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CURRICULA AND SYLLABI FOR MASTER DEGREE PROGRAMMES IN BASIC SCIENCES

AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY, PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY, AND CROP PHYSIOLOGY

ACCREDITATION BOARD SECRETARIAT

EDUCATION DIVISION INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH KRISH1 ANUSANDHAN BHAWAN-II, PUBA,
NEW DELHI-11O012

CURRICULA AND SYLLABI FOR MASTER DEGREE PROGRAMMES IN BASIC SCIENCES

AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY, PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY, AND CROP PHYSIOLOGY

ACCREDITATION BOARD SECRETARIAT EDUCATION DIVISION INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH KRISHI ANUSANDHAN BHAWAN-II, PUSA, NEW DELHI -110012

Publication No. ICAR/Ed.(A)Pub.15/5-2001

PRINTED : DECEMBER 2001

DIRECTOR (DIPA) CHIEF PRODUCTION OFFICER TECHNICAL OFFICER

: : :

ARVIND CHAKRAVARTY V K BHARTI ASHOK SHASTRI

Published by Shri Arvind Ohakravarty, Director, Directorate of Information and Publications of Agriculture, Krishi Anusai han Br avan, Pusa, New Delhi, Laser typeset at M/s. HD Computer Craft, EA-1/75, Inderpuri Main Market, New Delhi 110,012 and Printed at M/s. Vinayak Press, B177/1, Phase-l, Okhla Industrial Area, New Delhi-20

PREFACE

Agricultural education in the broad sense covers all human endeavors in the acquisition, transmission and absorption of knowledge for the better means and understanding of the processes which lead to the scientific farming. Though the present educational system produces graduates with the best knowledge of sciences, the desired emphasis is lacking for the development of skills, attitude, which needs strengthening. Quality manpower alone would compete in the international market. Therefore, it is imperative that our education should be skill as well as commercial oriented, and satisfying the current market demands. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research, the apex body for the agricultural education is very keen in improving the agricultural education. It has taken several initiatives in improving the agricultural education under the leadership of Dr S.L. Mehta, Deputy Director General (Education) with full support and guidance from Dr R.S. Paroda, Director General, ICAR, New Delhi. As part of the activity, Accreditation Board was constituted to improve and sustain the quality of education in SAUs. National level Third Deans' Committee constituted for reviewing the agricultural education, had recommended constitution of committees for restructuring of PG Programs in Agricultural Sciences. Accordingly, the ICAR constituted 16 Broad Subject Matter Committees (BSMCs) for various subjects, one being in Basic Sciences. Dr S. Kannaiyan, V.C., Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore was nominated as Coordinator for BSMC in Basic Sciences covering Agricultural Microbiology, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry, and Plant Physiology. Other members of BSMC were Dr R.P. Sharma, Dr M.L. Lodha, Dr K.V.B.R. Tilak, Dr B.S. Parmar and Dr N. Sethunathan, all from IARI, New Delhi; Dr Udai Kumar, Dr D.J. Bagyaraj, UAS, Bangalore and Dr Randhir Singh, HAU, Hisar. Dr S. Kannaiyan, Dr R.P.. Sharma, Dr M.L. Lodha and Dr Udai Kumar were identified as leaders to prepare draft syllabi looking to the present syllabi of some of the leading universities in India and abroad in Agricultural Microbiology, Plant Biotechnology, Bio-chemistry and Crop Physiology, respectively. The identified leaders went through the existing syllabi and restructured the same as per the common academic regulations. The draft syllabi were discussed among BSMC members and were given final touches before being sent to the experts in the concerned field for their comments and suggestions for further improvement. The comments and suggestions

received from the experts on the restructured syllabi were discussed in detail and the final version of the restructured syllabi was prepared. This version was placed in a meeting-cum-workshop which was organized for two days at UAS, Bangalore on 5-6th March, 1999 where syllabi of Plant Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Crop Physiology were finalized. Agricultural Microbiology Syllabus was finalized in another two days workshop organized atTNAU, Coimbatore on 25th -6th September, 2000. The modified syllabi includes courses that have been designed to train postgraduate students to tackle present problems and prepare them for the future. The impact of the rapidly accumulating information due to recent technological advances in biological sciences has been realized in designing the syllabi. We wish to extend our profound thanks to all the members of the BSMC. Special thanks are due to Dr R.P. Sharma, Project Director, NRC on Plant Biotechnology, Dr M.L. Lodha, Head, Division of Biochemistry, IARI, New Delhi and Dr Udai Kumar, Prof. & Head , Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Science, Bangalore for their leadership role in the concerned disciplines. Thanks are also due to Dr K. Govindarajan, Prof. & Head, Dr S.P. Sundaram, Prof., Dr K. Kumar and Dr G. Gopalawamy, Associate Professors in the Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore for their active involvement, valuable comments and suggestions in developing the restructured syllabi in Agricultural Microbiology. We specially thank to those who personally participated in the meeting-cum-workshops organized for the purpose, as without their contribution, this exercise would not have become fruitful. We would like to place on record our gratitude's to Dr S. Bislaiah, the then Vice Chancellor, UAS, Bangalore for hosting the first meeting-cumworkshop at Bangalore. We hope that this document will help in achieving uniformly high standards of postgraduate education in the concerned disciplines. The Accreditation Board Secretariat will be happy to receive comments and suggestions for improving and updating this publication in future. S. Kannaiyan N.L. Maurya G.D. Diwakar S.L. Mehta

CONTENTS

Page No. Preface 1. Agricultural Microbiology 2. Biochemistry 3. Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology 4. Crop Physiology Annexures I. List of participants in the meeting-cum-workshop in the BSMA of 55 Basic Sciences II. List of participants in the meeting-cum-workshop in the BSMA of 56 Basic Sciences (Microbiology) (ill) 1 15 27 40

59 61

1.

AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY

MAJOR A.I. CORE COURSES

1. Fundamentals of microbiology 2. Morphology, cytology and classification of microorganisms 3. Microbial physiology 4. Microbial genetics Seminar 12 CREDITS 2+1 2+1 2+1 2+1 0+ 1 credit 8 CREDITS 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

A.2

OPTIONAL COURSES
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Microbial ecology Soil microbiology Fermentation technology Biofertilizers Food microbiology Microbial management of organic wastes Microbial control of crop pests and diseases

B.

SUPPORTIVE COURSES
To be decided by the Students Advisory Committee

14 CREDITS
Total 35 credits

A.1

CORE COURSES (2+1)

1. Fundamentals of microbiology

Discoveries in microbiology; concepts of origin of life, abiogenesis and biogenesis, spontaneous generation theory, contribution of Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Alexander Flemming, S. A. Waksman, and others, their early discoveries in the development of Microbiology; recent developments in microscopy; importance of microorganisms in natural processes; sterilization principles and methods; study of microorganisms, staining, principles and applications, methods of isolation and identifi-

cation from different sources, and environments; preservation of microbial cultures; Protists, eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms, differentiation; nutrient requirement of microorganisms carbon, nitrogen and mineral metabolism; Autotrophic, heterotrophic and chemolithotrophic microorganisms ; growth of microorganisms, generation time, different phases of growth curve; microbes in extreme environments; Applications of microorganisms in industry and agriculture, Immunology, serological techniques, antigen, antibody reactions, agglutination and precipitation reactions, applications of serology, microbial serotypes; principles of microbial genetics, genetics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms, plasmid, types and their importance, genetic variability in microorganisms, mutations and recombination techniques, mutation techniques. Practical Preparation of growth media, liquid, solid and semisolid media, selective enrichment and common media for the growth of microorganisms; enumeration of microbes by pour plate, spread and drop plate methods ; determination of carbon, nitrogen and mineral requirements for microbial growth ; determination of generation time and growth curve for different microorganisms; staining techniques, simple, different and structural staining techniques, metabolic excretions of microorganisms and assay techniques ; antigen antibody reactions, agglutination test. Suggested Readings Atlas, R. M. 1995. Microorganisms in our world, Mosby Year Book Inc. Wm C. brown Pub., Oxford, Atlas, R.M. 1995. Laboratory manual of Experimental Microbiology. Mosby year book Inc. Missouri. Brock, T. D. and M.T. Madigar, 1991. Biology of Microorganisms 6th Ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Janeway, C. A. 1994. Immunology. Black well Sci. Pub., Oxford. Pelczar M.J.. E.G. S Chan and N.L.Krieg. 1996. Microbiology. Me Graw Hill International Edition, New York. Schlegal. H.G. 1996 General Microbiology, Cambridge university Press, NewYork, Sullia, S. B. and Santharam. 1998. General Microbiology. Oxford and

12 r

IBH 2.

Pub., 40, New Delhi. (2+1)

Morphology, cytology and classification of microorganisms

Existence of microorganisms in nature, bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, protozoa, viruses; morphology of bacteria, morphological variations in bacterial cell wall and cell membrane ; pilli, flagella ; fimbriae, capsule formation ; endospore formation and structure; morphology of fungi, cell wall structure, the fungal thallus- unicellular fungi , filamentous fungi , large plectenchymatus structures septa in fungi ; morphology of actinomycetes; morphology of algae, types of vegetative forms, heterocystous and non heterocystous forms, coccolithous in algae; morphology of, protozoa, shapes and sizes of, protozoa; mycoplasma anatomy and architecture of viruses , bacteriophages; cytology of bacterial cell, cytoplasmic membranes, structure and transport mechanism, mesosomes, DNA, RNA constituents, ribosomes, cytoplasmic inclusions; cytology of fungi, mitochondria, golgi bodies formation, cell inclusions; cytology of protozoa, body coverings and skeletons in protozoa, locomotory organelles in protozoa, internal organelles of protozoa; microbial world, systematic position of microorganisms, general principles of classification, evolution, methods of classification, modern approaches in classification, numerical taxonomy, DNA homology, adenosine method of classification; classification of bacteria, Sergey's manual; classification of fungi, lower and higher fungi; classification of actinomycetes outline classification of algae; protozoa, mycoplasma viruses, nature and properties; classification and nomenclature of viruses; molecular techniques in classification of microorganisms. Practical Examination of cell wall, Gram positive / Gram negative, cell membrane structure; endospores; flagellar structure; examination of internal structures of bacteria; fungal types, sclerotia, chlamydospores, sporangial structures, sporulation and budding in yeast; morphological differentiation of actinomycetes; examination of cell wall; observation of different morphological structures of algae; protozoa types; internal organelles examination; phages formation and observation; cultural and biochemical characters of bacterial genera in each order; fungi, systematic studies of different classes of fungi, algal types, protozoan types and DNA hybridization. Suggested Readings
Albert Belows. 1992. The Procaryotes I-IV. (ed). Springes verlag, New

York, USA
Alexopoulos, C. J. 1988 Introductory Mycology. Academic Press, New I 3 I

York. Aneja, K.R..1993. Experiment in Microbiology, plant pathology and Tissue culture. Wishwa Prakasham, New Delhi. Brock T.D., and M. T. Madigar, 1991. Biology of Microorganism. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, U.S.A. Jeffery,C. 1989. Biological Nomenculature. Edward Arnold, London. Pelczar M.J., E. C. S. Chan and N.L. Krieg. 1986. Microbiology, MC GRAW - HILL international Edition 5th Edition, New York, USA. Schlegel. H. C. 1988. General Microbiology, Cambridge University Press, New York. Wolfe S. L. 1993. Molecular and Cellular Biology, Words worth Publ. Co. Belmont, California p. 1145. 3. Microbial physiology (2+ 1)

