Universidad de Puerto Rico, Arecibo Physics Chemistry Department Ph i & Ch i t D t t

Production of Biofuels Biogas Generation from Manure in a non-stirred Anaerobic Batch Bioreactor A presentation to the Network Winter 2010 Seminar Energy and the Environment by Hirohito Torres Diaz, PhD, PE (Speaker)
STUDENTS ON THE PROJECT Nicole Vega Carlos Zayas William Pagn Amarilis Declet Zairn Torres Edmarie Roble

Propiedades del biogas

El biogas es una mezcla de gases compuesta principalmente de: Metano (CH4): 40 70 vol % 40-70 vol. Dixido de carbono (CO2): 30-60 vol.% Otros gases: 1 5 vol.% Ot 1-5 l %
hidrgeno (H2): 0-1 vol.% sulfuro de hidrgeno (H2S): 0-3 vol %

Contenido Energtico del Biogs ~ 550 TO 650 BTU/CUFT

Objectives
To design an appropriate lab scale batch bioreactor To monitor the evolution of methane gas To burn the produced gas To analyze the local dairy farm manure handling practices To conduct a feasibility study for Biomass to Energy for a dairy farm of 100 or more animals To incentivize undergraduate projects through the teaching on renewable energy conversion technique, and establish interdisciplinary research through the collaborative effort of the Microbiology and Physics & Chemistry departments To bring the Puerto Rico Industrial Dairy Farm Association to participate on this and other developmental projects for dairy biomass energy conversion

INTRODUCTION
(http://www.wtrg.com/prices.htm)

INTRODUCTIONcont .

Ref. http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/gdu/gasdiesel.asp

RENEWABLE ENERGY
BIOMASS BIOFUELS SOLAR ENERGY (SOLAR CELLS) EOLIC (WIND TURBINE) GEOTHERMAL THERMAL GRADIENT HYDRO PLANTS TIDE ENERGY WAVE ENERGY

CONVERSION OF MANURE TO ENERGY VIA A PLUG FLOW BIOREACTOR PLUG-FLOW

MANURE SCRAPPER
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE/GENERATOR

SWITCHGEAR

POWER GRID

METER

MANURE PIT COLLECTOR

SOLID-LIQUID SEPARATOR

OXIDATION POND

MANURE FED AT 8 TO 12 % TOTAL SOLID PLUG-FLOW BIOREACTOR WITH FLEXIBLE COVER FOR GAS COLLECTION
FOR COMPOSTING. SOLID SOLD AS FERTILIZER

CROP SPRAYING

ANAEROBIC METABOLIC PROCESS

Ref. Agricultural anaerobic digestion fundamentals for understanding, evaluating and applying, Colorado Gov. Office of Energy, Management and Conservation

ANAEROBIC METABOLIC PROCESS

Ref. htt // R f http://www.age.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/g/G77.pdf d / t i /f t h t / /G77 df

MANURE MASS BALANCE TO BIOGAS

(From EUCI Conference)

(From EUCI Conference)

HOMEBUILT ENGINE/GENERATOR

AC GENERATOR

GRID TIGHT (NET METERING) POWER GENERATION

Ref. Jiao, S, D. Paterson, and S. Camilleri Boost Converter Design for 20 KW Wind Turbine Generator NT Center for Energy Research, Northern Territory University

NET METERING STATUS IN PR

LAWS OF PUERTO RICO 2007 PR ALS 114; 2007 PR LAWS 114; 2007 PR ACT 114; 2007 PR S B S.B. 1212 Section 1.- Mandate.The Electric Power Authority is hereby directed and authorized to establish a net metering program allowing the interconnection to its electric transmission and distribution

Section 2.- Eligibility.Have a generating capacity of not more than twenty-five kilowatts (25 kW) for g g p y y ( ) residential customers and one megawatt (1 MW) for commercial be installed on the customer's premises; The installation of the net meter shall be at the customer's expense and must be made by a registered electrician. electrician The Electric Power Authority will charge a minimum monthly service for the grid connection Daily maximum of three hundred kilowatt-hours (300 kWh) for residential customers and ten megawatt-hours (10 MWh) for commercial customers. Any excess kilowatt-hour credit accumulated shall be compensated as follows: Seventy-five percent (75%) of the excess shall be purchased by the Electric Power Authority at the rate of ten ( ) cents p kilowatt-hour and the remaining twenty-five y (10) per g y percent (25%) shall be granted to the Electric Power Authority to distribute as a credit or reduction in the electricity bills of public schools.

