Power

Waves
K.

and the Scattering

KUROKAWA, MRMBER, IEEE

Matrix

AbstractThis paper discusses the physical erties of the waves defined by

meaning

and prop-

power the

waves discussion

were of

first noise and

introduced performance later they

by

Penfield of

[I]

1 for rethe

negative used for

a% =
where

v% z%Ib + ,,
2u/Re Z,]

~=

V. Z,*Ii
2<1 ReZtl

sistance discussion by ties briefly studied to and error The meaning properties wave previous ness, they have

amplifiers of actual [2]. the the the

were of

noise However,

measure since scattering

linear not and matrix time, Z,s the

amplifiers their the were Youla were main properonly [3] Youla

into the ith port of a junction and Z, is the impedance of the circuit connected to the ith port. The square of the magnitude of these waves is directly related to the exchangeable power of a source and the reflected power. For this reason, in this paper, they are called the power waves. For certain applications where the power relations are of main concern, the power waves are more suitable quantities than the conventional traveling waves. The lossless and reciprocal conditions as well as the frequency characteristics of the scattering matrix are presented. Then, the formula is given for a new scattering matrix when the 2,s are changed. As an application, the condition under which an amplifier can be matched simultaneously at both input and output ports as well as the condition for the network to be unconditionally stable are given in terms of the scattering matrix components. Also a brief comparison is made between the traveling waves and the power waves. 1. INTRODUCTION HE T they circuits. closely than which to the circuit waves This cated. power sources considered the The anal~-sis. incident by to CONCEPT line of and of traveling the scattering lines in the are waves along a transof a j uncknown of concept along If is not line, to twice interest in along state. end of the have and

V, and 1, are the voltage at and the current flowing

Kurokawa of

it was waves same his More

objective,

meaning At real these

of these about part the only.

corresponding same used waves;

discussed. positive

however, waves

limited

recently,

l?aterno

to study [4]. is to by

attenuation

in mismatched purpose of of the the for are of this

systems paper defined

present (1) as

the well on

physical as this the new lossin the

waves

scattering of the matrix in this the

matrix properties have for

based such sake also. been

concept. papers.

Some

as the of

less condition

discussed

However,

the paper

complete-

included II.

PHYSICAL defined

fifEANING by (1) [5] it is. are of For closely a generator, this purpose, generator, impedance The of by related we let

Since with have the to

the

waves

mission tion play

matrix well

exchangeable discuss the in Fig. briefly equivalent

power what

transmission roles the the in a line source in at

important However,

theory wave

microwave is more the line a circuit matched if the two line.

us consider as shown and Ii the

circuit

of a linear internal Re the

traveling voltage at all, the ante we of the various the concept power a stationary

1, in which

Z, is the by Since

related the terminates

to power

or current far

Eo is the open circuit voltage PL into a load ZL is given power

is the current current into to the load. is equal I Eo/(ZL+Z,)

of the

generator. magnitude

ZL I I,\ 2, where

characteristic has makes For relation are no the this traveling

imped opposite when

even consider the

I , PL is given RLI E012

directions power main circuits traveling of waves waves

calculation reason, between

as compliis in the which are to and the not

pL=RezL

EO 2 = ZL + Zi I EO\2

(2)
(RL + ~,) + (XL + .Y,)2

AR + 8
where tively,

(3) (R. R,)

RL

uncorrelated, as the and best A different

waves

+ (XL+
RL

.~,)

independent

variables a,

use for

is introduced.

reflected

b% are

RL and
and XL

Ri are and

the

real

parts the (3),

of ZL and that the

2{, respecparts. With

defined

X ~ are see from when

imaginary

Ri>

O, we can easily
minimum

denominator

ai =
where into the looking is chosen

v,
2<~Re

ZLI, 1
Z, I

vi zi*IL
b, =
2<1 and and The in the the Z; ReZ,l current is the real flowing value These

(1)

becomes

RL = R,,
The corresponding maximum

kL = X,
power

(4]

V, and
ith out for

Ii are the voltage

port from the of a junction the square zth port. root

PL is
(5)

impedance

positive denominators.

Manuscript The author

N. J.

received September
is with the Bell

8, 1964.
Labs., Inc., Murray Hill, 1 In the original definition, Re Z, is taken instead of I Re Z1 [ in the square root of the denominator of (1) (cf Section 17111).

