THE MYSTERY OF GLAUCOMA

Edited by Tomas Kubena and Martina Kofronova

The Mystery of Glaucoma Edited by Tomas Kubena and Martina Kofronova

Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Mirna Cvijic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright l i g h t p o e t, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published August, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org

The Mystery of Glaucoma, Edited by Tomas Kubena and Martina Kofronova p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-567-9

free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com

Contents
Preface IX Part 1 Chapter 1 Molecular Biology 1

Evidence of Oxidative Stress Damage in Glaucoma 3 Sandra M Ferreira, Claudia G Reides, Fabin S Lerner and Susana F Llesuy Differential Effects of Elevated Hydrostatic Pressure on Gene Expression and Protein Phosphorylation in Optic Nerve Head Astrocytes Thomas J. Lukas, Pan Du, Haixi Miao and Simon Lin Homocysteine in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Glaucoma 41 Mustafa R Kadhim and Colin I Clement Expression of Metabolic Coupling and Adhesion Proteins in the Porcine Optic-Nerve Head: Relevance to a Flow Model of Glaucoma 61 Francisco-Javier Carreras, David Porcel, Francisco Rodriguez-Hurtado, Antonio Zarzuelo, Ignacio Carreras and Milagros Galisteo Anatomical and Molecular Responses Triggered in the Retina by Axonal Injury 91 Marta Agudo-Barriuso, Francisco M. Nadal-Nicols, Guillermo Parrilla-Reverter, Mara Paz Villegas-Prez and Manuel Vidal-Sanz Neuroprotective Agents in Glaucoma 115 Eleni Bagli and George Kitsos Optic Nerve Head and Nerve Fiber Layer 145

Chapter 2

19

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Part 2

VI

Contents

Chapter 7

The Optic Nerve in Glaucoma 147 Ivan Marjanovic The use of Confocal Scanning Laser Tomography in the Evaluation of Progression in Glaucoma 171 Liamet Fernndez Argones, Ibran Piloto Daz, Marerneda Domnguez Randulfe, Germn A. lvarez Cisneros and Marcelino Ro Torres Nerve Fiber Layer Defects Imaging in Glaucoma 187 Kubena T., Kofronova M. And Cernosek P. Optic Neuropathy Mimicking Normal Tension Glaucoma Associated with Internal Carotid Artery Hypoplasia 199 Kyoko Shidara and Masato Wakakura Optic Nerve Head Blood Flow in Glaucoma 209 Tetsuya Sugiyama, Maho Shibata, Shota Kojima and Tsunehiko Ikeda New Possibilities and Genetics 219

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Part 3 Chapter 12

Measurement of Anterior Chamber Angle with Optical Coherence Tomography 221 De Orta-Arellano F, Muoz-Rodriguez P and Salinas-Gallegos JL Association of TNF-and TNF- Gene Polymorphisms with Primary Open Angle and Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma 229 Najwa Mohammed Al- Dabbagh, Nourah Al-Dohayan, Abdulrahman Al-Asmari, Misbahul Arfin and Mohammad Tariq Immune Modulation in Glaucoma Can Manipulation of Microglial Activation Help? 257 Kin Chiu, Kwok-Fai So and Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang Stem Cell Based Therapies for Glaucoma 269 Hari Jayaram, Silke Becker and G. Astrid Limb Functional and Structural Evaluation of Retrobulbar Glaucomateus Damage Kaya N Engin

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

293

Contents

VII

Chapter 17

Central Changes in Glaucoma: Neuroscientific Study Using Animal Models 307 Kazuyuki Imamura, Masamitsu Shimazawa, Hirotaka Onoe, Yasuyoshi Watanabe, Kiyoshi Ishii, Chihiro Mayama, Takafumi Akasaki, Satoshi Shimegi, Hiromichi Sato, Kazuhiko Nakadate, Hideaki Hara and Makoto Araie Using Artificial Neural Networks to Identify Glaucoma Stages 331 Gustavo Santos-Garca and Emiliano Hernndez Galilea

Chapter 18

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The Mystery of Glaucoma

[102] Jnemann AG, von Ahsen N, Reulbach U et al. C677T variant in the methylentetrahydrofolate reductase gene is a genetic risk factor for primary openangle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005; 139: 721-3 [103] Woo SJ, Kim JY, Kim DM et al. Investigation of the association between 677C>T and 1298A>C 5,10-methylenetetra- hydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms and normal-tension glaucoma. Eye. 2009; 23: 17-24

4
Expression of Metabolic Coupling and Adhesion Proteins in the Porcine Optic-Nerve Head: Relevance to a Flow Model of Glaucoma
Francisco-Javier Carreras1, David Porcel2, Francisco Rodriguez-Hurtado3, Antonio Zarzuelo4, Ignacio Carreras1 and Milagros Galisteo4
1Department

of Surgery (Ophthalmology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada 2Center of Scientific Instrumentation, University of Granada, 3Division of Ophthalmology, Licinio de la Fuente University Hospital, Granada, 4Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain

1. Introduction
Astrocytes perform several well-established homeostatic functions in the maintenance of a nervous system that is viable for neurons. These functions include: the provision of metabolic support for neurons; maintenance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB); absorption of K+ and neurotransmitters from extracellular spaces; and participation in the processes of synaptogenesis and angiogenesis (Wanga & Bordey, 2008) Astrocytic processes send out projections towards blood vessels that terminate in prolongations called endfeet. These express on the membrane a specific form of glucose transporter, GLUT1 (Morgello et al., 1995; Yu & Ding, 1998). Astrocytes take glucose from blood and transfer it to neurons, but it is also now known that an O2 limitation is not a requirement for the formation of l-lactate in the cell metabolism. It is becoming increasingly clear that neurons utilize different substrates (glucose, glycogen, and lactate) to support their metabolism (Brown et al., 2004; Brooks, 2009), although this process may depend on the surrounding conditions. Lactate is an important intermediary in aerobic glucose metabolism, and a mediator of the redox state in intracellular and extracellular compartments (Brown et al., 2004). Specifically, l-lactate and molecular transporters (monocarboxylate translocator isoforms or MCT) play an important role in the metabolism of mitochondria (Pasarella et al. 2008). It has been proposed that l-lactate is the main product of glycolysis in the brain, regardless of the presence of oxygen (Brooks, 2002; Schurr, 2006)). It has been shown that all isoenzymes of LDH, LDH1-LDH5 are present in varying proportions in synaptic terminals and cultured neurons and astrocytes taken from the brain. In rats, there is a selective enrichment of LDH1 in synaptosomes and LDH5 in astrocytes, although there is no exclusive localization of isoenzymes. The production of lactate by astrocytes and its subsequent use by nerve endings for energy production and neurotransmitter synthesis has been suggested (OBrien et al., 2007). A model known as the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis (Pellerin & Magistretti, 1994) proposes that glucose taken up by astrocytic GLUT1 is partly processed oxidatively