 14,376,542 kwh 5,168,490 4,586,871 5,204,702 5,219,807 4,086,869 3,650,196 4,991,351 5,048,709 4,649,467 4,722,794 4,501,594 3,646,556 55,477,406 2008 MW 13.77 13.78 13.94 14.22 11.87 10.98 14.60 14.57 13.91 14.18 12.97 13.04 RM 1,330,217 1,207,851 1,340,757 1,348,975 1,069,030 961,553 1,652,917 1,667,600 1,546,673 1,572,230 1,486,469 1,260,280 16,444,557 29,150,509 9,433,868 kwh 4,791,078 4,904,886 5,509,970 5,392,965 4,404,257 4,147,353 2009 MW 13.82 14.59 14.66 14.50 12.80 12.57 RM 1,582,317 1,629,772 1,748,792 1,710,099 1,417,213 1,345,670

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World Renewable Energy Congress -Indonesia International Conference on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, 16-20 October 2011, Bali, Indonesia

Figure 3 - The monthly electricity consumption (q) in financial year (FY) 2005 and 2006 [7].

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Figure 4 - The monthly electric consumption at UTM for 2006-2007 [7]. Referring to Table 3 and Table 4, in 2008, the power consumption consumed by FKA was 2881076 kWh, with maximum power is in August reached to 310052 kWh. At this year, the electricity tariff was RM0.0296 per kWh. The annual electric consumption is RM8522798.50 including government tax 5%. Electricity is supplied by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). While for year 2009, data show that the power consumption is about 30771140 kW with maximum power is also in August. This maximum value during this month is 302019 kWh, where the minimum is in December 2009, which is 190649 kWh. The electricity tariff is during this year are decrease, which is RM0.028 per kWh. In 2010, there is such huge increasing compared to the year before (2008, 2009), that is 3346344 kWh and involved annual electric consumption about RM 963747.09. Table 3 - Bill of electricity for FKA in 3 years period (RM) [7].
RM Jan Feb Mac Apr Mei Jun 2008 80112.10 76030.85 79606.83 70100.20 60216.18 71755.14 2009 75513.32 75983.90 81693.22 73808.35 68656.60 53837.86 2010 116371.59 88147.01 57532.61 102125.38 79666.84 74802.81

EERB: Energy Efficiency Research in Buildings

World Renewable Energy Congress -Indonesia International Conference on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, 16-20 October 2011, Bali, Indonesia

Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dis Total

77341.84 91775.39 66216.38 67800.28 60126.49 51716.82 852798.50

82858.47 86981.47 79345.44 80871.27 70031.52 54906.91 884488.33

55161.51 98937.22 71080.70 82308.39 68976.58 68636.45 963747.09

Table 4 - Energy consumption of FKA in kWh [7].

kWh Jan Feb Mac Apr Mei Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dis Total(kWh) 2008 270649 256861 268942 236825 203433 242416 261290 310052 223704 229055 203130 174719 2881076 2009 262199 263833 283657 256279 238391 186937 287703 302019 275505 280803 243165 190649 3071140 2010 404068 306066 199766 354602 276621 259732 191533 343532 246808 285793 239502 238321 3346344

Referring to Figure 5 and Figure 6, the increasing on energy consumption in 2010 is about 8.96% from 2009 and 16.15% if this amount compare to year 2008. Increasing cost of electricity has been general trend for several years. Such increase can be partly explained by growing research activity, teaching and learning using equipment rate, but also unit consumption of appliances.
450000 400000 350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0

Cost(RM) Vs Month
140000.00 120000.00 100000.00 80000.00 60000.00 40000.00 20000.00 0.00

Unit kWh vs month

Cost(RM)

2008 2009 2010

2008 2009 2010

Jan

Apr

Oct

Jul

Mei

Jan

Sep

Mac

Month

Figure 5 - Graph cost versus month

Figure 6 - Unit kWh versus month

EERB: Energy Efficiency Research in Buildings

Nov

Jul

World Renewable Energy Congress -Indonesia International Conference on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, 16-20 October 2011, Bali, Indonesia

The lighting system on building M47 identified as fluorescent lamp is placed at corridor, hallway, toilets and prayer room. Besides that, the compact fluorescent lamp is placed inside lecture room and drawing room, that mostly for teaching and learning activities. The fluorescent lamp used is 2 X 18 Watt and 1 x 36 Watt with daily use based on observation is 12 hour (7.00 p.m. to 7 a.m.). The lumen for an 18 Watt fluorescent lamp is 1350 lm, with lamp efficacy is 75 lm/ watt. For the 36 Watt fluorescent lamp, the lumen is 3350 lm with efficacy 93 lm/watt. Different with compact fluorescent lamp (PLL), the building M47 only use 2 x 36 Watt, with lumen 2900 lm and the efficacy 81 lm/watt. The assumption for daily use is 8 hour/day.