Telephone

194

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Kurokawa:

Power

Waves

and
Thus, easily

Scattering
any result

Mafrix
in terms to that the of the Referring is given of one set of variables other

195
can set of

be converted This by any (1)

in terms use

of the

variables. defined rent the for

justifies in place

of the

waves voltage 1, the

a ~ and ancl voltage

b~
at

terminal to Fig. by

cur-

analysis. terminal

generator

Vi = E. ZJi
Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit of a linear generator,

Inserting the square

this

into

the

first

expression we have

in (1),

and

taking

of the

magnitude,

This the

maximum generator. infinite represents from in (5) is called for any the

power When

is called the real part

the

available of Z,

power

of FL

,al, ,

=~EO]2
41R,I

is negative, R%and this case, that the

becomes respectively longer drawn given by it

as R~ ancl XL see from maximum the

approach (2
j.

X%, (5) can no be which is equivalent to

as we can

In power

generator. finite exchangeable

However, and the power is,

expression represented genIt is worth zero let into this Next, noting also.

P,=p,la,12
that, when EO is equall to zero,

(9)
a~

remains the

power

P. of the

erator,

nonzero

Ri. That

becomes

us consider expression

] a,l 2 I b;] 2. Direct gives

substitution

(6)

of

(1)

la,12Thus, mum for

lb,]2 Z,*IL*) (VL 2,1,) (V.* Z,I,*) ..

Ri>

O, the
that

exchangeable the generator power power regardless stationary a small be easily in the and flow of is

power can no into the

is the supply.

maxiWith

power the

Ri <0,
the is infinite.

exchangeable possible However, as the to can only RL X{. in This appear between

longer the sign of the of the

equal which

to

(v, + 2,1,) (v?+

41RZI

maximum

load, of

Ri it can
expression load imfrom which we Re have of the

be considered PL with XL pedance RL and difference between hTow, fined voltage chosen equally long as fined number With readily and verse the by by Z~.

value change seen

respect

from

(3), in which
terms the difference

second-order

R,
to

and

of

[V,I,*}
side

= p,(]

ail

] bi12)
the power to power (10) load shows contains as the when which the from that

(10)
is

XL we (l). and as the well

and are In

a position discussion at any the

discuss of electric

the

waves circuits,

dethe

The

left-hand

of (10) from called load). to

expresses the the

the

actually Therefore, generator actual is source power always

transferred this is (or to the power or not, that negative the I a,] the

generator actual

load. the the some power

current independent choose

terminals transformation

are

generally one nlay of them as de-

variables. linear is not result of

However, singular, The one of i.e.,

Equation the of the can that supply the

is equal

P,(1 a,l 2 I b,l 2). !Since exchangeable

--- I b;] 2

as the (1)

transformation transformation are Z,, the linear if from

as long

whether magnitude can

inverse of such a fixed calculated

exists. just

waves

an infinite

of a generator as the when For where generator (9) and is sending the load (10) maximum

be identified

maximum

transformations.

generator power let part us of

Ri >0,
can to

and

V, and
(l).

1, are given,
On the other obtained

a, and hand, from

bi are
if the a; in-

generator ourselves

absorb the of case the

R,<O.
a moment, the real is the i.e., confine the i.e., internal p; is impedance equal a load, when a part generator. the net the to The 1.

bi are

given,

Vi and

Ic are

transformation

positive, power

Then, of not

can be interpreted However,

as follows.

generator is

I a, 12 toward satisfied, to to the

regardless load This of the inl:ident reflected absorbed

Ii ==

JL=
wl ReZ,] by

impedance. back by is and equal

(a; -

b)

(7)

matched, power power in the

if (4) is not

is reflected is given load incident

where

pi is defined

I b,] 2 so that reflectecJ

power are

I ai 12 I b;[ 2. Associated p~wers, there

with waves ai

when pi= _:

Re Zi Re Z,

>

(8)

these and

when

< 0

b,, respe?~ively.

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196
To reflected of the rately. nected are Iossless ance the help understand powers, generator Suppose to two circuit into circulator toward does must load at not Z, matched to

IEEE TRANSACTIONS
the meaning of the

ON
incident

MICROWAVE
and circuit sepa-

THEORY

AND

TECHNIQUES

March

let us consider in that arms the which which a new circulator transforms as obtain the we

a new see

equivalent powers load and and

Zo ~

these circulator

LOSSLESS CIRCUIT
u

generator

are and

conthey a
t

--?
L> < <; 5 ZL

of a three-port

impedance the shown from power the

that imped2. arm The

circulator in the Fig. third new the this power change condition is sending to the

-L--

is

connected, we can to

maximum

power

of

is equal the

generator Iossless
Fig. 2. New equivalent circuit of a generator.