Introduction and scope of microbial physiology; nutritional diversity among microorganism, mechanisms of nutrient transport in microorganisms; physiology of microbial growth environmental influence on growth; bioenergetics; function of enzymes,co-enzymes and prosthetic groups, constitutive and adaptive enzymes- enzyme kinetics;pathways of hexose break down, Embeden Meyerhoff parana, pathway, pentose phosphate pathway. Entner Doudroff pathway, oxidation of pyruvate, TCA cycle; utilization of reserve material, starch, glycogen and lipids; respiratory chain and electron transport, heterotrophic generation of ATP, auto trophic generation of ATP; electron transport under anaerobic conditions, denitrification, nitrate and nitrite reduction, sulphate and sulphur reductions and H2S formation; fermentation of mixed acids; methane, formation by reduction of COS , other reductions, carbonate to acetate, fumarate to succinate- reduction of iron oxides.aerobic chemolithotrophic bacteria, inorganic hydrogen donors, oxidation of molecular hydrogen, oxidation of reduced sulphur, ferrous iron and manganous. biosynthesis of building blocks and macromolecules, amino acids and protein synthesis, nucleotides, fatty acids, phospholipids, isoprenoids.phototrophic bacteria and photosynthetic apparatus, the process of photosynthesis, oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis, carbon dioxide fixation by calvin cycle;regulation of metabolism, regulation of enzyme activity and synthesis, induction and repression, mechanisms of regulation. Practical

Growth of microorganisms in various carbon and nitrogen sources; Measurement of growth and mathematical expressions; effect of environmental factors such as pH, temperature etc. on growth ; aerobic and anaerobic respiration with suitable substrates; study of bacterial photosynthesis, nitrate and nitrite reductase assay, estimation of protein assimilation use of radioactive tracers (32P 34S etc.) in metabolism Suggested Readings Caldwell, D. R. 1995. Microbial physiology and Metabolism Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa, USA. Gottsdchalk, G. 1977. Bacterial Metabolism, Springer verlag Inc., New York Haddock, B. A and W. A. Hamilton, 1977. Microbial energetics, Cambridge Univ. Press, London. Mendelstan J. M., K.M. Quiller, J- an Daues, 1982. Biochemistry of Bacterial growth 3rd Ed. Blackwell Pub., London. Moat, A. G. and J.W. Foster. 1995. Microbial Physiology, Wiley - LISS Inc., New york. H.W. Seeley, 1995. Microbes in Action. W.H. Freeman & Co., New York. 4. Microbial genetics (2+1)

Discoveries in microbial genetics; early concepts of bacterial variations, adaptation, mutation and selection; the cytological basis of microbial genetics; genetic components of bacteria and fungi and segregation of genetic characters; molecular aspects of genetic components of DNA and RNA, arrangement of nucleotides, replication of DNA and in vitro synthesis, denaturation and renaturation, of nucleic acids-DNA, RNA as source of information; mutation-evidence for the occurrence of mutations in bacteria; newcombe's experiment, fluctuation test, indirect selection test etc. back mutation and mutation rates, mutagens and molecular basis of mutagenesis, Biochemical mutants-different types; genetic recombination, mechanisms of recombination, intergeneric and intrageneric recombination; transformation, transformation of pneumococcal capsular types, cellular competence and environmental conditions required for transformation-linkages; transduction, general, restricted and abortive transductions-fine structure study through transduction; conjugation, mating types, recognition of the factor, chromosome transfer, interupted mating experiments, chromosome mapping, zygote induction; sexduction RTF and colicine factor; genetic im-

provement of industrially important microorganisms,plasmid and their characters;genetics of fungi, alternation of generation, Neurospora crassa and yeasts induction of mutation in bacteria, cytoplasmic inheritance and biochemical mutants; genetics of bacteriophage and phage induced mutation; genetics of viruses.
Practical

Observation of genetic variations and inheritance in Neurospora crassa and yeast; induction of mutation in bacteria through physical, chemical and biological agents and studying the mutation rates; replica plateing technique and isolation of auxotrophic mutants; DNA isolation and studying the plasmid profile in bacteria; studying the transfer of specific characters by conjugation and calculation of the conjugation frequency; interupted mating experiment and chromosome mapping in bacteriaplasmid transfer in bacteria.
Suggested Readings

Freifelder, P. 1987 Microbial gentics. Jones and Bartlett PubL, Boston, USA Maloy, S.R., J.E. Cronana and D. Friefelder. 1994. Microbial Genetics. Second Edition. Jones and Bartlett Publ. Boston, USA. Scaife, J., N. Leach and A. Calizz. 1985. Genetics of bacteria. Academic Press. Eur, H.M. 1996. Enzymology primer for recombinant DNA technology. Academic Press, California. Old.R.W. 1994. Principles of Gene Manipulation. Blackwell Sci.Co., UK. Roberton, T. 1997. Manipulation and Expression of Recombinant DNA. WM.C.Brown communication Inc. Lewin, B. 1997. Genes VI. Ox ford University Press, London. A. 2 1. OPTIONAL COURSES Microbial ecology (1+1)

Microbial community, ecological hierarchy, inhabitants of the community,habitat and Niche; dispersal, efficiency of dispersal, active dispersal- passive dispersal- air, water, soil, biological vectors-colonization; barriers to colonization; structure and physiological adaptation;

succession, characteristics of succession climax- community; energy sources-pattern of microbial nutrition, degradation and utilization of insoluble substances, nutrient effects on distribution and activity, interspecific relationship, neutralism, commensalism, protocooperation, mutualism, parasitism, amensalism, predation, relationship of cell morphology and cytology to ecological factors, effect of microbes on animals and plants; effect of syntropism and cometabolism in microorganisms, determination of specific growth rate of microorganisms; energy flow on ecosystems, energy transformation in ecosystem, primary production, secondary production; density and adaptation of microbes in various ecosystems, fresh water, marine, sewage, atmosphere and extreme environments, ecosystem management. Practical Enumeration of microorganisms in soil, sewage, fresh water and marine ecosystems; effect of temperature, moisture, pH stress on microorganisms; microbial adaptations; study of microbial succession pattern in different ecosystems, microbial utilization of insoluble substances-plant residues, animal residues; pattern of growth; isolation of microbes producing antimetabolites; study of interrelationship, amensalism, antibiotics production, crowded plate technique; predation; study of interrelationships between micro and macroorganisms. Suggested Readings Alexander, M. 1978.Advances in Microbial Ecology, Plenum Press, New York Allen A. benton and W.E. Werner, 1976. Field biology and Ecology. TataMcGraw Hill Publ. Co., Atlas, R.M. 1998. Microbial Ecology Benjamin / Cummings Sci. Pub., California Burns, R.G. and J.H Slater 1982. Experimental Microbial Ecology Blackwell Scientific Publ. Edinburg. George, L. C. 1954 Elements of Ecology. John Wiley add sona Inc. USA (ed.) Allen A. benton and W. E. Werner, 1976. Field biology and Ecology. Tata McGraw Hill Publ, Co.,ermann Remmert 1990s; Ecology - A text book. Springer - Verlag, Berlin Lampbell L.R. 1983. Microbial Ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publ. Oxford England

2.

Soil microbiology

(1 + 1)

Discoveries in soil microbiology; distribution of microorganisms in soil, quantitative and qualitative estimation of microorganisms in soil, role of microorganisms in soil fertility; influence of soil and environmental factors on microflora , moisture, pH, temperature, organic matter, agronomic practices etc.; distribution of microorganisms, in organic manure and composts; microorganisms in soil processes, carbon cycle, organic matter decomposition, humus formation, nitrogen cycle, nitrogen fixation, symbiotic, non symbiotic, associative organisms, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, reactions, organisms involved, factors affecting nitrogen transformation; microbial transformation of phosphorus, iron, sulphur, micronutrients in soil phosphorus solubilization by phosphobacteria and P mobilization by mycorrhizal fungi iron toxicity and iron bacteria, sulphur toxicity and sulphur bacteria; interrelationships between plants and microorganisms, rhizosphere concep, quantitative and qualitative studies, R: S ratio rhizoplane; spermosphere; phyllosphere microorganisms; their importance in plant growth; pesticides and other agrochemicals; recalcitrant molecules; plant growth regulators and phytotoxin production by microorganisms; use of soil microorganisms for pest and disease control; effect of pesticides on soil microflora Influence on soil microflora; microbial decomposition of chemicals applied to soil- microbial leaching of metal ores. Practical Enumeration of microbial population in soil; qualitative and quantitative distribution; isolation of symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria -non symbiotic and associative symbiotic bacteria; soil algae ; nitrification ; denitrification ; organic matter decomposition; CO2 evolution; rhizosphere ; spermosphere; phyllosphere; frankia isolation; mycorrhizae; isolation and plant infection studies ; associative and antagonistic relationships among soil microorganisms ; isolation of sulphur and iron bacteria; isolation and study of phosphobacteria and phosphorus solubility. Suggested Readings Martin Alexander 1976. Introduction to soil microbiology Willy Eastern Ltd. New Delhi. Robert LTate III. 1995. Soil Microbiology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp 398. Subbarao, N.S. 1977. Soil microorganisms and plant growth, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.

Walker, N. 1975. Soil Microbiology. Butterworths, London. 3. Fermentation technology (1+1)

Concept and scope of microbial fermentation technology , inoculum, screening and selection, fermentation medium, fermentation processes, dual and multiple fermentation, continuous fermentation, batch fermentation; bioreactors, types, designs and functional characteristics; scaleup of fermentation; strain improvement fermentation economics; fermentation processes, down stream processing and product recovery, production of organic solvents-ethyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, and acetone; beverages; beer and wine; amino acids, lysine and glutamicacid; vitamins and growth factors; vitamin B2 (ribofiavin), vitamin B12 (cobamide), gibberellins; enzymes-amylase, cellulase, glucose and isomerase, organic acids, citric, lactic, butyric and propionic acids; antibioticspencillin, streptomycin, tetracyclines and microbial polysaccharides; principles of immobilisation, kinds of immobilisation techniques and their importance; sources of industrially important microorganisms in India and abroad.
Practical

Screening industrially useful microorganisms and their growth characteristics; preparation of inoculum and fermentation media; fermentation of alcohol, organic, acids, amino acids, enzymes and antibiotics; immobilization techniques for increasing the fermentation products; bio assay techniques for antibiotics and vitamins.
Suggested Readings

Bisen, P.S. 1994. Frontiers in Microbial Technology. CBS publishers Casida.L.E. 1968.Industrial Microbiology. Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi, India. Mukerji, K.G., V.P. Singh and K.L. Garg, 1987. Frontiers in Applied Microbiology. Prink House (India) Peppier, H.J., and D. Perlman. 1979. Microbial Technology. Academic press, New York Prescott and Dunn. 1982. Industrial Microbiology. AVI Publishing Co., West port, Connecticut, U.S. A. Stainbury, 1995. Principles of fermentation Technology, Pergamon Press, London.

4.

