596

9 I Relations

Because loops are not present at all the vertices of the directed graph of S, this relation is not reflexive. It is symmetric and not antisyrnmetric, because every edge between distinct vertices is accompanied by an edge in the opposite direction. It is also not hard to see from the directed graph that Sis not transitive, because (c, a) and (a , b) belong to S, but (c, b) does not belong

oos.

Exercises
1. Represent each of these relations on {1, 2, 3} with a matrix (with the elements of this set listed in increasing order).
a) {(1 , 1), (1 , 2) , (1, 3)} b) {(1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3 , 3)} c) {(1 , 1), (1 , 2) , (1 , 3) , (2, 2), (2, 3) , (3, 3)} d) {(1, 3), (3, 1)}

9. How many nonzero entries does the matrix representing the relation Ron A = {1, 2, 3, ... , 100} consisting of the
first 100 positive integers have if R is a) {(a, b) I a> b}? b) {(a, b) I a i=- b)? c) {(a , b) l a=b+l}? d) {(a,b)la=l}? e) {(a, b) I ab = 1}? 10. How many nonzero entries does the matrix representing the relation Ron A= {1, 2, 3, . . . , 1000} consisting of the first 1000 posi ve integers have if R is
a) {(a , b)la:Sb}? b) {(a,b) la=b1)? c) {(a , b) I a+ b = 1000}? d) {(a, b) I a+ b:::; 1001}? e) {(a , b) I a of. 0)? 11. How can the matrix for R, the complement of the relation R, be found from the matrix representing R, when R is a relation on a finite set A? 12. How can the matrix for R- 1, the inverse of the relation R, be found from the matrix representing R, when R is a relation on a finite set A? 13. Let R be the relation represented by the matrix

2. Represent each of these relations on {1, 2, 3, 4} with a matrix (with the elements of this set listed in increasing order). a) {(1, 2) , (1 , 3), (1, 4) , (2, 3), (2, 4) , (3 , 4)} b) {(1, 1), (1 , 4), (2, 2), (3 , 3) , (4, 1)} c) {(1 , 2) , (1, 3), (1, 4) , (2, 1) , (2, 3) , (2, 4) , (3 , 1) , (3 , 2),
(3, 4), (4, 1), (4, 2) , (4, 3) } d) {(2, 4) , (3, 1), (3, 2) , (3, 4)}

3. List the ordered pairs in the relations on {1, 2, 3} corresponding to these matrices (where the rows and columns correspond to the integers listed in increasing order).

a)

<) [ :

[~ ! ~J ~ :J
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 b)

4. List the ordered pairs in the relations on {1, 2 , 3, 4} corresponding to these matrices (where the rows and columns correspond to the integers listed in increasing order).

MR=llO. 1 0 1 Find the matrix representing a) R- 1 . b) R.. 14. Let R1 and R2 be relations on a set A represented by the matrices

0 1 lJ [

a)

5. 6. 7.

8.

1 0 0 1 c) 1 0 0 1 How can the matrix representing a relation R on a set A be used to determine whether the relation is irreflexive? How can the matrix representing a relation R on a set A be used to determine whether the relation is asymmetric? Determine whether the relations represented by the matrices in Exercise 3 are reflexive, irreflexive, symmetric, antisymmetric, and!or transitive. Determine whether the relations represented by the matrices in Exercise 4 are reflexive, irreflexive, symmetric, antisymmetric, and/or transitive.

l~ t l l! ~l

l! !l
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0

MR! =

0 1 OJ 1 1 1 [1 0 0

Find the matrices that represent a) R1 U R2. b) R1 n R2. d) R1 o R1. e) R1 EB R2. 15. Let R be the relation represented by the matrix

MR =

11 0 0 OJ . 0 [1 1 0

Find the matrices that represent a) R 2 . b) R 3 .