supplies circuit power outside impedance generator equal circulator. is equal the Thus

circulator. any Since the

Because power, the load power power

consume to the absorb. not 1, the which since

maximum which of the the load be ZL to III. REFLECTION SCATTERING When current, since ratio we s we consider we have take two the two COEFFICIENTS MATRIX such impedance. as voltage and .4ND

be equal ZL can ZL does arm power Further,

maximum

affect the the

of the to the load back

available net

I a,] 2 must

quantities an

to the

generator

ratio,

Similarly, the

quantities

a, and

bi, let us define

to

I a, 12 I b~l z and at load arm the power circuit power may which well 1, the incident which is the argue

as no power balance to arm power the internal that,

comes

generator in the we

I b,] 2 must 2 of the from the

be ab-

sorbed

connected

circulator. original in and call it let power the us call power the reflection

s=

b.
(11)

see that is the

a%
wave square be coefficient. expressed reflection of its Using in coefficient.2 i.e., and of the im(1) terms

generator this power Since constant ator while

internal and load using power power,

generator the an from the reflected arbitrary is absorbing.

equivalent is the one

producing

Further, Is] 2, the relation pedances.

magnitude,

C, I a, 12+ C is the I b,l 2+ C is the of incident However, power which is very Using can be

incident reflected

a generabove in-

Vi = ZLI,,

s can

terpretation what the arbitrary. maximum power situation

and

reflected C equal absorb

powers to zero is equal to the

is someso that to the Substituting can X, be rewritten Z,=

s=

ZL ZL

Z,* (12)

we set can

Z,
into (12), s

a load the

incident This vector E X H+ power surface pears. power energy

generator to that as last

sends of the term consider

the

load.

R, +jXi,
in the form

ZL = R~ +jX~

similar an

Poynting

E X H. V X X density; the density flow

arbitrary it from

vector

function transmission over V XX that there

considered the

~=

RL + j(XL
RL + j(xL with

+ x,)
+ xi) that we the

R,
(13) + R, conventional s corresponds of the Smith is the with and the

whenever we

is integrated

a closed disapthe is no field. the may the real be Comparing voltage to chart given respect point phase this, When is exthe a; bethey The the to by to of the have this reflection vector the part the the

contribution is expressed where our internal the load net the there

Nevertheless,

generally by

expression coefficient, drawn from

of the

E XH,
to the

so that
case where

see that center

is no electric

or magnetic

Extending part of the negative, and, back by when so that

discussion impedance the is not power are the load

point

where +X,) part chart wave important have the signs,

the ]/Ri. of Z,,

normalized In then the property other the to ZL and

impedance words, if normalized

of the

generator load

[RL+j(XL real Smith power RL

we say that the

generator matched, absorbed with the power load. do The not but there can incident

is sending of the pil

power

reactance

of 2, is added

p, I a, 12 toward

regardless

impedance load is given and reflected a load the for waves con-

corresponding From and when

b,l 2 is reflected incident and to called why, the the

on the

gives

magnitude coefficient. I s I <1 by

in the these power of the

reflection same Is I >1. sign,

P,( I a, 12 I b,l ). powers, a, and to to the the of

Associated

following opposite

of s is derived:

reflected waves equal nected discussion and and tween relaticm

there

incident

R, and
power

bi. Since
exchangeable load, powers, powers fact

generator

reflection

coefficient

is given

p, I a, 12 may to the we that this following

also

be

changeable reflected b~ lies

power

reason consider through

(14)

incident When reflection the matching coefficient condition becomes (4) zero, is satisfied, the power

directly

in the

is a linear be used There

relation

as is expected.

a~s and between

b,s and
powers.

advantageously is no such
2 When efficient. 2; is real and positive, this is a voltage reflection co.

as we shall

see in the

sections,

1965
s and the load flection tor from I s I z are from the coefficients the load Zi Sr = Zt+zr, where =IZ,*-ZI,I Thus when this role power power power the Next, a linear whose of the written ith the roles also the subscripts equal =IZI, power of remains to -Z,*I, reflection generator the power constant and load. coefficient the the power. the scattering and let actual power z and s. the reflection side. \s12 s and must

Kurakl~wa:
coefficients The looking by g-zL* z%+ ZL into

Power
looking the

Waves
into re-

and

Scattering
IV.

Matrix
RECIPROCAL fact that network CONDITION the impedance has to satisfy matrii: the

197

generator

corresponding

It

is a well-known a reciprocal

Z rela-

genera-

representing tion

be given ,,,,2=

ZL*

Z=zt where the subscript t indicates relation s, where ponent Appendix = for the transposed by

(2(.)) matrix.

