ENGINEER -Individual who applies knowledge of science, mathematics, and economics to meet the needs of humankind.

ROLE OF ENGINEERING Designer- Create an engineering product, drawings of geometrical properties, material specifications, mathematical models to predict behavior. Manager- controlling the processes, control project Investigator-consideration of condition of existing things Innovator-ability to consistently make good decision Applied scientist- application of science to predict the behavior of products being designed. PROFESSION A calling requiring specialized knowledge and often long and intensive preparation including instruction in skills and methods as well as in the scientific, historical, or scholarly principles underlying such skills and method, maintaining by force of organization concerted opinion high standard of achievement and conduct, and committing its members to continued study and to a kind of work which has for its prime purpose the rendering of a public service. PROFESSIONAL -a person who is paid to undertake a specialised set of tasks and orchestrate them with uncommon skill. -Traditional examples of professions included medicine, nursing, law and engineering but is now more widely used to include estate

agents, surveyors , environmental scientists, forensic scientists and many more. MODEL OF PROFESSIONAL ROLES Promotion of public good is the primary concern of the professional engineers. There are several role model to whom the engineers are attracted. These models provoke their thinking, attitudes, and action. DEFINITION OF ENGINEERING ETHICS

Guidance- Codes provide a positive stimulus for ethical conduct and helpful guidance concerning main obligations of engineers. Inspiration- Codes also provide stimulus (motivation) for ethical conduct. Education and Mutual Understanding-Codes can be used by professional societies and in the classroom to prompt discussion and reflection on moral issues. Deterrence and Discipline- Codes can also serve as the formal basis for investigating unethical conduct. Contributing to the Profession s Image-Codes can present a positive image to the public of an ethically committed profession. ethics -a set of concerns, rules, principles, virtues, values, and decision processes that allow people to live together and pursue their common and individual interests. morals -a study of human behavior as a consequence of beliefs about what is right or wrong, or good or bad, as that behavior is useful or effective. -Correspond to what actually is done in a society.

professional morality

ethics

and

common

sense

5.Moral decision-making skills: the ability to reflect on different ethical theories and frameworks and to make a decision based on that reflection 6.Moral argumentation skills: the ability to morally justify one s actions and to discuss and evaluate them together with other engineers and non-engineers ENGINEERING ETHICS: 1.Global Ethics 2.Business Ethics corporate ethics 3.Engineering Ethics Global ethics: People: population, poverty, peace and war, justice in distribution of wealth and other goods (water, energy; Planet: sustainability: effects of climate change; global warming, bio-diversity. Profit: globalization of the marketplace; distribution of profits and costs; Business Ethics corporate ethics Responsibility to: -Stakeholders: all those who are affected and have legitimate rights regarding the actions of the company or organization. -Conflict of interests & values Engineering Ethics Responsibility of engineer ENGINEERING & EXPERIMENTATION Similarities to Standard Experiments *First, any project is carried out in partial ignorance. Uncertainties in abstract model used for the design calculations. Uncertainties in the precise characteristics of the materials purchased.

-Moral values, issues and decisions involved in

engineering practice.

profession involves:
a)Advanced Expertise. Professions require sophisticated skills and theoretical knowledge in exercising judgment b)Self-Regulation. Well established societies of professionals are allowed by the public to play major role in setting standards for admission to the profession, drafting codes of ethics, enforcing standards of conduct, and representing the profession before the public and government. c)Public Good. The occupation serves some important aspect of public good. E.g.engineering toward technological solutions to problems concerning the public s well-

being, safety, and health.

ROLES OF CODES OF ETHICS As a guidance and support for responsible engineer, establish shared minimum standards, and play additional important roles public good. The codes provide: Shared Standard- Great diversity of moral views makes it essential that profession establish explicit standards. Support- Codes give positive support to those seeking to act ethically.

moral competences: 1.Moral sensibility: the ability to recognize social and ethical issues in technology 2.Moral analysis skills: the ability to analyse moral problems in terms of facts, values, stakeholdes and their interests 3.Moral creativity: the ability to think out different options for action in the light of (conflicting) moral values and the relevant facts; 4.Moral judgment skills: the ability to give a moral judgment on the basis of different ethical theories or frameworks including

