The Industrial Revolution!

1600-1901 Chapter 22

Hmmm

What does the word revolution mean?

Scientific Revolution, American Revolution, French Revolution, Industrial Revolution CHANGE!

Long term and short term changes

How did technological discoveries and developments of the Scientific Revolution change society?

Scientific discoveries, new machines, printing press, exploration

Introduction

Many European economies, during the 1700s, were based on mercantilism and were very labor intensive Lasting effects from the Scientific Revolution and a more peaceful Europe led to a demand for more change Industrial Revolution: a period of increased output of goods made by machines and new inventions

Was a slow, long, uneven process from hand tools to complex machines

How were inventions such as the sewing machine, anesthetics, measuring the speed of light, and the Bunsen burner made possible??

Factors Aiding Industrial Growth

1. Changes in Farming Methods

Enclosure Movement: process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers
Larger fields = more output Jethro Tull Small farmers are displaced = move to cities for work

Crop Rotation
Produce more crops using the same amount of land Charles Townshend

Improved Livestock: selective breeding caused the weights and quantities of livestock to double in the 18th century

Factors Aiding Industrial Growth

2. Energy Revolution

Coal was used to power the first steam engine

James Watt (1769); pump water out of mines Vital power source during Industrial Revolution

By 1780, rail lines crisscrossed Britain, Europe, and eastern North America Improved trade Encouraged travel

Britain Led the Rise of Industry

Why did the IR begin here? Britain had many advantages

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Manpower population boom, city workers Materials coal, iron ore and other natural resources Money from trade and war to invest Markets large colonial empire, trade agreements Modes of Transportation roads, rail, shipping

Britain Led the Rise of Industry

British revolutionized textile industry

One invention led to another

Flying Shuttle, Spinning Jenny, Water Frame, Spinning Mule, Power Loom, Cotton Gin These inventions were too expensive for home use

Welcome to factory life!

Increased cotton and linen output

1785 = 40 million yards 1850 = 2 billion yards!

Economic Effects of the Industrial Revolution

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Goods were produced more efficiently Supply of goods increased Prices of goods decreased More consumer demand due to lowered prices Jobs were created in factories and on rail lines Social changes as well!

Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Industry changed Europeans way of life 1. Urbanization: a movement of people to cities

Did they come by choice?

Yes and nochanges in farming, demand for workers

Overcrowding
Manchester: 17,000 in 175040,000 in 178070,000 in 1801! Dirty and disease ridden from factories City governments were corrupt and inefficient Cities were unsafe

Tenement housing: shabby apartment buildings

No light, no running water, many to one room, no sanitation system

Social Effects, contd

2. Hazards of Factory Life

Long work days (12-16 hours) No safety devices (loss of limbs, lives) Pollution (coal dust, lint into lungs of workers) Women were paid less than men

Many employers preferred women to men

Thought they could adapt to machines better, easier to manage

Grim family life (double-shift)

Social Effects, contd

3. Children Suffered in Mills and Mines

Were trappers cleared the ventilation shafts Orphaned children worked for food and board Many families needed the extra money Many were beat, very few received an education Factory Act of 1833: minimum 13 years old, work maximum 8 hour day

Social Effects, contd

4. Middle Class Expanded

Rise of factory owners, shippers and merchants Lived in nice housing, dressed and ate well, women did not work Viewed the poor as lazy or ignorant; responsible for their own misery

Political Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Capitalism vs. Socialism

Capitalism = individuals, rather than governments, control the factors of production (land, labor, capital)
Private ownership of business Adam Smith- Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Laissez-faire- Let it be

Socialism = government owns the means of production and operate them on behalf of the people

Capitalism v. Socialism
Capitalism
Proposed by Adam Smith Means of Production are Privately Owned Creates a gap b/t rich and poor Commercial capitalism Merchants Industrial Capitalism Factories Lower Wages Haves & Have-nots

Socialism
Proposed by Karl Marx Right to share profits Equal distribution of wealth Government ownership of the means of production Everyone works for common good (Utopian Society) Results from the Industrial Rev. Pushed for better working conditions Movement by the poor

New Methods of Production

Division of labor

Each worker assigned a step Increased productivity (profits) Parts that are alike; easy to replace Developed by Henry Ford Brought about Mass Production

Interchangeable parts

Assembly line

System of producing large #s of items

Rise of Corporations

Big Business

Ex. U.S. Steel founded by J.P. Morgan

Monopolies- complete control of the sale of a single good

Business Cycle

Industrial Reform

Alternating periods of prosperity and decline Based off of supply and demand Times of economic hardship are known as a Depression

Reform of working conditions

Shortened hours for women and children & improved conditions

Emergence of Labor Unions

Legally recognized representatives of workers in numerous industries

Wages, work hours, work conditions, insurance, pension plans, etc. Strikes Stop working until an employer grants certain demands, such as pay increases, an improved pension plan, etc.

Conclusion

Was the Industrial Revolution a blessing or a curse?

- Low pay, unemployment, horrible living conditions, need for reform + New factories opened, created more jobs, wages rose, travel increased, horizons widened, opportunities increased Conditions improved over time!

WT Journal #4

How has technology affected your life? Has it complicated or simplified your life (or both)? Have you encountered any negative effects of technology? Do you think its overall effect is good or bad?