L are interchanged.
However, [s1 and coefficient load transmissicm when It we since remains are is always equal

Sr is not IZ,-ZL*I to the ]s12. same and the the

The

corresponding

S is given

necessarily

PSP
with of its (21) ith will to diagonal be given

(:21)
comin

interchanged.3 coefficient interchange noting that

P is a diagonal
being P,. The 1. Equation

matrix proof (21) S] ~ =

1 Is I z is called

is equivalent PLPjSLj signs of Re Zi if they

of generator transmission is equal divided to by

is worth times power,

(22) and are Re ZJ are

t:he or

exchangeable the actual is which the implies same, that, if the to For \stj\ S,7 is equal to S,;. SJ; and, either = the of the jth opposite,

that

transmission mat.ri x, let

coefficient us consider i be vectors port

exchangeable to define n-port network in terms a =

S$j is equal

case ]s,tl circuits network circuit to except have the aj(j the

network

a, b, v and Then, a

(:23)
one

components

are u,, b,, V,, and, 1, at the ith and

respectively. of v and F(v + Gi), the

b can

be

Now,
connected Since the

suppose to the power given the by

that ith from by port

all

i as follows:

no source. network is

the

b = F(z - G+i)
diagonal by in Since matrices 1/2 i general, there I ReZ, the whose I and

(15)
ith Z,,

generally to zero,

P,( I a, 12 \ b,] 2, and to the jth circuit in this actual power not change Thus, power the load there the to source are

# i) is equal the network to the \ b, \ 2 into of (~!3), the subthat and

where diagonal

and

G are

power

from case, power

components and transposed v and

are given + indicates, matrix. i given by ~1= z~

is given SJ,a~ and the the load value source scripts the the when

PI] bj 12. Further, the the ratio to exchangeable ratio does

bj is equal
j,

respectively, conjugate tion between

complex rela-

hence, j

of the

is a linear

P, I a, I ~ from because when we conclude into a load

i is equal of this

to P,pf I S7i ]Z. However,

(16) and since of a and a and i,

i and j are interchanged. between the actual from and that

where the must it

Z is the result of form be a linear

impedance a linear relation

matrix, transformation between

b are
there

relation

v and

exchangeable the roles network,

power of source This to note

stays

constant in a relation. reciprc}cal power to nor jth on the to

b. Let

us write

interchanged reciprocal

in the

reciprocal

is a power

It is interesting

is no such

b=Sa
and nation call this S the power v from G+); wave (15), scatterin~ (16), + and G)i of S can be matrix. (17)

(17) Elimigives

theorem a load between power circuit coefficient

in general and from at the the is given the actual by this power I Sjjl the jth P,p,l Sj,l ).

between power The by the

exchangeable from the and a load the

exchangeable source. point to The circuit /(1 to stay the ratio from This the

power actual

source, the into the

of a, b, and F(Z

actual

power power

= SF(Z expression

Pj I bj [ 2 and

tra.nsmissi Therefore, is equal

from tained.

which

the

following

ob-

1 I Sf, I. jth of from However, value circuit the

exchangeable p, I b, I /(1

ratio to that

exchangeable ith since of the is this circuit ratio of the by into to conto the by is I S,, I is roles, since given power is equall remain interchanged. power i is given

S = Similarly, Z can z where consider represent respectively. =

F(Z

G+) (Z + G)lFl
in terms + of S

(18)

power given not

into by not and

the

be expressed F-1(1 S)-(SG In which network

{ S,, I ).

necessarily

equal

I S,, 1, the constant ith of the again i from and the

G+)F IV and

(19) V, we shall in order network, to

does source actual

necessarily load are from the that ). to the the actual power circuit

when Similarly, circuit

I is a unit
the

matrix.

Sections and

interchanged. the ith j

conditions

S has to satisfy a lossless

a reciprocal

P,] a, I (l the P,Pjl stant jth

I S,, I ), I S,i\ ratio

actual circuit not are source

S,,1 2/(1 when j to the

does

subscripts of power

s In this
~-oltage versed, source leaving

interchange,

only

the place of the (zero-impcclmce)

load (current meter impedance stationary. are re-

and the (zero-impedance) the generator and load

However, load

exchangeable

198
P@iI when The power receiving understood from the the S,, 12/(1 I S;jl) the subscripts foregoing It reciprocal antennas. that source it and

IEEE TRANSACTIONS
(1 I S;;] 2, and are interchanged. discussion relation is readily fact the seems power to holds. it the between applicable that to remains

ON

MICROWAVE

THEORY
(26) power at the the power

AND
shows

TECHNIQUES
that, for a Iossless two-port port

March
juncis equal we as see the

constant to a pair exists less load well that the the a and power

Equation tion, to that power the

reflection other port.

coefficient From this remain This as the

at one

that

conclusion, as plane means reference well we take that constant

of antennas.

is a well-known However, is between the actual generally both not

there be the

reflection coefficient of the system. plane

coefficient reference

transmitting

transmission position transmission any convenient

regardalong we can plane for

less of the a lossless choose power The during easily moment. 2 is given

exchangeable

reciprocal

theorem for does nor

Unless

discussion fact that

in a Iossless the

transmission power

system. is preserved can the output also for port be a

matching reciprocal the actual powers.