Uncertainties in the precision of materials processing and fabrication. Uncertainties about the nature of the stresses the finished product will encounter. *Second, the final outcomes of engineering projects, like those of experiments, are generally uncertain. *Third, effective engineering relies on knowledge gained about products both before and after they leave the factory knowledge needed for improving current products and creating better ones Learning from the Past: -It might be expected that engineers would learn not only from their own earlier design and operating results, but also from those of other engineers. - It is not sufficient for engineers to rely on handbooks and computer programs without knowing the limits of the tables and algorithms (a procedure or formula for solving a problem) underlying (Taking precedence) their favorite tools. Informed Consent -Viewing engineering as an experiment on a social scale places the focus where it should be: on the human beings affected by technology, for the experiment is performed on persons, not on objects. -Informed consent is understood as including two main elements: 1. Knowledge. Subject should be given information to make a reasonable decision. 2.Voluntariness Subject must enter the experiment without being subjected to force, fraud, or deception. -Voluntarily undertaken risks -Involuntary risks

- Valid Consent: 1. Given voluntarily. 2. Based on information that a rational person would want, together with any other information requested, presented in understandable form. 3. Competent to process the information and make rational decisions. engineers as responsible experimenters 1.A primary obligation to protect the safety of human subjects and respect their right of consent. 2. A constant awareness of the experimental nature of any project, imaginative forecasting of its possible side effects, and a reasonable effort to monitor them. 3. Autonomous, personal involvement in all steps of a project 4. Accepting accountability for the results of a project.

The general disposition of being willing to submit one s actions to moral scrutiny and be open and responsive to the assessments of others. Willingness to present morally cogent (convincing) reasons for one s conduct when called upon to do so in appropriate circumstances. The divorce between causal influence and moral accountability is common in business and the professions, and engineering is no exception. 1. Fragmentation of work on large-scale projects. 2. Diffusion of accountability within large institutions. 3. Pressure to move on to a new project. 4. The contagion of malpractice suits currently afflicting engineering.

MORAL DEFINITION & MORAL ETHICS ISSUES.

Definition: - morality mainly concerns on right and wrong, good and bad, the rules that ought to be followed. - involve being fair and just, respecting peoples right, avoiding unnecessary offense, cheating and dishonesty, caring, showing gratitude and empathy, minimizing damage to environment etc. Moral dilemmas are situations in which two or more moral obligations, duties, rights, goods, or ideals come into conflict with one another. It is also possible for one for one moral principle to have two or more incompatible applications in a given situation. Because moral principles can conflict, it is often difficult or impossible to formulate rules that are absolute, that is, never have a justified exception. Even such basic principles as Do Not Lie, Do Not Steal, and Do Not Kill have some permissible exceptions when they conflict with more pressing moral duties.

Resolving moral dilemmas involves good moral judgment in weighing conflicting moral reasons, but frequently it involves several related tasks: conceptual clarification, factual inquiries, and resolution of interpersonal disagreements. a)Conceptual clarification is the elucidation of moral ideas and morally relevant notions.In general, moral ideas contain areas of vagueness and ambiguity that need to be dealt with. b) Factual inquiries are inquiries into the facts relevant to resolving particular moral issues. These are engineering, scientific, financial, or legal matters, as they are brought to bear on resolving moral dilemmas. c) Interpersonal disagreements are controversies among persons or groups about how to understand and resolve moral dilemmas. Ideally, either through mutually enriching perspective or compromises. Steps in Confronting Moral Dilemmas 1. Identify the relevant moral factors and reasons 2. Gather all available facts that are pertinent to the moral factors involved. 3. Rank the moral considerations in order of importance as they apply to the situation. 4. Consider alternative courses of action as ways of resolving the dilemma, tracing the full implications of each 5. Talk with colleagues/friends, seeking their suggestions and alternative perspectives on the dilemma. 6. Arrive at a carefully reasoned judgment by weighing all the relevant moral factors and reasons in light of the facts

Relevant Information Showing moral concern involves a commitment to obtain and properly assess all available information pertinent to meeting one s moral obligations. Blurring the context of one s work results from the ever-increasing specialization and division of labor that makes it easy to think of someone else in the organization as responsible for what otherwise might be a bothersome personal problem. More convenient is a shifting of the burden to the government and voters. Ways of losing perspective on the nature of one s work also hinder one in acquiring a full perspective along a second dimension of factual information. Social impact emphasizes the need for wide training in disciplines related to engineering and its results, as well as the need for a constant effort to imaginatively foresee dangers. Accountability Responsible people accept responsibility for their actions.

moral