HEAT OF COMBUSTION OF SOME FLAMMABLE MATERIALS

Fuel Diesel (LIQUID) Gasoline (LIQUID) Propane (LPG) Ethanol (LIQUID) Coal (SOLID) Wood W d (SOLID) Natural Gas ( 90 % methane) (GAS) Biogas (Methane + Carbon Dioxide) (GAS) Hydrogen ( y g (GAS) ) BTU/LB 19,300 20,400 21,500 21 500 12,800 ~10,000 ~6,500 6 500 ~23,000 N/A 61,000 , BTU/CUFT ~972,000 ~936,000 ~686 000 686,000 ~570,000 ~750,000 ~233,000 233 000 ~1,030 ~550 ~223

Fuel Energy Equivalence

Fuel
Diesel (LIQUID) Propane (LPG) Ethanol (LIQUID)

Equivalence (1 Gal) 0.96 1.4 1.6 1 4 909 1702 ~4197

=
1 gal of Gasoline G li

Coal (SOLID) Wood (SOLID) Natural Gas ( 90 % methane) (GAS at STP) Biogas (Methane + Carbon Dioxide) (GAS at STP) Hydrogen (GAS at STP)

30-L BIOREACTOR DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

30-L 30 L BIOREACTOR DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

Reactor de 30L Terminado

MANURE COLLECTION

REACTOR LOADING
(Manure AS-IS was diluted with Distillated Water)

MANURE TO METHANE ESSENTIAL TESTING

TOTAL SOLID VOLATILE SOLID pH REACTOR PRESSURE REACTOR TEMPERATURE ( 32 36 C) METHANE CONCENTRATION

TOTAL SOLID DETERMINATION

VOLATILE SOLID DETERMINATION

Biogas Burning

Biogas Burning ogas u g

Prueba de la prescencia de Metano

Corrida Tpica en el Cromatgrafo de Gases

200

150

100

Cat #: N931 6360 Phase: Elite-Plot Q Dimensions: L 30m ID 0.53 Serial #: 893873 Temp. Range: 40 to 250 C C

AirRT= 3.1 min CO2RT=4.1 min Carrier Gas: 4.9 psi Flujo: 6.5 ml/min Velocidad: 46.4 cm/sec Temperatura del Inyector: 250C Inyeccin:5L
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5

50

0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Biogas Pressure
50.00 45.00 Reactor Pr ressure PSIG G 40.00 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 10 00 5.00 0.00 0 10 20 Days 30 40 50 Fresh Load 10 lbs 1:3 Dilution

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

VOLUME OF BIOGAS PRODUCED 25 C & 1 ATM

9.00 8.00 VOL LUME OF BIO OGAS CUFT T 7.00 6.00 5.00 5 00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 0 10 20
DAYS Without Inoculum With Inoculum

30

40

50

MANURE TOTAL SOLID (TS) & VOLATILE SOLID (VS) DYNAMIC UNDER MESOPHILIC ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
18 16 14 VS DEGRADATION = 23 % 100 90 80 70 60 50 8 6 4 TS DEGRADATION = 77 % 2 0 0 10 20 DAYS 30 40 50 40 30 20 10 0

% TO OTAL SOLID D

12 10

SUMMARY
SEVERAL BIOREACTORS WERE ASSEMBLED AND OPERATED SUCCESSFULLY PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS (LITER OF BIOGAS/LITER OF BIOREACTOR PER DAY) AT A SOLID CONCENTRATION OF 3 T0 5 % ~ 0.1 TO 0.3 FOR FUTURE WORK,
IMPROVE THE BIOGAS PRODUCTION BY USING A PACKED-BED BIOREACTOR WORK AT A TOTAL SOLID CONCENTRATION OF LESS THAN 1 % IN ADDITION OF MANURE, STUDY THE USE OF OTHER BIODEGRADABLE FEED

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Ref. Thomas Menke, Menke Consulting Inc.