conditions theorem powers

antennas necessarily

are satisfied, hold

exchangeable Iossless

between

a nonsingular shown The by using the

transformation result. power Let from

between

the

exchangeable

above

az be zero

exchangeable

V. In this section, matrix network. ith total circuit power

LOSSLESS let has The

CONDITION the in power by condition to into the which represent network Thei-ewhere right-hand power that and that the to we have side the used of this lossless the first condition is just Thus, are the the we same junction in (25). The shown input equation junction. powers exchangeable have at the a a

us consider to satisfy actual

scattering Iossless from fore, the the

order

is given into the

P,( I ail 2 I b,l ). is

network

exchangeable of ports which (26)

output output

a Iossless If

two-port

provided the inside input the

lSl112=ISzz12#l.

IS1112=ISZZ12=1, disconnected interest. first and last

When zero,

the hence

network we have

is lossless,

this

total

power

must

be

and

are effectively is of no practical back into the {s,,1 the

junction, Inserting in (25),

expressions

and

comparing

result, =

we have (27) However, used for it the if by left,

]s2,12
theorem. we have

which

we can

rewrite

in a matrix ~+pa _ b+pb

form = O

as follows This is a kind the of power reciprocal that a power

is only Substitution of (17) gives derivation. junction it Since a is arbitrary, this means

lossless to

condition even the and right

Therefore, has satisfy to from (24),

nonreciprocal reciprocal both from

twoport theorem sides the

a+(P S+PS) a = O

is lossless. Coming back multiplying and = S-lP- the

S+ps
Equation representing For tion. a simple Equation (24) is the condition network let

= p.
that has the to scattering satisfy. a two-port

(24)
matrix junc-

(PS)- we have

SP-

SPS
Equations However, venient than the must (24) and (28) The noise are

= P
equivalent find (28) is found of linear total hence to being in each more the

(28) other. condiscusinto the

a lossless example, (24)

i71[sll

us consider

gives

three

independent
=151

conditions

sometimes (24). actual network

one may example measure and

\+152]s211

sion
o

of the

amplifiers. power

P1S11S12*

P2S2S22*

When

is 10SSJ,, the

p1\s12]

+p2]s2212=j2

(25)

network

be positive

From

the

second

condition,
=

we have
]s21[2[s2212

a+(P S+PS)a
Thus, in (25) with tive for definite VI. a passive network,

~ O
must be posi-

IS11121S121

(P S+PS)

Combining this equation,

the

first we

and

last

conditions

or positive

semidefinite. CHARACTERISTIC NETWORK consideration (24) case, must is Iossless simulto the as OF LOSSLESS

obtain

FREQIJENCY

RECIPROCAL
:(1 IS2212)IS1112=; (1 ]s11191s221

When which is equivalent to

IS,I12 = 1s221

a junction Further relation

under (21) in for and this

well (26)

as reciprocal,

be satisfied

taneously. well-known

corresponding

dZ/dco,

1965

Kurokawu:

Power

Waves

and
One cuit the

Scattering

M afrix

199 the imaginary be of considered therefore generality. imaginary have networks. the parts to of the lbe part This parts frequency Exa~mples is of ,cirof not the deare

i+~i
we can derive II. It

= j

(PH*II
for

+ 6El3)dv
dS/dw as we shall

(29)

might

think Z, and

that could that

impedances junction to zero the

K could
loss for may the not

always

be set

a relation is given by

do

in

equal

without case, Zi

Appendix

necessarily circuit pendence Land

impedances of C. ordinary

passive

S
}/

(WH* . H-} ,E*

E)du

(30) VII. CH~NG~ that to Z~(i= waves matrix is, of the OF CIRCUIT impedances under to n). lMPEDANCFZ of Then these from the the new the circuits are incident power original orig,inal r~ of Z; conand

where

is a diagonal
being

matrix

with

the

ith

diagonal

Suppose nected from Z, reflected scattering vectors

component

to the

junction have

consideration

changed

1, 2, . . ., S connecting different

: {
and tively. tends the Thus,

(2, z,)

Izp+zil,
and magnetic side field of respec(30) ex-

be redefined

accordingly.