Biofertilizers

(1+1)

Biofertilizers; development and the concept; contribution of microorganisms to soil fertility; groups of biofertilizers, organisms that fix atmospheric nitrogen - free-living, aerobic, symbiotic, endophytic bacteriaorganisms solubilising and mobilizing mineral phosphates; biochemistry and genetics of nitrogen fixation, nitrogenase, action of nitrogenase, hydrogenase, assay of nitrogen fixation; physiology of legume root nod\&t\s,^ZOTas/$2kvsv, B^Jws.'s.vs,, jKV<3assKv, VacaSisssv, b.io.chsmAste^ aad physiology of actinorhizal nodules; nitrogen assimilation; transporting of fixed nitrogen in symbiotic systems; mechanism of P solubilization by phosphobacteria and mobilization by mycorrhizal fungi; bacterial biofertilizers; Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Azorhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Acetobacter diazotrophicus - phosphobacteria and Frankia; algal fertilizer, blue green algae; Azolla,. Importance; mycorrhizal biofertilizers and their importance, mycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, endomycorrhizae, role of mycorrhizae, principles of mass production, growth characteristics of different groups of organisms; mass multiplication techniques, fermentation media, raw materials, inoculum preparation, carrier material, types and quality, mixing of carrier, broth, population dynamics in the inoculant during storage, Immobilization of cyanobacterial inoculant, principle; shelf life; quality control of biofertilizers, BIS standards of biofertilizers, of biofertilizers and its economics; field performance of biofertilizers; method of application, survival in soil; algal multiplication, methods of application etc; mycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae inoculant , endomycorrhizae, mass production, problems and prospects.
Practical

Isolation and testing the efficiency of various biofertilizers like Rhizobium. Azotobacter. Azospirillum, Acetobacter, BGA, phosphobacteria; mass multiplication techniques of Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, BGA, phosphobacteria; fermentor and fermentation requirements- pH, aeration; shelf life assessment of the inoculant quality control; storage techniques; methods of application; multiplication technique for Azolla in laboratory and field scale, enumeration of chlamydospores in soil and identification of different genera of VA Mycorrhizal fungi; multiplication techniques of mycorrhizae, field and pot culture testing of biofertilizers.
Suggested Readings

Bergersen, F.J. and J.R. Postgate 1987. A century of Nitrogen Fixation Research Present status and Future prospects. The Royal Soc., London. Dilworth, M.J. and A.R. Glenn, 1991. Biology and Biochemistry of Nitro-

gen Fixation. Elsevier, Amsterdam P. 438. Dixon, R. O.D. and C. f. Wheeler, 1986. Nitrogen Fixation in plants. Blackie USA, Chapman and Hall, New York. Hardy, R.W.F. and A.H. Gibson 1977. A treatise on Dinitrogen Fixation Section IV. Agronomy and Ecology John Wiley & Sons, New York. P. 638. Kannaiyan, S. 1999. Bioresources Technology for sustainable agriculture. Assoc. Pub. Co., New Delhi. Motsara, I. M.R., P. Bhattacharyya and Beena Srivastava, 1995 Biofertilizer Technology, Marketing and usage - A source Book -cumglossary - FDCO, New Delhi. Nutman, P.S. 1976. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in plants, Cambridge Univ. Press, London, P. 584. Somasegaran, P and H.J.Hoben, 1994. Hand book for Rhizobia; Methods in legume Rhizobium Technology. Springer-Verlag, New York. P. 450. Subba Rao, N.S. 1982 Advances in Agricultural Microbiology, Oxford and IBH Publn. Co., New Delhi.P. 704. Subba Rao, N.S. 1993. Biofertilizers in Agriculture and Forestry Oxford and IBH Publ. Co., New Delhi P.242. 5. Food microbiology (1+1)

Occurrence and role of microorganisms in food industry; primary sources of microorganisms found in food; intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of food affecting microbial growth; types of microorganisms in food like meats, poultry, seafood, vegetables and dairy products; assessing microbial load on food and food products, physical, chemical and immunological methods; microbial spoilage of different types of food; fruits, vegetable, milk, meat poultry and sea food; principles of food preservation; food preservation using chemical, irradiation, low temperature, high temperature and drying processes, aseptic packaging materials; fermentation of food and related products; fermentation of pickles, sauerkraut, bread, idly and curd; fermentation of vinegar and lactic acid Microbiology of processed canned fords; microorganisms as food; single cell protein; food sanitation, indicator organism, Coliform bacteria, foodborne diseases and food poisoning; botulism, salmonellosis-gestroenteritisfood pathogens, Clostridium perfringens, Vibrio haemolyticus, Campylobacter jejuni; food processing plant sanitation, microbiological

standards and guidelines, quality control and food laws. Practical Examination of microorganisms on normal and spoiled fruits and vegetables, cereal products, sugar products, dried fruits and vegetables; use of food preservatives viz. chemicals, irradiation, low and high temperature on the control of foodborne microorganisms; microbial spoilage of canned and bottled food, meat and fish ; diagnosis of spoilage of various food; microbiological survey in utensils and processing plants; fermentation of lactic acid and vinegar; assessing the load of Coliform bacteria and Salmonella, as indicator organisms.
Suggested Readings

Frazier,W.C. 1967.Food Microbiology. Me Graw Hill Company, USA. Jevy, J.M. 1987. Modern Food Microbiology, CBS publishers and Distributions. New York, USA. King, R. D. and P.S.J, Cheetham, 1986. Food Biotechnology Elsevier Applied Science, New York, USA.
6. Microbial management of organic wastes (1+1)

Organic wastes in the biosphere, tropical ecosystem, organic wastes in temperate and forest ecosystems; composition, source and quantum of wastes; qualitative nature of wastes; decomposition of the organic materials, processes of decomposition, aerobic and anaerobic degradation, mechanism of degradation, factors influencing degradation- moisture, temperature etc.; degradation of simple carbon compounds, monosaccharides, polysaccharids, complex substances, organisms involved; enzymes, byproducts; microbiology of anaerobic digestion, acetogenic and methanogenic microbes, biochemistry of conversion of cellulose to methane, farm and urban wastes, decomposition, methods and mechanism of composting, enriched compost; sewage, solid and liquid wastes, quality and quantity , sewage treatments, oxidation ponds, activated sludge etc., trickling filters, recycling of sewage water, organisms, pathogens, decomposers involved; agroindustrial wastes, wastes from sago factory, paper factory, sugar factory, distillery and tannery; nature and composition of the wastes; microbial conversion and useful products, substrates for microbial biomass and mushroom production; microbial deodorization and decoloration of effluents- organisms involved in degradation; microbial degradation of pesticides.
Practical

Quantitative and qualitative enumeration of microorganisms in organic wastes Degradation of cellulose and other carbon compounds; CO2 evolution; methane generation, methanogensis with different farm wastes; isolation and study of methanogens; succession of microorganisms in composting; microbial load in sewage, BOD and COD determination; sewage and effluent treatment; visit to sewage disposal plant; coir pith degradation; degradation of industrial wastes; use of wastes for SCP production
Suggested Readings

Morris. J.R. and M.H. Richmond 1981. Essay in Applied Microbiology John, Wiley & Son Ltd. Grassi G. and H. Zibelta. 1988 (Edn) Energy from Biomass 1 to 4 volume. Elsevier Applied Science, London & P New York. Roberts, M. 1996. Environmental Microbiology, John Willey & Sons, USA 7. Microbial control of crop pests and diseases (1+1)

Microflora of healthy and diseased insects; relationship between microorganisms and insects; parasitism and symbiosis, symptomology and diagnosis of microbial diseases of insects; isolation and identification of common insect pathogensjbacterial pathogens of insects; spore forming and nonspore forming bacteria; occurrence and conditions for spread of bacterial pathogens; mode of action, endo and ecto-toxins production by Bacillus thuringiensis. B. popilliae, mode of action of the toxins in insects; specificity, practical applications; genetic control of toxin productionjfungal pathogens of insects; isolation and identification of common fungal pathogens Beauveria, Metarrhizium, Cephalosporium, Entomophthora etc. ,occurrence and conditions for the spread; important fungal diseases of harmful and beneficial insects, mode of entry and action.insect viruses; nuclearpolyhedral viruses, cytoplasmic viruses etc., occurrence, spread, entry and mode of action on insects; other insect pathogens-protozoa, rickettsiae, PPLO and nematodesjmicrobial pathogens of plant roots viz. Rhizoctonia solani, Phomopsis scleraoides, Sclerotium Macrophomina Phytopthora and Fusarium shoots viz. Venturia inaegualis, Alternaria alternata, Erwinia amylovora and Ceratosystis parasiticus and their control by competition and antagonism; importance of Trichoderma viride; T.harzianum; Streptomyces, rhizobacteria, mycorrhiza and Thiobacillus on the control of plant root pathogens; control of aerial pathogens, prophylaxis -preinoculation, and immunization with avirulent pathogens; role of microorganisms in protecting the wounds of trees; techniques of application of microorganisms for control of microbial diseases; seed treatment, aerial spray and soil

treatmentjMicrobial insecticides; advantages of microbial insecticides, limitations-Mass production techniques; fermentation, formulation of insecticides, carrier materials quality control etc; compatibility of microbial and chemical insecticides; suitable insecticides for major pests; field application of microbial insecticides and its perpetuation. Practical Isolation and identification of the external microflora of healthy and infected; insects study of internal gut microflora of insects; study of symbiotic microflora of ants and termites; symptoms and diagnosis of diseases of insect; microbiological examination of diseased insects and isolation of the insect pathogens; assessing the lethal dose of the pathogen; demonstration of Koch's postulates; multiplication techniques of Nuclear polyhedral viruses; mass multiplication of insect pathogen; fermentation techniques; fermentation of microbial insecticides; microbial Control of root diseases and aerial pathogens; mass production and application methods. Suggested Readings Burges, H.D. 1981. Microbial control of insect pests, mites and plant diseases Academic, London Metcalf R.L. and Luckmann, W.H. 1994. Introduction to insect pest manageent, 3rd edition, John Willey & Sons, Inc. Jayaraj, S. 1985. Microbial control and pest management Steinhaus, E. A. 1949. Principles of insect pathology. Me. Graw - Hill New York

2.

BIOCHEMISTRY

A.

MAJOR 11 CREDITS 3+1 2+2 3+0 0+1 credit 8 CREDITS

A.I. CORE COURSES 1. Basic biochemistry 2. Techniques in biochemistry 3. Enzymology Seminar A.2. OPTIONAL COURSES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Intermediary metabolism 3+0 Plant biochemistry 3+0 Biochemistry of food grains, fruits and vegetables 2 + 1 Special biochemistry course (region/crop specific) 2 + 1 Inorganic nitrogen metabolism 2+1 Biomembranes
2+0

7. Fundamentals of molecular biology 8. Biochemistry of biotic and abiotic stresses 9. Immunochemistry 10. Special topics in biochemistry 11. Research methodology B. SUPPORTIVE COURSES

3+2 3+ 0 2+0 1+0 0+1 15 CREDITS Total 35 credits

To be decided by the Students Advisory Committee A.I CORE COURSES

1. Basic biochemistry

(3+1)