4.0 Discussion and Findings

Based on the Table 5, the total use is 146kW/h day, with monthly consumption (28 day) is 4094 xkWh/m. With annual unit kWh as much as 49134 kWh/year, the cost involved for whole lighting in M47 is RM 14,151.00 or 1.5 % of whole FKA building energy consumption. As comparison to determine cost saving, suggestion 1 is replacing fluorescent lamp with LED lamp. Table 5 - Alternative Cost Saving (Lighting)
Current Conclusion 1 day 30 day 12 Month 0.288 Total (kWh/d) Total (kWh/m) Total kWh/year Cost (RM) Saving / year (RM) Payback (year) 146 4094 49134 14151 Suggestion 1 LED (7 Watt) 19 534 6407 1845 12305 2.22 Suggestion 2 Fluorescent 49 1373 16475 4745 9406 0.31

LED lamp is very well known having own advantages in term of there cost saving. With long life hour (30 x incandescent and 5 x fluorescent), LED also non-toxic to environment. LED is easy dimmable and very amenable for creative lighting design. The entire lamp was replaced with 1x 7 Watt LED (Edison), with lumen 385 per piece, and the lamp efficiency is 55 lm/pcs. By considering it market price RM95.00 per pieces, the total saving per year is RM12305 with payback in 2.22 year. On the second suggestion is by considering reducing of lamp about half, by replacing all lamps with fluorescent lamp, 1 x 18 Watt with lumen 1350 lm and efficacy about 75 lm/Watt. The total saving is 9144.58 per year with payback 0.31 year or about 4 month. The proposed lighting changes are cost effective, fairly simple to implement and provide a considerably short-term payback On observation of whole FKA lighting system, some lighting of the building is not switch off during night hour. Some lamp maybe is switched on due to security of the building, but a proper planning in term of security could be done without burden the high-energy use for lighting system for security purpose. The using of lighting with automatic sensor and CCTV maybe could help a lot.

5.0 Conclusions
Switch to compact fluorescent bulbs in light fixtures used the most in lecture room. This is due to suitability of teaching and learning condition. The normal incandescent bulbs used along corridor are not very energy efficient. Compact fluorescent bulbs use about 1/4 the energy and can last 10 times as long. They often fit in the same fixtures and are available in most building and lighting supply stores. The using of LED can be considered if long term saving is take into account. Turn off unnecessary lighting. If nobody in the classroom, there no need for lighting.

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World Renewable Energy Congress -Indonesia International Conference on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, 16-20 October 2011, Bali, Indonesia

Use outdoor motion detectors and timers. The current condition show only toilet in first floor M47 is using automatic sensor. With motion detectors, use the lowest wattage incandescent bulb that will do the job. If security is a concern, leave a low-wattage porch light on all night. For maximum security, use a high pressure sodium bulb on a timer or light sensor. UTM Security or FKA staff could set the timer to come on and go off at dawn. High-pressure sodium bulbs perform best when theyre on for long periods of time. To reduce energy consume, use low-wattage bulbs where applicable such along corridor and toilet. Switch to low-wattage bulbs and save some energy. Dust off light bulbs. Dirty, greasy, smoky, light bulbs can reduce light output by as much as 10%. This can be done it by cleaner on maintenance worker hired by FKA administration. The use light from windows very effective because natural light is more efficient than electric. If the student is not care about seeing by other, leave the door open. Additionally for brighter effects, wall need to paint and decorate in light colors because dark colors absorb light and light colors reflect light. This also could reduce the lighting when brighter wall is necessary. Install separate switches for small areas or small room. In corridor mostly controlled by a single switch that actually and not all of them need to be on. These lights can be rewired into smaller groups of lights on independent switches. This way only those needed can be turned on.

6.0 Acknowledgments:
The researcher would like to acknowledge the support and encouragement of Construction Management Technology Center (CTMC) and researcher management center RMC, University Technology Malaysia Vot: 77320, to publish this paper in Advance Science Letters.

7.0 References
[1] Guidebook on energy efficient electric lighting for buildings. (2010). Finland: Aalto University. [2] Loftness, V., 2004. Improving Building Energy Efficiency in the U.S: Technologies and Policies for 2010 to 2050. Proceedings of the workshop The 10-50 Solution: Technologies and Policies for a Low-Carbon Future. The PEW Center on Global Climate Change and the National Commission on Energy Policy. Washington DC. [3] Mills E., 2002. Why we're here: The $320-billion global lighting energy bill. Right Light 5, Nice, France. pp. 369-385. [4] Mahlia, T. M. I., Razak, H. A., & Nursahida, M. A. (2011). Life cycle cost analysis and payback period of lighting retrofit at the University of Malaya. [doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2010.10.014]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(2), 1125-1132. [5] Navigant (Navigant Consulting) 2002. U. S. Lighting Market Characterization Volume I: NationalLighting Inventory and Energy Consumption Estimate. Building Technologies Program, US Department of Energy, Washington DC. [6] Malaysia Green Building Confederation. Retrieved, Sunday, July 11 2010, from http://www.mgbc.org.my/. [7] Office of Built and Asset Management (PHB), (2010). University Technology Malaysia. [8] Energy Star, Retrieved, Sunday, July 11, 2010, from http://nstar.apogee.net/homesuite/. [9] GBI Assessment Criteria for Non-Residential Existing Building (NREB), First Edition, April 2010. Retrieved, Sunday, January 25 2011, from www.greenbuildingindex.org. [10] Mohd Najib Tun Razak, Malaysia Green Forum, (26 April 2010), 2010, Sri Siantan Conference Hall, Putrajaya. [11] CIB Agenda 21 on sustainable construction, CIB Report Publication 237, July 1999. [12] International Energy Agency (IEA). Retrieved, Friday, September 30 2011, from http://www.iea.org/. [13] European Commission (EC). Retrieved, Wednesday, July 20 2011, from http://ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm.

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