Irhe
wave one. S and with

course,

E and
The all stored

H are the electric

integral the in the over junction in the

However, the power

it is expressible wave i.e., A-(S are the reflection

in terms

of the

right-hancl region and

coefficient

represents it

twice

respect

to Z,*,

energy

network,

hence

is positive. S = I+)(1 rS)-lA+ with the the loula !(32) their ith . vi I 1 r,ri I is formula [4]

we see that

as
+
2,SP !W ) a

K+ + .SK+S

where diagonal /I

r and

diagonal being An outline

matrices (1 Y;*) of

components , respectively. Appendix III. in

vi and

1 vzl

derivation same

has

to be positive the effect 2,s.

definite. of the It

The possible

first

and change to

second of the note that

terms termiboth of 2;s to

given (for using

Essentially by

represent nal terms remain

Re Z,>

O) is also

derived

and

~atern~l

impedance disappear constant.

is interesting all this the

a different are for real both of the

approach. of applications a twoport 21 let and us obtain ports the load and changing and/or for input amplifier Zz, the of this whose condition can signs output be of the ports Using respectively, formula. source have under matched lreal The are (.32),

when When

imaginary case,

parts (30)

There Consider, and load positive which

a number example, parts input and and

is the

reduces

impedances,

a+(,2S+P~)a=~(pH*

H+-eE*E)dv

(31)

output

For

a lossless in the

oneport form

network, e$. to

I S11I = 1 and in this

Sll case

can the

simultaneously parts matching given by

without source conditions

be written above

Therefore,

impedances.

relation (%+

reduces

S11 = O and

Sz, = O, respectively.

1
2P, I all

du
However, between interpreted (31), The when time since

J
an

the

condition

S11 = O provides
sn
?1* =

(PH* . H + eE . E)dv
+
?,(s12s21 S11S22)

(33) 1
Y,S22

b I = e~$al and d@/du

al of the energy for wave delay, incident is the power the

give

the

time

delay can be of the Similarly, S.Z2 = O provides S22 +

bl and

envelope,

which interpretation

as the applied required and by the leave

to a one-port again

network, energy total of the

is as follows. to stored source. enter

~9* = tl(sl!szl ?1s11 S11S22)

(34) 1

network divided the if real no required connect which therefore nomenon of the

energy When the we of and pheif some a stable For simultaneous at the of and
source in by

exchangeable of the takes are For source place. negligible, to multiport becomes

part time

impedance This In to most

is negative, is what cases where network occur above even parts, with

matching, same time. the

(33) Thus,

and the of

(34)

have

to

be

negative.

we expect

satisfied to that equations appropriate

of the explained are check given

problem the that

remain the latter

is reduced simultaneous satisfy

real positive. conditions For but the

oscillation a negative the it losses is directly. impedances becomes

finding conditions
and

solutions whether which

with impedances (13),

resistance

a oneport oscillations the

checking
load

or not ensure

they the

the
F]arts As

impossible have possible negative

observe real (30)

networks,

connection I rll <1 and

negative and gives

I r2. [ <1,

respectively.

operation sponding dition for

the realistic

correcon-

of these is

conditions, necessary.

a straightforward From it, we see

lengthy when

p ,s being tlS/dw,

a more

calculation I

that

S12S2 I #O

the

necessary

and

sufficient

condition

for

200
simultaneous matching 2 I S12S21 I <

IEEE TRANSACTIONS
to be possible 1 +
]sl,l

ON MICROWAVE
by The the (35)

THEORY

AND
VIII.

TECHNIQUES
CHOICE incident OF PHASE wave a ~ is equal ith circuit

March

is given

S1J21

511s22

1~

phase

of the

to that and

of the

open

circuit

voltage wave has

E of the
6, is that no source, since that

Is,,l

phase When

of the the of the ith

reflected circuit the

of E 2 { Re Z, } 1,. b, has series is only it the phase of representathe used phase the the square for the

When

I S12SZII

= O, the ISU] <1

same and

condition [S,,l

is given <1

by (36) matched

the voltage tion of the The transducer is gain under the simultaneously power condition

across circuit.

resistance waves II,

in the

However, of the

magnitude discussion to

we have

in Section each wave

an arbitrary changing define

could power waves

be assigned relation. a, and

without

Thus,

in place

of (1),

we could

b; by

where 1 + I
S12S21 S11S22

]\

1s11]2-

1s22[

k=
2 I The upper B = is positive, sign ls22]~ and same applies Islllz
S12.SL?l

(38)

respectively, scattering relation

where matrix

~i S in

and this

y,

are

arbitrary is defined

angles. through

The the

case

when

b=Sa
sign 1 + lsl!s21sll.S221~ (39) where the lower gain is when a and a, and is replaced

b are the vectors b, given

by by

with The

their

ith

components condition

B <O. When

I SINSZ1\

being (21)

(42).

reciprocal

= O, the

s, = (M.V)-PSPM.V
where diagonal An real amplifier parts of when are positive. to be we output Using is said its the input load to be unconditionally and and output source but stable if the remain respectheir for the 1 when Similarly, when that by real an YZ in the form above Re bracket used Zi>O, by definition.
2,S+PS EM-1 +

AI

and

are (24)

the are

diagonal e~~ and the

matrices same.

whose However,

ith The the

components condition corresponding

e~, respectively. additional

lossless equation

remains to (30)

impedances impedances, keeping the stable. condition For than

has two

terms

positive tively, parts amplifier impedance, is changed for the

changed Let

arbitrarily, us next consider

2S+PN=S, A) side of (30). a special chosen Z~<O, the The case e~=e$= original of the for j.