Scope and importance of biochemistry in agriculture; fundamental principles governing life; structure of water; acid base concept and buffers; pH; hydrogen bonding; hydrophobic, electrostatic and Van der Waal forces; general introduction to physical techniques for determination of structure of biopolymers; fundamentals of thermodynamics applicable to biological processes; classification, structures and functions of amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids; structure and biological function of vitamins; enzymes; classification and mechanism

of action - regulation, factors affecting enzyme action, concept of oxidation-reduction in biological systems; bioenergetics, biomembranes and oxidative phosphorylation; metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates; photosynthesis and respiration; DNA replication, transcription and translation, recombinant DNA technology. Practical Preparation of buffers, nitrogen estimation by different methods, separation of amino acids by TLC, Separation of proteins on PAGE, enzyme assay, estimation of reducing and non-reducing sugars, estimation of oil, iodine value, saponification value and acid value, fatty acid composition by GLC, isolation and quantification of nucleic acids, estimation of ascorbic acid, estimation of riboflavin and thiamine. Suggested Readings Conn, E.E., Stumpf, P.K., Bruening, G. and Doi, R.H. 1997. Outlines of Biochemistry, John. Wiley & Sons Inc., New York and Toranto. Finar, I.L. 1993. Organic Chemistry, Vol. I, II, 6th edn. Longman, London and New York. Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M. 2000. Lehninger Principles of Biochemisitry, 3rd edn. Printed in India by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi for Worth Publishers, New York. Stenesh, J. 1998. Biochemistry, Vol. I (Foundation of Biochemistry), Vol. II (Biomolecules), Vol. Ill (Metabolism), Plenum Press, New York and London. Stryer, L. 1995. Biochemistry, 4th edn. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. Voet, D., Voet, J.G. and Pratt, C.W. 1999. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York and Toranto. Zubay, G.L. 1998. Biochemistry, 4th edn. W.C. Brown Publishers. 2. Techniques in biochemistry (2+2)

pH and buffers; preparation and purification of cell organelles; spectrophotometry (UV, visible, infrared) and spectrofluorometry; ultracentrifugation; chromatographic techniques-basics, ion exchange, gel filtration and affinity chromatography, GLC and HPLC; electrophoretic techniques for protein and nucleic acid separation-PAGE,

SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focussing; ELISA use of radioisotopes in biochemistry including autoradiography and safety aspects; mass spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance; X-ray crystallography; neutron scattering technique. Practical pH and preparation of buffers, soluble protein estimation, fractionation of cell organelles, estimation of sugars by colorimetric methods, extraction of lipids and their separation on TLC, estimation of iodine value and saponification value, separation of amino acids by TLC, analysis of N-terminal amino acids, separation of proteins and isozyme analysis by PAGE, molecular weight determination by SDS-PAGE, enzyme purification (Amylase/Peroxidase/Lysozyme) - acetone powder, ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange/gel chromatography, enzyme kinetics, GLC, HPLC, DNA isolation and agarose gel electrophoresis, polysome isolation by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, flourimetric estimation of vitamins, liquid scintillation counting. Suggested Readings Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M. 2000. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 3rd edn. Printed in India by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi for Worth Publishers, New York. Ornstein, L. 1964. Disc Electrophoresis : Background and Theory. Ann. NYAcad. Sci., 121: 321-340. Pfummer, D.T. 1998. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, 3rd edn. Tata McGrawHill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi. Rickwood, D. (Ed..) 1984. Practical Approaches in Biochemistry, 2nd edn., IRL Press Ltd., Washington DC. Sulkowski, E. 1985. A Preview : Purification of Proteins. In Trends in Biochemistry, 3, 1-17. Wilson, K. and Goulding, K.H. 1992. A Biologist's Guide to Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry, 3rd edn. Cambridge Univ. Press, UK. Wilson, K. and Walker, J. 2000. Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry, 5th edn. Cambridge Univ. Press, UK.

[W]

3.

Enzymology

(3 +0)

Introduction and historical perspective; classification and nomenclature; isolation and purification of enzymes; cofactors - structures and biological functions; theory of enzymatic catalysis, specificity, concept of active site and enzyme substrate complex, active site mapping, covalent and acid base catalysis, factors associated with catalytic efficiency, proximity, orientation, distortion and strain, induced fit hypothesis; kinetics, chemical kinetics a brief review, enzymatic kinetics; effect of substrate concentration, derivation of Michaelis-Menten equation, Ks, Km, Vmax, and Kcat and their significance, methods to determine Km and Vmax with their merits and demerits; Briggs- Haldane steady state approach, King-Altman patterns, computer simulation of Michaelis-Menten equation; effect of different factors affecting enzyme activities; transition state theory; Arrhenius equation; determination of energy of activation; optimum temperature and thermal stability of enzyme; inhibition of enzyme catalyzed reaction, irreversible and reversible, competitive, uncompetitive, noncompetitive, mixed type, bisubstrate reaction kinetics; random, ordered and Ping-Pong mechanisms; allosteric enzymes; basic concept; significance, positive and negative effectors, heterotropic and homotropic effects; determination of binding sites, Hill plot, Scatchard plot, sequential and symmetry models; isozymes, multienzyme complexes and systems, bifunctional enzymes. Immobilized enzymes; relative practical and economic advantages for industrial uses; effect of partition on kinetics and performance with particular emphasis on charge and hydrophobicity, immobilized enzyme systems; ribozymes.
Suggested Readings

Bergmeyer, H.U. 1983. Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Vol. II. Verlag Chemie, Weinhem, Academic Press, New York and London. Dixon, M., Webb, E.G. Thorne, C.J.R. and Tipton, K.F. 1979. Enzymes, 3rd edn., Longman, London. Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M. 2000. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 3rd edn. Printed in India by Replika press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi for Worth Publishers, New York. Palmer, T. 2001. Enzymes: Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Clinical Chemistry, 5th edn. Horwood Publishing, Chichester, England. Price, N.C. and Stevens, L. 1999. Fundamentals of Enzymology, 3rd edn. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford. Wilson, K. and Walker, J. (Eds.). 2000. Principles and Techniques of
fl8l '

Practical Biochemistry, 5th edn. Cambridge Univ. Press. A. 2 1. OPTIONAL COURSES Intermediary metabolism (3 +0)

The living cell : a unique chemical system; experimental approaches to study metabolism; transport mechanisms, thermodynamics, kinetics and mechanism, active and passive transport; signal transduction, carbohydrate metabolism, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, HMP pathway, glyoxylate pathway, glycogen synthesis, and its regulation, bioenergetics, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation and its regulation; lipid metabolism and its regulation; amino acid metabolism; general reactions, degradation and biosynthesis, sulphur metabolism; metabolism of nucleic acids; degradation and biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines; regulation and integration of metabolic pathways. Suggested Readings Adams, R.L.P., Knewler, J.T. and Leader, D.P. 1992. The Biochemistry of Nucleic Acids, 11th edn. Chapman and Hall, London, New York. Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W. and Jones, R.L. (Eds.). 2000. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, Maryland, USA. Metzler, D.E. 2001. Biochemistry, Vol.11 : The Chemical Reactions of Living Cells, 2nd edn. Harcourt Academic Press, London and New York. Stryer, L. 1995. Biochemisitry, 4th edn. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. Stumpf, P.K. and Conn, E.E. (Eds.1). The Biochemistry of Plants : A Comprehensive Treatise, Vol. I, II, III, IV & V. Academic Press, London. Voet, D., Voet, J.G. and Pratt, C.W. 1999. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York and Toranto. 2. Plant biochemistry (3+0)

Plant cell organelles and their separation; structure and function of cell organelles. photo synthetic pigments in relation to their functions; photosynthesis, generation of NADPH and ATP; C3, C4 and CAM pathway and their regulation; photorespiration, sucrose-starch interconversions, biosynthesis of structural carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Biochemistry of nitrogen fixation and nitrate assimilation; sulphate reduction

and incorporation of sulphur into amino acids; biochemistry of seed germination and development; biochemistry of fruit ripening, phytohormones and their mode of action; signal transduction; biochemistry and significance of secondary metabolites - cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, alkaloids; plant defence system. Suggested Readings Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W. and Jones, R.L. (Eds.) 2000. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, Maryland, USA. Dey, P.M. and Harborne, J.B. 1997. Plant Biochemistry, Academic Press. Heldt, H.W. 1997. Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oxford Univ. Press. Lea, P.J. and Leegood, R.C. (Eds.) 1999. Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2nd edn., John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. Mehta, S.L., Lodha, M.L. and Sane, P.V. (Eds.) 1993. Recent Advances in Plant Biochemistry, Publication and Information Division, ICAR, Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan, Pusa, New Delhi. 3. Biochemistry of food grains, fruits and vegetables (2+1)

Fundamentals of human nutrition, concept of balanced diet; biochemical composition and food value of various food grains (including cereals, pulses, oil seeds), fruits and vegetables, biochemistry of food spoilage, role of lipase and lipoxygenase; antinutritional factors, biochemical aspects of post-harvest technology such as storage and preservation; fundamentals of food processing; biochemical basis of nutritional quality-improvement of food grains, vegetables and fruits; factors affecting nutritive value of food grains, fruits and vegetables. Practical Estimation of protein content; estimation of limiting amino acids; estimation of starch; estimation of lipids/oil content; estimation of phenolics; phytates and oxalates in leafy vegetables, estimation of carotenoids, estimation of dietary fibre, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor activities, estimation of vitamin C in fruits, reducing and non-reducing sugars in fruits.

Suggested Readings

Hulme, A.C. (Ed.). 1970. Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables and their Products- Vol. I and II, Academic Press, London. Juliano, B.O. 1985. Rice : Chemistry and Technology, The Amer. Assoc. Cereal Chemists, Inc. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. Pomaranz, Y. (Ed.) 1971. Wheat: Chemistry and Technology, The Amer. Assoc. Cereal Chemists, Inc. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. Ranganna, S. (Ed.). 1986. Handbook of Analysis and Quality for Fruits and Vegetable Products, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Cor. Ltd., New Delhi. Rao, B.S.N., Deosthale, Y.G. and Pant, K.C. (Eds.). 1989. Nutritional Value of Indian Foods, Revised edn. National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR, Hyderabad.
4. Special biochemistry course (2+1)

This course would be region/crop-specific, e.g., biochemistry of tea, biochemistry of tuber crops, biochemistry of plantation crops. (Course content is to be decided by the concerned University/Institute).
5. Inorganic nitrogen metabolism (2+1)

Biochemistry of nitrogen cycle; biological nitrogen fixation; structure, function and regulation of nitrogenase; structure, function and regulation of nif genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae; biochemical basis of legumeRhizobium symbiosis; genes involved in symbiosis; different types of hydrogenases and role of uptake hydrogenase in N2-fixation; chemoautotrophy in rhizobia;! biochemistry of ferredoxin and other nonheme iron proteins; biochemistry of nitrate assimilation and mechanism of its regulation; GS/GOGAT and GDH pathway; ureides and amides as nitrogen transport compounds; biochemistry of denitrification process and phosphorylation in denitrifying bacteria; nitrification process and path of carbon assimilation in nitrifying bacteria.
Practical

Estimation of nitrite content, estimation of protein by Lowry's method, estimation of nitrate content by hydrazine sulphate reduction method, in vivo assay of nitrate reductase activity, in vitro assay of nitrate reductase activity, in vitro assay of nitrite reductase activity, in vitro assay of glutamine synthetase activity, in vitro assay of glutamate synthase and

glutamate dehyrogenase activity, estimation of ureides and amides, assay of nitrogenase activity by acetylene reduction method, estimation of hydrogen evolution by legume nodules. Suggested Readings Beevers, L. 1979. Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants, Gulab Vazirani for Arnold - Heinermann. Bergersen, F.J. (Ed.). 1980. Methods for Evaluating Biological Nitrogen Fixation, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York and Toranto. Bray, C.M. 1983. Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants, Longman, London and New York. Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W. and James, R.L. (Eds.). 2000. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, Maryland, USA. Mehta, S.L., Lodha, M.L. and Sane, P.V. (Eds.). 1993. Recent Advances in Plant Biochemistry, Publication and Information Division, ICAR, Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan, Pusa, New Delhi. 6. Biomembranes (2+0)

Concept of biomembranes and their classification based on cellular organelles; physico-chemical properties of different biological and artificial membranes, cell surface receptors and antigen, membrane biogenesis and differentiation; membrane components - lipids, their distribution and organisation; proteins, intrinsic and extrinsic, their arrangement; carbohydrates in membranes and their function, various membrane movements; transport across membrane and energy transduction, role of membrane in cellular metabolism, cell recognition and cell-to-cell interaction; signal transduction, recent trends in membrane researc Suggested Readings Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, S.A., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D. and Darnell, J. 1999. Molecular Cell Biology, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M. 2000. Lehninger Principles of Biochemisitry 3rd edn. Printed in India by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi for Worth Publishers, New York. Smallwood, M., Knox, J.P. and Bowls, B.J. 1996. Membranes: Special-

ised Functions in Plants, Bros Scientific Publishers. Stryer, L. 1995. Biochemistry, 4th edn. W.H.Freeman and Company, New York. 7 Fundamentals of molecular biology (3+2)

Historical development of molecular biology; nucleic acids as genetic material, chemistry and structure of DNA and RNA; biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides and their regulation; genome organisation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; chromatin structure and function. DNA replication, DNA polymerases, topoisomerases, DNA ligase; reverse transcriptase; repetitive and non-repetitive DNA, satellite DNA; transcription process, RNA editing, RNA processing; molecular mechanism of regulation of lac operon, attenuation of trp operon; RNA replicase; ribosomes, structure and function, organisation of ribosomal proteins and RNA genes, genetic code; aminoacyl tRNA synthases; inhibitors of replication, transcription and translation; translation and post-translational modifications; nucleases and restriction enzymes, DNA sequencing, recombinant DNA technology, vectors, isolation of genes, recombinant vector, selection of recombinants, PCR; general features of replication, transcription, site directed mutagenesis and translation in eukaryotes. Practical Estimation of DNA and RNA, isolation of plasmids, Isolation of genomic DNA from crop plants, isolation of total RNA and poly (A)+ RNA, Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA and RNA, restriction analysis of DNA, Radiolabelling of DNA (probe making), Southern blotting and hybridization, Isolation of ribosomes, rRNA and r-proteins, In vitro translation, PAGE of in vitro translated products, DNA sequencing. Suggested Readings Adams, R.L.P., Knowler, J.T. and Leader, D.P. 1992. The Biochemistry of the Nucleic Acids, 11th edn. Chapman & Hall, London and New York. Alberts, B., Bray, D., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Walter, P. 1998. Essential Cell Biology : An Introduction to the Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Publishing, Inc., New York & London. Ausbel, P.M., Brent, R., Kingston, R.E., Moore, D.D., Seidman, J.G., Smith, J.A. and Struhl, K. (Eds.). 1999. Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 4th edn. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York and Toranto. Blackburn, G.M. and Gait, M.J. 1996. Nucleic Acids in Chemistry and

Biology, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York. Glick, B.R. and Pasternak, J.J. 1994. Molecular Biology : Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology, ASM Press Washington DC. Lewin, B. 2000. Genes VII, 1st edn. Oxford University Press, New York. Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, S.A., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D. an d Darnell, J. 1999. Molecular Cell Biology, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. Old, R.W. and Primrose, S.B. 1989. Principles of Gene Manipulation : An Introduction to Genetic Engineering, 4th edn. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London. Paris. Berlin. Sambrook, J. and Russel, D.W. 2001. Molecular Cloning : A Laboratory Manual, Vol. I, II & III, CSHL Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York. 8. Biochemistry of biotic and abiotic stresses (3+0)

Plant-pathogen interaction and disease development; molecular mechanisms of fungal and bacterial infection in plants; changes in metabolism, cell wall composition and vascular transport in diseased plants; plant defence response, antimicrobial molecules; genes for resistance, hypersensitive response and cell death; systemic and acquired resistance; plant viruses, host-virus interactions, disease induction, virus movement, and host range determination; viroids, pathogen-derived resistance; biochemical basis of abiotic stresses namely osmotic (drought, salinity), temperature, heavy metals, air and water pollutants, interaction between biotic and abiotic stresses; stress adaptation; molecular strategies for imparting tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses Suggested Readings Basra, A.S. 1997. Stress Induced Gene Expression in Plants, Harwood Academic Publishers. Chessin. M., DeBorde.D. and Zipf, A. 1995. Antiviral Proteins in Higher Plants, CRC Press, Boca Raton. Crute, I.R., Burden, J.J. and Holub, E.B. (Eds.). 1997. Gene-for-Gene Relationship in Host-Parasite Interactions, Wallingford, U.K.: CAB Int.

Dengl, J. 1995. Bacterial Pathgoenesis of Plants and Animals : Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg Germany. Fritig, B. and Legrand, M. 1993. Mechanism of Plant Defence Responses, Dardecht Kluwer Academic Press. Levitt, J. 1980. Responses of Plants to Environmental Stresses, Academic Press, New York. Primrose,S.B. 1989. Introduction to Modern Virology, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London. Paris. Berlin. 9. Immunochemistry (2 +0)

History and scope of immunology; components of immune system. Immunoglobulins chemistry, structure and functions; antigens, haptens and complement system; biochemistry and interactions of antigens, antibody and lymphocytes; molecular organisation of immunoglobulins and classes of antibodies, antibody diversity; immuno-regulation; vaccines; monoclonal antibodies and their uses; current immunological techniques - ELISA, radioimmunoassay. Suggested Readings Abbas,A.K., Lichtman, A.H. and Pober, J.S. 1994. Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2nd edn. Saunders Company. Elgert, K.D. 1996. Immunology : Understanding the Immune System, Wiley Liss Inc. Publication. Harlow and Lane,D. (Eds.) 1988. Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Kuby, J. 1996. Immunology, 3rd edn. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York Roitt, I. M. 1994. Essential Immunology, 8th edn. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London. Paris. Berlin. 10. Special topics in biochemistry Presentation/Discussion on current topics in biochemistry. (1+0)

11. Research methodology

(0+1)

Introduction - seminar paper preparation and presentation; how to write dissertation? guidelines for review of literature, materials and methods, results and discussion, presentation, references, Writing research project, setting up of a biochemistry laboratory, infrastructural and working facilities, implementation, project cost, Budget; Bioinformatics, online and off-line information retrieval, browsing biological databases through internet; molecular modelling using IRL software, protein-folding studies and plasmid construction using software; use of software for deletion and insertion of DNA fragments in standard plasmids; DNA sequencing, downloading sequence homology from internet, gene bank, EMBL sources and comparing the sequences; Dendrogram construction using software using NTSys; mapmarker and UPGMA based analyses; RFLP/RAPD/AFLP data handling; use of software for graphing, slide making, poster preparation; scanning gels, photography, X-ray photography and autoradiography perspectives. Suggested Readings Brown, S.M. 2000. A Biologists'Guide to Bio-computing and the Internet, A Biotechniques Books Publication, Eaton Publishing, USA.

3.

PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

A. A.I.

MAJOR CORE COURSES 1. 2. 3. 4. Moleular genetics Molecular biology Cell biology Genetic engineering'- principles & methods 12 CREDITS 2+1 2+1 1+1 3+1 0+1 credit 8 CREDITS 0+3 2+0 2+1 2+0 2+0 2+1 2+0 2 +0 1 + 1 1 + 1 2 + 0 2+0 2+0 14 CREDITS Total 35 credits

Seminar A.2. OPTIONAL C OURSES 1. Techniques in molecular biology 2. Molecular genetics of plasmid and bacteriophage 3. Plant tissue culture 4. Plant molecular biology 5. Gene regulation 6. Enzymology 7. Introduction to industrial biotechnology 8. Plant genetic engineering 9. Principles of immunology 10. Biotechnology and society 1 1. Biomolecule prospecting 12. Molecular biology of plant virues 13. Protein engineering B. SUPPORTIVE COURSES

To be decided by the Students Advisory committee A. 1 1. CORE COURSES Molecular genetics

(2 + 1)

Model genetic systems- lambda, E.coli, Neurospora, yeast, Drosophila, Arabidopsis and maize; principles of inheritance, qualitative and quantitative traits, DNA as genetic material; sources of genetic variation, molecular basis of genetic variation, induced mutagenesis, physical,

chemical - and:bibJogfcaJ, site. directed inutageheSis^gerie transfer, in prokaryotes, conjugation, transformation and-transduction, fine structure analysis of gene, complementation arid test of allelism, changing concept of gene, pro and eukaryotic genomes, genome complexity, repective vs unique DNA sequences, chromatin and chromosome, structures, DNA and chromosome replication, artificial chromosomes, genetic recombination and repair; chromosome mapping, genetic,-physical and molecular maps, molecular mapping and tagging of genes, marker as.._..,-., ,sjst.ejd .selection; structural organizational of genes in .pro $* eiikaryotes, ' operon concept, gene expression and regulation, positive and negative controls, genetics of antibody diversity, molecular genetics of cell division and aging, DNA fingerprinting and biodiversity, functional genomics. Practical {Bacterial and phage tine estimation; growth kinetic studies; characterization on bacterial strains for antibiotic and drug resistance; induced ,...,.. ......rnujtagenesis; chemical, physical, biological and site directed; gene tratis..--.'. "fer methods and gene rmij >ping in bacteria; complementation test; analysis of gene regulation employing E. coli mutants; construction of restriction maps; construction of molecular maps, gene mapping and QTL analysis; DNA fingerprinting, estimatiori of genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis. Suggested Readings Old, 1997, Principles of gene manipulations, Blackwell Publication, UK Paterson, A.H. (1996), Genome mapping in plants, Academic Press, USA Foster and Twell (1997), Plant gene isolation: Principles and Practice. John Wiley, USA, UK. 2. ' Molecular biology (2+ 1\

Historical development of molecular biology, chemistry & structure of D'NA ; and : RNA; biosynthesis 6'f purine and pyrirnidine nucletides and their regulation, genome organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, chloroplast and mitochondria! DNA, molecular structure and function, chromatin structure and function, DNA replication, repetitive and non " ''-'repetitive DNA, satellite DNA; transcription processes, RNA editing & R N A processing, iibosomes, structure 8s function, organization of ribosomal RNA genes, genetic code, arrnnoacyl tRNA synthetases; translation and post transnational r'nadifications," nucleases and restriction : enzymes, DNA sequencing.

Practical Preparations of buffers, solutions; isolation of genomic DNA; from crop plants; isolation of total RNA & poly (A)+ RNA; agardse gel electrophoresis r pf DN.A and RNA; determination of base composition of ON A; measurement of reassociatiori kinetics arid,Tm of genomic DNA; restriction analysis of genomic DNA; radiolabelling of DNA (probe making);southern blotting & hybridizatipn; isolation of ribpsornes, rRNA &,r- proteins; in vitro ~ translation and PAGE of in vitro translated products; DNA sequencing. Suggested Readings Lewin, B. 1994, 1997 Genes V and VI, Oxford University Press, Oxford '"""'' L^hhiriger, AL., D.L.kelson and M.M^Cqx, 1993 (2nd Edition) Principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publishers, New Delhi. Brown, T.A. (1994), Gene cloning, Blackwell Publications Freifelder, D. 1990 (2nd edition) Molecular Biology, Springer Verlag Polasa, H. 1991. Microbial Gene Technology, South Asian Publishers Christopher Wills. The wisdom of the genes. Oxford University Press Elliot and felliot. 1999. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Oxford University press, Ninfa and Ballon. 1998. Biochemistry and Biotechnology. Fitz gerald Science press,Inc. USA 3. Cell biology (1 + 1)

Evolution and cell theory, general structure and constituents of plant cells; similarities and distinctions between plant and animal cells; cell wall, cell membrane, cell surface related functions; endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear structure, synthesis and function; cyto - skeletal elements ; structure and function of major organelles; chromosome, chloroplast, mitochondria, ribosomes in relation to cell growth and division; specialized cells in various tissues; regulation of cell cycle and cell division, regulation of cellular funcuor; by growth factors and hormones.

Practical
Fractionation of tissues and cells; isolation of cellular organelles and macromolecules; chromatography, ukracentrifugation techniques,

lectrophoresis; microscop preparations, specimen and staining procedure. Suggested Readings

Darnell, J., Harvey Lodish and David Baltimore, 1986. Molecular Cell Biology, Scientific American Books Inc. Gunning, B.E.S. and M.W.Steer, 1996. Plant Cell Biology, Jones and Bartlett Publishers. London. Garret, R.H. and C.M.Grisham. 1995. Molecular aspects of Cell Biology. Part V. Saunders College Publishing, New York Sheeler, P. and Bianchi, D.E. 1987. Cell and Molecular Biology. John Wiley & Sons. Inc. New York. Verma, P.S. and Agarwal, V.K. 1994. Cytology. S.Chand & Co., New Delhi. 4. Genetic engineering - principles and methods (3 + 1)

Recombinant DNA technology, characteristic of vectors derived from bacterial plasmids and phages and plant and animal viruses; restriction enzymes; DNA cloning strategies, preparation and screening of genomic and cDNA libraries; Identification and isolation of structural genes and regulatory elements, changing genes; site - directed mutagenesis; transfer of cloned DNA and expression of cloned genes into foreign cells; bacteria plants & animal, cells; problem in gene transfer & expression ; potential application of genetic engineering in agriculture, medicine and industry; genetic engineering of secondary metabolites, analysis of bio-safety aspects of gene manipulation; antisense RNA; ribozymes; PCR, DNA sequncing; the impact of recombinant DNA technology; biosafety aspects & patents . Practical Isolation of plasmid DNA and restriction; isolation of plant DNA and restriction; isolation .of virus D N A and restriction jagarose gel electrophoresis of restricted DNA samples; cloning in phage and plasmid based vectors; transduction of E. coliand in vitro packaging; preparation of radio labelled DNA probe; Southern blotting and hybridization; isolation and identification of positive clones; cloning and sub cloning; DNA sequencing by Sanger's dideoxy method.

Suggested Readings Foster and Twell (199-7), Plant gene isolation: Principles and Practice. John Wiley, USA, UK. Owen, M.R.L. and Pen (1997) Transgenic plants: a production system for industrial and pharmaceutical proteins: John Wiley, USA, UK. Kung, S. and Wu, R. (1993), Transgenic Plants: Vols 1&2 Academic Press, USA. Potrykus, F. and Spangenberg (1995) Gene Transfer to Plants, Springar verlag, Germany. Brown, T.A. 1996. Gene Cloning. Blackwell Publications A. 2 1. OPTIONAL COURSES Techniques in molecular biology (0+3)

Extraction of proteins and nucleic acids, their quantification, electrophoresis of proteins, molecular weight determination, Western blot analysis, extraction and estimation of DNA, total RNA and mRNA isolation and purification of plasmid DNA, restriction, agarose gel electrophoresis, elution of fragments from gels, Southern transfer and hybridization, autoradiography, competent cell preparation, RFLP & RAPD analysis, PCR & DNA sequencing, ELISA & RIA. Practical Extraction of proteins and quantification; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins; isolation of plant DNA, phage DNA and plasmid DNA; isolation and purification of total RNA and mRNA; restriction analysis of DNA; radiolabelling of DNA; Southern transfer and Southern hybridization and autoradiography; PCR and DDRT - PCR;RAPD analysis; DNA sequencing; deletion mapping; DNAase I foot printing; gel retardation assay; ELISA. Suggested Readings Sambrook,E., F.Fritsch andT.Maniatis .(1989). Molecular Cloning. Cold Spring Harbor Press.Cold Spring Harbor, New York. Old and Primrose (1984).Principles of gene manipulation.Blackwell Brown.T.A. (1995).Gene Cloning
131 I

an

Introduction.(3rd

edition).ChapmanHall, 2-6 Bundary Row, U.K. Ausubel.F.M., R. Brent,R.E..Kingston, D.D.Moore, J.G.Seidman, J.A. Smit.( 1992).Short Protocols in Molecular Biology. Cold Spring Harbor Press. Cold Spring Harbor, New York. 2. Molecular genetic of plasmids and bacteriophage (2+0)

Plasmids and episomes, their general structure and variation in size; determinants of incompatibility and fertility inhibition; conjugate mobilization genes and genes for surface exclusion, integration, excision and amplification; plasmid transformation requirements; structure, organization and functioning of insertion and transformation elements; plasmids as vectors; plasmid carrying genes of economic importance; types of prokaryotic viruses, genome organization and replication of single stranded RNA and DNA and double stranded DNA phages of bacteria, genetic control of gene expression by self and host coded products, phage host interactions, molecular genetics of lysogeny, immunity and phage variation transduction, secondary functions specified by phages. Suggested Readings Gardner, E.J., M.J.Simons and D.P.Snustard 1991. Genetics.John Willey & Sons Inc. New York. Principles of

llartl, D.L. 1994. Genetics. Jones & Bartler Publishers, London Lewin, B. 1994 Gene V Oxford University Press, Oxford Snustar, D.P., M.J.Simmons and J.B.Jenkins. 1997. Principles of Genetics, John Wiley & Sons, New York Stickberger, M.W. 1996. Genetics (third edition) Printice-Hall Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi Weaver, R.F. and P.W.Hedrich. 1995. Basic Genetics, Brown, Publisher, London 3. Plant tissue culture (2 + 1)

History and scope, totipotency and cell theory; growth and differentiat i o n of p l a n t s ; growth regulation of morphogenesis, somatic embryogenesis; application of tissue culture for plant improvement, micropropagation, embryo rescue, anther culture, germplasm conservation, production of secondary metabolites, somaclonal variation, eel-

lular mutagenesis, protoplast culture, somatic cell genetics, alien gene transfer; cryopreservatjon.
Practical

Preparation of nutrient media; handling and standardization -of plant material ; isolation, inoculation and subculturing; estimation of callus cells suspension culture; protoplast isolation and culture; plant segmentation; micropropagation; selection of cell lines for various stress conditions; gene transfer experiments, Direct and indirect methods; transformation and regeneration of plant protoplasts.
Suggested Readings

Gamborg, O.L. and G.C.Philips. 1995. Culture.

Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ

Fundamental Methods, Narosa Publication. Trevor A. Thorpe, 1995. In vitro embryogenesis in plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
4. Plant molecular biology (2+0)

Plants as genetic system; general organization of nuclear, mitochondria and chloroplast genomes; tissue specific expression of genes; structure, organization and regulation of nuclear genes concerning storage proteins, sugar and starch synthesis; genes responding to hormones, phytochrome, abiotic and biotic stresses; plant - microbe interaction; genes involved in photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation; genetic interactions between nucleus, chloroplast and mitochondria; mitochondrial control of fertility; selectable markers in plants and their uses; single transduction, molecular farming.
Suggested Readings

Old, 1997, Principles of gene manipulations, Blackwell Publication, UK Paterson, A.M. (1996), Genome mapping in plants, Academic Press, USA Foster and Twell (1997), Plant gene isolation: Principles and Practice. John Wiley, USA, UK.
5. Gene regulation (2+0)

Concept of gene and genome, general control of DNA, RNA and protein

synthesis; gene regulation in prokaryotes; gene clustering and operon concept; mechanism of positive and negative control of gene expression; translational and transcriptional control of regulatory mechanism of gene expression in eukaryotes; role of post - transcription and post - translational events in gene regulation; Isolation of represser and characterization of operator. Suggested Readings Lindsey, K. 1998. Transgenic Plant Research. Harwood Academic Publishers. The Netherlands. Murphy, D.J. 1994.Designer Oil crops. VCH, Weinheim. Hiatt, A and Mostoc, K. (1993) Transgenic plants : Fundamental and applications. New York, Marcel Dekkar Inc. 6. Enzymology (2 + 1)

Enzyme nomenclature and classification, assay, isolation, purification and characterization; structure conformation, specificity, mechanism of action, transient and steady state kinetics, active site mapping, regulation of enzyme activity, multi enzyme complexes, immobilized enzymes, application of enzyme in chemical and food industry, clinical applications of enzymes. Practical Isolation of soluble proteins and their characterization; isolation and purification of enzymes; determination of activity and specific activity of an enzyme; determination of Km and V max; enzyme kinetics; enzyme inhibitors. Suggested Readings Price, N.L. and L.Stevens, 1993. Fundamentals of enzymology, Oxford Scientific. Stryer, L. 1994. Biochemistry. Fourth Edition, W.H.Freeman & Company, New York. Garrett, R.H. and C.M.Grisham, 1995. Biochemistry. Saunders College Publishing 7. Introduction to industrial biotechnology (2+0)

Concept and scope of microbial fermentation technology, inoculum, I 34 I

screening and selection fermentation medium, fermentation process bioreactor types design, fermentation economic, fermentation of food and related products, production of organic solvents - beverages - amino acids, single cell protein, vitamins and growth factors antibiotics and enzymes, genetic engineering and production of human proteins through microbes, commercial application of genetically engineered microbes, biosensor, industrial production of commercially important biofertilizers and biopesticides, microbial degradation of waste products; biomining and metal extraction, phytoremediation.
Suggested Readings

Preschott, L.M. J.P.Harley and D.A.Klein. 1993. Microbiology. Wm.C.Brown Comon.Inc. Dubugue USA. Cassida. 1996. Industrial Microbiology. Wiley Eastern publishers. 8. Plant genetic engineering (2+0)

Methods of plant breeding in relation to the reproductive system; comparison of strategies of crop improvement, isolation and characterization of plant genes and promoters, construction and screening of cosmid based library using homologous and heterologous probes; construction of vectors for gene transfer, methods of gene transfer, study of transgene integration and expressions, copy number variation, transgene inheritance and stability, plant genetic engineering for stress tolerance, male sterility and herbicide tolerance and modification of carbohydrate, protein and oil; post - harvest quality, production of bioplastics, plastibodies and vaccine; processing of genetically engineered variability for evolving superior genotypes; transgenic plants and environmental issues.
Suggested Readings

Ausubel.F.M., R. Brent, R. E.,Kingston, D.D.Moore, J.G.Seidman, J.A. Smit.(1992).Short Protocols in Molecular Biology. Brown.T.A. (1995).Gene Cloning an I n t r o d u c t i o n . ( 3 r d e d i t i o n ) . ChapmanHall, 2-6 Bunclary Row, U.K. Brown.T.A. 1995.Gene Cloning an I n t r o d u c t i o n . ( 3 r d e d i t i o n ) . ChapmanHall, 2-6 Bundary Row, U.K. Cold Spring Harbor Press. Cold Spring Harbor, New York. Foster and Twell. (1997). Plant gene isolation : Principles and Practice Kung and Wu (1993).Transgenic Plants: Vols 1&2 Old and Primrose

(1984).Principles of gene manipulation.Blackwell Owen and Pen (1997.Transgenic plants :(a production system for industrial and pharmaceutical proteins) Potrykus and Spangenberg 1995.Gene Transfer to Plants Rissler and Mellon 1996.Ecological risks of transgenic crops Sambrook,E., F.Fritsch and T.Maniatis .(1989). Molecular Cloning. Cold Spring Harbor Press.Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
9. Principles of immunology (1+1)

History and sope of immunology, antigens, adjutants immune system, organs, tissues and cells, immunoglobulins, chemistry and structure and their biological functions, cellular interaction in the immune response antigen recongnition - T cell receptors, cell mediates immune repossess, immuno-regulation, immunological tolerance, immunological application in plant science, monoclonal antibody in plant disease diagnosis. Practical Handling, inoculation and bleeding of laboratory animals; preparation of antigen; antibody and antigen reaction; preparation of lymphocyte from blood; immuno electrophoresis radial transdiffusion; quantitation of immunoglobulins by zinc sulphate.
Suggested Readings

Turner, 1994. Immunology. Wiley Liss. Katte, 1990. AntibodiesVol.il. A practical approach, IRL Press. lili benjamini, G.Sunshine and S.Leskowitz, 1991. Immunology, a short course. Wiley-Liss, A John Wiley & Sons Inc. Publication, New York
10. Biotechnology and society (1+1)

Nature, diversity and organization of life on plant earth; various mechanisms of generation of genetic diversity and their evolutionary implications; synthesis and transplantation; socio-economic aspects of use of cloned genes in medicine, agriculture, industry and ecology, guidelines for research involving genetically modified organisms (GMO), biodiversity, gene banks, intellectural propoerty rights (IPR), GATT, TRIPS, farmers rights, ethical and socio-economic issues.

Suggested Readings Tzotzos, G.T. 1995. Genetically modified organisms-A guide to biosafety, CAB International, Walling ford, U.K. 213p. DBT 1998 Back ground document for workshop on biosafety issues emanating from use of genetically modified organisms(GMOs). Bangalore. September 1998. 289p. Subbaram, N.R. 1998. Hand book of Indian patent law and practice. S.Visvvanathan (Printers & Publishers) Pvt. Ltd. Chennai 628p. 11. Biomolecule prospecting (2+0)

Important metabolic pathways, secondary metabolites, isolation and purification, characterization of compounds of agricultural and pharmaceutical importance from microbes and plants, prospecting genes for these compounds from the germplasm, strategies for large scale production of important biomolecules, application potentials and scope of commercialization. Suggested Readings Linclsey, K.1998. Transgenic Plant Research. Harwood Academic Publishers. The Netherlands Murphy, D.J. 1994.Designer Oil crops. VCH, Weinheim. Hiatt, A and Mostoc, K. (1993) Transgenic plants : Fundamental and applications. New York, Marcel Dekkar Inc. 12. Molecular biology of plant viruses (2+0)

Nomenclature and classification of viruses; variation, m u t a t i o n and origin of viruses; virus and methods of their identification; use of monoclonal antibodies in identification of viruses and their strains; composition and structure of viruses; Molecular biology of viral genome replication, transcription, protein synthesis and maturation; viral genome organization and functions of viral proteins; ultrastructural changes in the host; cross protection; production of genetically engineered resistance plants; genetics of viruses ; viruses as vectors of information transfer; cryptic viruses; sub - viral pathogens. Suggested Reading Vidhyasekaran.P. 1997. Fundal pathogenesis in plants and crops: Mo-

lecular Biology and host defense mechanism. Marcel Dekker, New York. Gurr.S.J., McPherson, M.J. and D.J.Bowles. 1992. Molecular Plant Pathology, A practical approach, IRL Press, Oxford, England. Foster, and Twell. 1997. Plant gene isolation. Wiley Graniti et al. 1989. Phytotoxins and Plant Pathogenesis. Springer Verlag, Berlin. Day, P.M. 1986. Biotechnology, crop improvement and protection, BSPC, UK Rolgeson,P. and S.J.Deverall. 1983. Use of tissue culture and protoplasts in Plant pathology, A.P., New York. Helin, P.A., J.J.Meena and R.H.Hollingworth. 1988. Biotechnology for crop protection. American Chemical Society. Lewin,B.1994. Genes V.Oxford University Press, England. Sambrook.J., E.F.Fritsch and T.Maniatis.1989. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual,2 nd edition, Cold Spring Harbon Laboratory, N.Y. Old, R.W. and Primrose, S.B.1989. Principles of gene manipulation. An introduction to genetic engineering, 4'h ed, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, England. Goodman,R.N., Z.Kiraly and K.R.Wood. 1986. The Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Diseases, Univ. of Missouri Press, Columbia, M.O.
13. Protein Engineering (2+0)

Protein structure and functional relationship, sequencing synthesis, structural determination, concept in active site and catalytic mechanism, modification in primary structure, site - directed mutagenesis, post - transnational modifications, macro-modifications of proteins metabolic engineering and gene fusion, fusion protein stability and delectability, alternation of biological properties ribozyme technology, immobilized enzyme technology.
Suggested Readings

Lindsey, K.1998. Transgenic Plant Research. Harwood Academic Publishers. The Netherlands

Murphy, D.J. 1994.Designer Oil crops. VCH, Weinheim. Hiatt, A and Mostoc, K.'(1993) Transgenic plants : Fundamental and applications. New York, Marcel Dekkar Inc.

4. CROP PHYSIOLOGY

A.

MAJOR 12 CREDITS

A. 1. CORE COURSES Principles of plant physiology-I. cell organelles, water relations and mineral nutrition Principles of plant physiology-II. metabolic processes and growth regulation 3. Abiotic stress responses in plants 4. Morphogenesis, tissue culture and plant transformation Seminar A.2 OPTIONAL COURSES 1. Crop physiology 2. Plant growth regulators and plant development 3. Physiological, molecular and ecological aspects of photosynthesis and productivity 4. Mineral nutrition; physiological and molecular aspects 5. Seed physiology 6. Physiological aspects of crops - I 7. Physiological aspects of crops - II 8. Climate variability, climate change and its impact on growth and productivity 9. Herbicide physiology 10. Physiology of flowering and reproduction 11. Physiology of horticultural and plantation crop species 12. Post harvest physiology 13. Experimental techniques in plant physiology
B. SUPPORTIVE COURSES

2 +1 2+ 1 2 +1 2 +1
0 + 1 credits 8 CREDITS
1+0 2+1 2+1 2+1 1+1 2+0 2+0 2+0
1+1 2+ 0 2+ 0

1+1 0+2

14 CREDITS Total 35 credits

To be decided by the Students Advisory Ccrop species

A. 1.

CORE COURSES

Principles of plant physiology-I. cell organelles, water relations and mineralnutrition

Cell organelles and their physiological functions; structure and physiological functions of cell wall, cell inclusions; cell membrane structure and functionsjwater and its role in plants; properties and functions of water in the cell water relations, cell water terminology, water potential of plant cells; mechanism of water uptake by roots, transport in roots, movement of water in plants, water loss from plants, energy balance, solar energy input, energy dissipation at crop canopy levfel, evapotranspiration; transpiration, driving force for transpiration, plant factors influencing transpiration rate, stomata, structure function, mechanism of stomatal movement, antitranspirants; physiology of water stress in plants: Influence of water stress at cell, organ, plant and canopy levels; indices for assessment of drought resistance; the role of mineral nutrients in plant metabolism; essential elements, classification based on function of elements in plants; uptake of mineral elements in plants, mechanisms of uptake, translocation of minerals in plants; physiological and metabolic functions of mineral elements; critical levels, deficiency symptoms, nutrient deficiency and toxicity; Foliar nutrition.
Practical

Measurement of soil water status; theory and principle of pressure plate apparatus, neutron probe; measurement of plant water status; relative water content, water saturation deficits Chardakov's test; theory and principle of pressure bomb, hydraulic jack, psychrometer and osometer; measurement of transpiration rate; measurement of vapour pressure deficits, theory and principle of porometry, diffusion prometer and steady state porometer, stomatal physiology, influence of ABA on stomatal closing; mineral nutrients; demonstration of energy requirement for ion uptake; deficiency symptoms of nutrients.
Suggested Readings

Salisbury, F. B. and Ross C. W. (1998); Plant physiology, CBS distributors New Delhi. Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (1998); Plant physiology, 2nd edition Sinauer association, INC Publishers Noggle, G. R. and Fritz, G. J., (1986), Introductory Plant Physiology, Prentice Hall, New Delhi.

Devlin, P.M., (1979), Plant Physiology, East West Press Private Ltd., New Delhi. Bidwell, R.G.S., (1974), Plant Physiology, Me. Milan Publishing Company, New York. Wilkins, M.B., (1980), Fundamental Plant Physiology, Tata Me. Graw Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi. Mohar and Schopfer, (1994), Plant Physiology, Springer-Verlag, New Yor Crop Physiology- Biotechnology by open learning series, Buffer worthHeinemann publishers, 1994. 2. Principles of plant physiology-II. metabolic processes and growth regulation (2+1) Photosynthesis, translocation and the respiration as key processes regulating carbon metabolism and plant growth;photosynthesis its importance in bioproductivity; photochemical process, chloroplast its structure, photochemical reactions, CO2 reduction in calvin cycle, supplementary pathway of C fixation in C4 and CAM plants and its significance; photorespiration and its relevance; photosynthesis as a diffusive process, effect of environmental factors on photosynthetic rates; synthesis of sucrose, starch, oligo and polysaccharides (composition of cell wall); translocation of photosynthates and its importance in sink growth; niiiochondrial respiration, growth and maintenance respiration, cyanide resistant respiration and its significance;nitrogen metabolism; inorganic nitrogen species (N2 ,NO3, NH3) and their reduction to amino acids, protein synthesis and nucleic acids; lipid metabolism, storage, protective and structural lipids, biosynthesis of fattyacids, diacyl and triacyl glycerol, fatty acids of storage lipids; secondary metabolites and their significance in plant defence mechanism; growth and differentiation; hormonal concept of growth and differentiation, plant growth hormones (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene etc.); biosynthesis of growth hormones, their metabolism and their physiological role synt h e t i c growth regulators, growth retardants, apical dominance, senescence, fruit growth, abscission;photo morphogenesis; photo receptors, phytochrome, cryptochrome, physiology of flowering, photoperiodism and vernalisation. Practical Radiant energy measurements, separation and quantification of chlorophylls, O2 evolution during photosynthesis; measurement of gas exchange parameters, conductances, photosynthetic rate, photorespiration,

respiration rates, estimation of reducing sugars, starch; estimation of NO3, free amino acids in the xylem exudates, quantification of soluble proteins, bioassays for different growth hormones, auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA and ethylene, demonstration of photoperiodic response of plants in terms of flowering.
Suggested Readings

Atkinson, D. E., (1977); Cellular energy metabolism and its regulation. Academic press, New York. Strayer, L., (1995); Biochemistry 4th edition, W. H. Freeman, New York. Hatch, M.D. and Boardman, N.K., (1987); The biochemistry of plants, Academic press, New York. Leegood, R.C., Sharkey, T. D., and Von-Caemmerer. S., (2000); Photosynthesis: Physiology and metabolism, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.
3. Abiotic stress responses in plants (2+1)

Response of plants to abiotic stresses; abiotic stresses affecting plant productivity; basic principles of a crop improvement programme under stress, interactions between biotic and abiotic stresses; drought, characteristic features, water potential in the soil, plant air continuum; development of water deficits, energy balance concept, transpiration and it's regulation, stomatal functions / VPD; physiological processes affected by drought; drought resistance mechanisms; escape dehydration postponement (drought avoidance), dehydration tolerance, and characteristics of resurrection plants; osmotic adjustment osmoprotectants, stress proteins; water use efficiency as a drought resistance trait; molecular responses to water deficit; stress perception, expression of regulatory and functional genes and significance of gene products; stress and hormones, ABA as a signalling molecule, cytokinin as a negative signal; oxidative stress; reactive oxygen species (ROS); role of scavenging systems (SOD, Catalase etc);high temperature stress; tolerance mechanisms; role of membrane lipids in high temperance tolerance; functions of HSP's; chilling stress; effects on physiological processes; crucial role of membrane lipids, salinity; species variation in salt tolerance; salinity effects at ; cellular and whole plant level, tolerance mechanisms; salt tolerance in- glycophytes and halophytes; breeding for salt resistance; heavy metal stress; aluminium and cadmium toxicity in acid soils; role of phytochelatins (heavy metal binding proteins).

Practical Measurement of water status of plants, determination of osmotic potential by vapour pressure and freezing point depression; determination of soil water potential and content by psychrometry and other systems; stress imposition and quantification; stress, stomatal conductance; canopy temperature as a reflection of transpiration and root activity; water use efficiency, determination at whole plant and single leaf level; root-shoot signals, ABA and cytokinin effect on stomatal behaviour; heat tolerance and membrane integrity; sullivans heat tolerance test, chilling tolerance, galactolipase and free fatty acid levels as biochemical markers for chilling damage; cold induced inactivation of O2 evolution of chloroplasts, as a screening technique for chilling tolerance. Suggested Readings Steward, F. C. (1986); Plant Physiology: A treatise, vol. IX, water and solutes in plants, Academic press , New York. Kramer, P. J. and Boyer, J. S. (1995); Water relation of plants and soils. Academic press San Diego. Smith, J. A. C. and Griffith, S. H., (1993); water deficits, plant response from cell to community, BIOS scientific, Oxford. Turner, N. C. and Kramer, P. J., (1980); Adaptation of plants to water and high temperature stress, Wiley New York. Cherry, J. H., (1989); Environmental stress in plants: Biochemical and physiological mechanisms associated with environmental stress tolerance (NATO ASI Series G vol. 19) Springer, Berlin. Levitt, J., (1980); Response of plant to environmental stress vol. 1, 2nd edition, Academic press, New York. Mussels, H. and Staples, R. C., (1979); Stress physiology in crop plant Wiley, New York. Miinchen, J.J., Lange, O., Wiirzburg, Olson, J. S., Oak Kidge. W. Wieser, Innsbruck., (1974), Methods of Studying Plant water relations: Ecological Studies, vol. 9, Springer-verlog, New York. 4. Morphogenesis, tissue culture and plant transformation (2+1)

Morphogenesis; the cellular basis of growth and morphogenesis; anatomical and ultrastructural aspects of growth;polarity, in tip growing

cells and diffusive growing cells, control of plane of cell division and differentiation in selected cell types; photoreceptors, phytochromes, different forms, physiological effects and gene regulation; introductory history, morphogenesis and cellular totipotency, physiology and biochemistry of differentiation, laboratory organisation (asceptic techniques), organ, tissue and cell culture; micropropagation strategies and extra vitro establishment, application of tissue culture in agriculture, horticulture, forestry and industry;plant transformation; transformation vectors, concept of selectable and scorable markers; methods of transformation, Agrobacteriutn mediated transformation, binary vectors, biolistics, electroporation, selection of putative transgenic plants, genetic analysis, PCR, Southern analysis; evaluation of transgenic plants in containment facilities and field testing. Practical Photomorphogenesis effects (Red & Far red light) on few plant processes - germination, chlorophyll synthesis, nitrate reductase activity; laboratory orientation and introduction of aseptic techniques; formulation of media and sterlization; explants, preparation and inoculation; types of cultures; methods of quantification of growth; induction of organogenesis and clonal propagation; methods to obtain pathogen free plants; acclimatization and extra vitro establishment; plant transformation vectors and transformation of Agrobacterium strains; tobacco transformation using leaf discs; visualisation of transiently expressed reporter genes; characterisation of transgenic plants, PCR, Southern, Northern; maintenance of transgenic plants, under biosafety regulations. Suggested Readings George, E. F., (1993); Plant propagation by tissue culture, 2nd edition, Part I and II, Exegetics ltd., London. De Bergh, P. C. and Zimmerman, R. H., (1991); Micropropagation, technology and application, Kluwer Academic publishers, Dordrecht, London. Evans, D.A., Sharp, W. R., Ammirato, P. V. and Yamada, Y., (1983); Hand Book of plant cell culture vol. I., Me. Millan publishing company, New York. Srivastava, P.S. (1998); Plant Tissue Culture and Molecular Biology: Applications and prospectus, Narosa Publishing house, New Delhi. Bonga, J. M., Durzan, D.J. (1982); Tissue culture in forestry, Nizhoff / junk, The Hauge.

Vasil, 1. K., Trevor, A and Thorpe, A. (1994); Plant Cell And Tissue Culture, Kluwer Academic Publilshers, Dordrecht. Withers, L. A. and Alderson, P. G., (1986); Plant Tissue Culture and its Agricultural application, Butterworths, London. Fujiwara, (1982); Plant Tissue Culture, Japanese Association of Plant Tissue Culture, Tokyo. Bajaj, Y. P. S., (1991), Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry: Hi tech and Micropropagation, Vol. 1, Springer Verlag, Berlin. A. 2. 1. OPTIONAL COURSES Crop physiology (1+0)

Role of crop physiology in different branches of agriculture; crop growth and productivity, crop physiological processes influencing crop growth and productivity; crop growth models, describing yield (duncan / passioura); duncan's model; phenology, crop productivity, growth factors related to biomass-concept of crop growth rates, canopy photosynthesis (Leaf area and Net assimilation rates as determining factors);light interception as a major function of leaf area, LAI, LAD, canopy architecture, light extinction coefficient; net assimilation rate, variation in photosynthetic rates within and between the species; passioura's model; interrelation between total transpiration-WUE-plant growth, role of VPD; biomass and yield relations, partitioning of photosynthates at different growth stages of crop, harvest Index, yield and yield structure analysis; concept of source and sink, factors influencing source and sink size and productivity; environmental factors determining crop growth, light, temperature and VPD; effect of photoperiod and thermoperiod on duration of growth stages; idiotype concept, selection indices for improving crop productivity. Suggested Readings Spiertz, J. H. J. and Kramer, T., (1979), Crop Physiology and Cereal breeding, Pudoc, Wageningen. Dogget (1988), Sorghum, Longman Scientific, New York. Mauney, J. R. and Me D. Steward, J., (1986), Cotton Physiology, Cotton foundation, Memphis, Tamil Nadu. Crop Physiology- Biotechnology by open learning series, Buffer worthHeinemann publishers, 1994.

2.

Plant growth regulators and plant development

(2+1)

Definition and classification of plant growth regulators, hormones, endogenous growth substances and synthetic chemicals; endogenous growth regulating substances other than hormones; brassinosteroids, triacontanol, phenols, polyamines, jasmonates, concept of death hormone; classification, site of synthesis, biosynthetic pathways and metabolism and the influence on plant growth and development of individual group of hormones, auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene; concept of hormone action, hormone receptors and signal transduction; hormone mutants and transgenic plants in understanding role of hormones; hormonal regulation of gene expressions at various developmental stages of plant, flowering, seed maturity, seed dormancy; action of hormones on cellular functions; auxins, cell elongation, retardation of abscission of plant parts; gibberllins, stem elongation, germination of dormant seeds, cytokinins, cell division, retardation of senescence of plant parts, abscisic acid, stomatal closure and induction of drought resistance, ethylene, fruit ripening, acceleration of senescence of leaves; interaction of hormones in regulation of plant growth and development processes; rooting of cuttings, flowering, physiological and molecular aspects of control of reproductive growth; apical dominance, senescence and abscission; fruit growth and development; molecular aspects of controlling ripening processes and improving post harvest life of fruits, induction and breaking dormancy in seeds and buds; synthetic growth regulators, classification, their effect on plant growth and development, practical utility in agriculture and horticulture. Practical Quantification of hormones, principles of bioassays, physico-chemical techniques and immunoassayjextraction of hormones from plant tissue; auxins, bioassays, auxins effect on abscission, apical dominance; gibberllins, bioassays, GA effect on germination of dormant seeds; cytokinin, bioassays, estimation using immunoassay technique cytokinin effect on apical dominance and senescence; ABA bioassays; estimation using immunoassay techniques, ABA effect on stomatal movement; ethylene, bioassays, estimation using physico-chemical techniques,effect on breaking dormancy in sunflower and groundnut. Suggested Readings Davis, P. J., (1995); Plant hormones and their role in plant growth and development, Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands. Weaver, R. J., (1972); Plant growth substances in agriculture W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.
I 47 i

Davis, P. J., (1995); Plant hormones: Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kluwer, Boston. Nickell, L. G., (1985); Plant Growth Regulatory Chemicals, CRC Press Boca Raton, FL. Bopp, M., (1985); Plant Growth Substances, Springs, New York. Thimann, K. V., (1977); Hormone Action in the whole life of plants, University of Massachusetts press. Wareing, P. F., (1982); Plant Growth Substance. Academic press, London. 3. Physiological, molecular and ecological aspects of photosynthesis and productivity (2+1) Photosynthesis, its significance in crop productivity, eco-biomass, gaseous fluxes in atmosphere; historical summary of the photosynthetic processes;Physiological and biochemical aspects; chloroplast structure and development, ultrastructure of thylakoids, photosystems, mechanism of light absorption, chloroplast electron transport chain, ATP synthesis, quantum yield conceptjphotosynthetic carbon reduction, supplementary carbon fixation pathways in C4 and CAM plants, their ecological significance, RuBisCO structure assembly and regulation, photorespiration and its significance; carbon fluxes between chloroplast and cytoplasm, Pi recycling, starch and sucrose synthesis and export; carbon fixation as a diffusive process, quantification of relative limitations, CO2 response curves, long term CO2 effects; concept of canopy photosynthesis, influence of environmental factorsjmolecular aspects; chloroplast genome organisation, expression and regulation of plastid genes; molecular analysis of rate limiting steps in carbon assimilation, antisense and gene expression studies; ecological aspect; productivity of different ecosystems, energy utilization efficiency in crop canopies; stress and high light; photo inhibition, photo oxidation, excitation energy dissipation mechanisms, generation and scavenging of active oxygen species, chlorophyll fluo/escence as a diagnostic tool, photosynthesis and transpiration interaction, significance of WUE, carbon isotope discrimination concept; prospects of improving photosynthetic rate and productivity, potential traits of photosynthesis, biotechnological approaches. Practical Extraction, separation and estimation of plant pigments; isolation of chloroplasts, ETC reactions - O2 evolution; determination of RuBisCO

content (Western and ELISA), activity and activation state; enzymatic determination of starch and sucrose; determination of photosynthetic rates - gas exchangejA, gs, CI, A/gs, Ci/gs - intrinsic WUE by gas exchange ratesjlight, CO-2, VPD response curves; determination of photorespiration by gas exchange - (TPS - APS); genotypic/species differences in photosynthetic rates; measurement of radiation, Eu%, light interception;
Suggested Readings

Hatch, M. D. and Boardman, N. K. (1987); The biochemistry of plants, vol. 10, photosynthesis, Academic press, San Diego. Govindjee, (1982); Photosynthesis, Development, Carbon metabolism and plant productivity. Vol. I, II and III., Academic press, New York. Madore, M. M. and Lucas, W. J., (1995); Carbon Partitioning and Source Sink Relationship in Plants, American Society of Plant Physiologist, Rockville, MD. Baker, N. R., (1996); Photosynthesis and the Environment, Kluwer, Dordrecht, London. Lawlor, D.W., (1987); Photosynthesis: Metabolism, