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UPSC Civil Services Main 1988 - Mathematics

Complex Analysis
Sunder Lal
Retired Professor of Mathematics Panjab University Chandigarh

July 19, 2010

Question 1(a) By evaluating z dz +2 over a suitable contour C prove that
0

1 5 + + 2cos 4cos d = 0 Solution. By using the unit circle |z| = 1 as contour, and integrating
|z|=1

z dz +2 , we have proved
2 0

1 = 2 so 5 + + that 2cos 4cos d = 0 see 1997, question 1(b). Now in

2

1 5 + + 2cos 4cos d put

2

1 5 + + 2cos 4cos

d =
0

15+ + 2cos(2 4cos(2 ) ) (d) =

10 5 + + 2cos 4cos d Thus

2 0

1 5 + + 2cos 4cos d = 2

10 5 + + 2cos 4cos d showing that

0

1 5 + + 2cos 4cos d = 0 . Note: If the contour was not prescribed, we could have put z = ei to get
2 0

1 5 + + 2cos 4cos d = 1 i

|z|=1

z(5z z2 + + 2z2 z + + 1 2) dz 1

The integrand has residue at z = 0 is two poles at z = 0,z 1

and the residue at z = = 1 1

2 2

inside is |z| = 1, which 1

2

, so we get are simple poles. The

|z|=1

z2 + z + 1
2

z(5z + 2z2 + 2)
0

1 5 + + 2cos 4cos d = 0 Question 1(b) If f(z) is analytic in |z| R and x,y lie inside the disc, evaluate the integral dz = 0 f(z)dz z is a constant.
|z|=R

(z x)(z y) and deduce that a function analytic and bounded for all nite Solution. Cauchys integral formula states that if f(z) is analytic on and within the disc |z| R, then for any which lies within the disc f() =
|z|=R

f(z)dz z Thus
|z|=R

1 2i f(z)dz (z x)(z y) =

1 [ xy
|z|=R

] =
|z|=R

] We now prove the remaining part, which is Liouvilles theorem. Let |f(z)| M for every z. Clearly |z x| |z| |x| = R |x| and similarly |z y| R |y| on |z| = R, and therefore f(z)dz zx f(z)dz zy 2i xy [ f(x) f(y)
|z|=R

M 2R (R |x|)(R |y|) Thus |f(x)f(y)| (z f(z)dz x)(z y)

 1 2i (R |x y| M 2R |x|)(R |y|) R (R |x|)(R |y|) 0 as R , it follows that |f(x) f(y)| = 0 or f(x) = f(y), so f is constant. Question 1(c) If f(z) = . Since that
n=0

zn has radius of convergence R and 0 < r < R, prove 1 2 a

n

2 0

|f(rei)|2 d = |2r2n
n=0

Solution. |f(z)|2 = f(z) f(z) = |a

n

a
n

zn

a
m

zm = a
p

a
q

zpzq
n=0 m=0 n=0 p+q=n

We know that if a power series has a radius of convergence R, then it is uniformly and

absolutely convergent in |z| r where 0 < r < R, therefore 1 2

2 0

|f(z)|2 d =
n=0

2 1
2 0

rprqei(pq) d
p+q=n

Since a
p

a
q

0 2

ei(pq) d = 0 when p = q, we get 1 2

2 0

|f(z)|2 d = |a
n

|2r2n
n=0

(Note: This shows that if |f(z)| M on |z| = r, then

n=0

|2r2n M2.) Question 2(a) Evaluate |a

n

zez (z dz a)3 if a lies inside the closed contour C. is Solution. Clearly the only pole of (z zez a)3 is of order 3 at z = a. The residue at this pole 1 2! d2 ( (z a)3zez ) ( dz2 (z a)3
z=a

) ( zez + ez
z=a

) zez + ez + ez
z=a

( ) 1+ Thus by Cauchys residue theorem,

C

1 2 = d dz = 1 2 = ea

a 2 ( 1+ ) = iea(2 + a) Question 2(b) Prove

0

zez dz (z a)3 = 2i ea a 2 ex2 cos(2bx)dx = 2 eb2 (b > 0) by integrating ez2 along the boundary of the rectangle |x| R,0 y b. Solution. Let the rectangle be ABCD where A = (R,0),B = (R,0),C = (R,b),D = (R,b) oriented positively. Since ez2 has no pole inside ABCD, we get R lim D(R,b) C(R,b) y = b x = R C x = R ez2 dz = 0.
ABCD

A(R,0) (0,0) B(R,0) 3 y=0

(Note that ez2 has no pole in the entire complex plane.)

1. On BC, z = R + iy and 0 y b, therefore ez2 dz

b

eR2 e2Riyei2y2 idy = eR2

b

ey2 dy = (constant)eR2
BC 0 0

Clearly eR2 0 as R , so R lim

BC

ez2

dz = 0. 2. On DA, z = R + iy and 0 y b, therefore

DA

b 0

b 0

ey2 dy Thus R lim ez2 dz = eR2 e2Riyei2y2 idy eR2

DA

ez2 dz = 0. 3. On AB, z = x so R lim

AB

. 4. On CD, z = x + ib, therefore

R

lim ez2 dz = ex2 dx = ez2 dz =

ex2 ei2b2 e2ibx dx = eb2

ex2 [cos2bx isin2bx]dx

CD

Using the above calculations, we get 0 = R lim ez2 dz = eb2

ex2 [cos2bx isin2bx]dx

C

Equating real and imaginary parts,

ex2 sin2bxdx = 0 and

eb2 Thus
0

ex2 cos2bxdx = ex2 cos2bxdx = 1 2

ex2 cos2bxdx =

eb2 2 4

of Question 2(c) Prove that the coecients c

the expansion 1 1 z z2
n=0

zn satisfy c
n

= c
n

=c
n1

+c
n2

,n 2. Determine c
n

. Solution. z2 + z 1 = 0 z = analytic in the disc |z| < as both 1 the 2

5

. singularities Let = 1+ at 2

z5 , = = and 1
2 5

. z = Thus lie outside f(z) = 1zz2 it. 1 is Thus f(z) powers Let has we f(z) Taylor get = series
n=0

c expansion n zn, then with (1 center z z2) z

=
n=0

0. c
n

zn = 1. Equating coecients of like c

0

=1 c
1

=0 c
2

c
0

=0 ... c
n

c
1

c
0

=0 Thus c
n

c
n1

c
n2

=c
n1

+c
n2

,n 2. The c
n

s are Fibonacci numbers. Now f(z) = 1 (z )(z ) = ]

= 1 [ z1 z1 1 5 [ 1 ( 1 z )
1

1 ] If we conne z to the disc |z| < , then |

z

( 1 z )
1

| < 1,|
z

| < 1 and we have f(z) = 1 5

]
n=0

zn n+1 zn
n=0

n+1 = zn
n=0

where c
n

c
n

are given as above. But the Taylor series of a function is unique, therefore we have c
n

= 1 5 ] = [ 1 n+1 n+1 1 ] = 1 5 [( 5

2 5+1 )
n+1

( )
n+1

1) 5 2 +1 5 1) 51 51 ] = 1 5 [( 2( )
n+1

( 2( )
n+1

[( 52 +1 )
n+1

+ (1)n 1 5 ( 51 )

n+1

] 2 5