(3U of the Penfield The left-hand [3] and phases for

unconditionally require impedance, (32), a little but

input is just were Re

I S11 I to be less keeping I Szz I <1 is

arbitrarily,

I Y21 <1.

required shows

so that,

I VII <1. the

manipulation conditions

e~~=e$%=1 is equal form:

necessary

and

sufficient lsMs2,\ 1s,2s2,1 <1<11 +

are given

In this takes

case MN a simple

to P and S. choice

reciprocal phases

relation is given by

St=

\slll
]s221

Another

interesting

of the

I S12S21

<

[ 512s21

S11S22

12

]s11[-

IS2212

(41) where under which It is posstable, be shown amplifier sign Furin (32), and (37). changes from physical lower of to (from The When definition quantity, significance we replace of the the waves of this waves stay choice (42) the by lies the in the following in fact. the dual

The

last

condition to note amplifier is not two by case first

is identical is possible that which necessarily conditions (39), stable. on the I Slzl

with

that

simultaneous is interesting sible but that is applies thermore, source and load and for the From any reverse the

matching

when

I S12SZ1 I #O. matching

simultaneous

is unconditionally true. in (41), it can the the side when

every

quantity same.

appearing corresponding Thus

B, as given
unconditionally in this since load

is negative Therefore, right-hand as can

/ I SZI I is invariant invariant to changes

impedances, (37) is similarly invariant

be shown

I S2112 in impedances.

reasoning),

k is also

in source

1965 The this (1) traveling property. have IX. The defined not. COMPARISON waves WITH along waves defined the by

Kurokawu:
(43)

Power

Waves

and

Scattering
from related

Mafrix
the with ~X. line the the to the load. wave Thus, concept we

:201
have is not

in Section vvaves

1.X have defined by

transferred seen that, so closely

However,

power

in general,

traveling power.

TRAVDL;ING a transmission

Mr.kvm line can be The ties physical

CONU(ISION

traveling by v(z) + 24Z

meaning

of power

waves

and

the

prolFJerthe numcur-

of the

scattering

matrix

are presented.

Although

201(2) 1(z) line the consider for the are and power the 20 voltage

r(z)

2dzll and

2,1(Z)

a(z) =
where point the with pedance. V(z) z along If we expression that for and the

b(z) =

power (43)

waves

are the result linear been a clearer

of j ust one of an infinite of vo ~tage and certain

ber of possible rent, it has they give

transformations that, more for and

shown

applications, underelements circuit

current real

at imvalue,

straightforward between network.

1

is the waves

characteristic becomes Therefore,

standing connected

of the

power

relations

20 with

a positive

through

a multiport
.~PPENDIX

identical all the Let (18), left-hand us (20), prove and side the the of (21)

traveling the in

waves.

conditions waves works must can

which satisfy

scattering order to

matrix represent

for

traveling netmatrix wave

reciprocal can

condition

(21). in the form

Using

certain to a unit

be obtained corresponding matrix. the Thus, same. reciprocal is different. all and the

if we set P equal conditions the Iossless S,= the example, condition However, For for

obvious

relations be rewritten

F,=

F, (G,= G, the

I in the
scattering and these the lines this

the .S and let

power (35),

condition

becomes (36), of

S, = F,-(Z = F,l(Z, = F-I(z Ne wish

to the to prove side

+ G),-(Z + G,)(Z, + G)-(Z

that this

G+),F, G,+)F, G+)F

last expression is given is eclual by

S+S = 1, the (41 ) stay results condition

interpretation us consider network.

I S,, I z = I Sj~ 12 for that characteristic the The positive,

a reciprocal impedances direct power power

Assuming are

of the of from port ith To

real

interpretation coming into out the from port to the characteristic is generally And the it is only power according must wave the out ith the

right-hand

of (2 1), which

condition port

is as follows. when to the the

PSP = PF(Z
do so, since equation.

G+) (Z + G)-F-P we have

only to prove the fol-

the jth is unity port of

incoming power power circuits to last the that

is equal the that lines for

coming into the

P =P-1,

when the

incoming all the matched

thejth line

is unity, far ends inltoo after to the be-

lowing

provided pedances. stringent a little cal relation

connected restriction

are

(.Z Performing comes

G)FPF(Z
the matrix

+ G) = (Z+
product, the

G) FpF(Z
above

G+).
eq~uation be-

However, practical given problem

applications. we discover IV.

manipulation

recipro-

in Section we have, wave

Thus,

ZFPFZ

+ ZFPFG = ZFPFZ

G~FPFZ ZFPFG~
in both to each

G~FPFG + GFPFZ
sides other. are

particular tween tion. the For

a choice and power

be made representaproperties

traveling instance,

- GFPFG+,
the same all that and we

if we want

to discuss impedances may power One traveling and

of which the have last

the terms

first

terms

of a junction to the venient. tween wave what the terminals, On circuits is the power

irrespective the other

of the

connected be more relation the may ask waves there waves the conbepower then and is and net

are equal is

Thus,

traveling hand, is more between through

waves for the

to prove

the

connected relation in the waves. z direction

a junction, the

ZFPFG
or

G~FPFZ

= ZFPFG~

+ GFPPZ

representation waves.

suitable.

When

20 is real

positive, power this

ZFPF(G
Since

+ G+) = (G+ + G)FPFZ

(M)

no difference the power However, la(z)]which traveling expressed since (Z. takes pedance, terms of the traveling in the

expressions Therefore,

of the in by the to

case,

is given

I a(z) 12 16(z) I. is different. [ZOV*l]/l ] . Thus, the ZOl , each power by imin is The LIaxwells voltage and derivation equations current of the proof validity of (21). APPENDIX (30) and at will an the II be given briefly. definition planes, after From of a of (44) is obvious. This completes the

when I b(z)] is not by wave traveling

20 is complex, is calculated to the square wave and

ZL

situation be R.e [ VI*

FPF(G

+ G+) = ;1 = ~1,

(G+ + G)FPF

equal the

power of the

Re

cannot

be considered reflection the there that where the

to bring magnitude. coefficient power

is

Further, is given transfer load power the

ZO)/ (Z~+ZO) place it when is only

maximum
ZL

= ZO*,

when waves

is a certain maximum

reflection

appropriate reference

traveling

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202
little manipulation,

IEEE TRANSACTIONS
we have

ON MICROWAVE

THEORY

AND

TECHNIQUES
APPENDIX II of (32) will be given in

An i+~+V+~= jJ(iJH*H+e E* E)dV (45) this

outline appendix.

of the From

derivation (18),

from

which

(29)

is derived. b are

The

expressions

for

v and

i where

s = F(Z Ft and Z~ is replaced

(47) and using I = S can be rewritten (G

G+) (Z +

G)1~l G, respectively, Substituting (19)

(47)
when into

in terms

of a and v =

G represent by 2,

F and
bv

2PF(G~a
these

+ Gb),

i = 2FP(a
the left-hand

b)
side of (45)

everywhere.

I, defined

Substituting becomes

expressions,

G) (G + form

G+)-l,

(48)

in the

FF-(I

S)-(S

r+)(I

1+)(1 r) . (1 Sr)-l(l S) FF-

Since (1 s)-(s r+)(~ r+)- = (46) (~ r)(~ Sr)-(l $ = Since S becomes S = where A-(S matrix = ith r+)(~ rs)-1~+ by (1 s)(~ rs)-(~ r) (I r+)-l(s r+) (1 S)-

A is a diagonal A

defined

F-F(I
diagonal

l?+).
component A ~ shows

Calculation that

of

the

1 the right-hand side of (46) reduces to .4i=

ri*

<I I7,7,*[ 11-r,l

where ferring LTsing b = Sa, this can be rewritten in the form

r,

is (48))

the

ith

diagonal by yi = 2( z;

component

of

17 and

(re-

is given

z, zi* power wave reflection

a+s+ps

9 \ z au )

From

this,

r; is interpreted of Z; with

as the

coefficient

respect

to Zi*.

Because cancel

of each

(24), other.

the

first

and

last (45)

terms

in

the

bracket

REFERENCES

Therefore,
as

becomes

a+

A- +

S+hs 2,SP g

=j
which is equivalent to (30).

(/JH*. H +

e17*. E)dv

[1] Penfield, P., Jr., Noise in negative resistance amplifiers, IRE Trans. on Circuit Theory, vol. CT-7, Jun 1960, pp 166-170. K., .+ctual noise measure of linear amplifiers, Ptoc. [2] Kurokawa, IRE, vol. 49, Sep 1961, pp 1391-1397. D. C., On scattering matrices normalized to complex [3] Youla, port numbers, Proc. IRE, vol. 49, July 1961, p 1221. limits of error for [4] Youla, D. C., and P. M. Paterno, Realizable dissipationless attenuators in mismatched systems, IEEE Trans. on Miaozvave Theory and Techniqz~es, vol. M TT- 12, May 1964, pp 289299. [5] Haus, H. A., and R. B. Adler, Circuit Theory of Linear Noisy Networks. New York: Wiley, 1959.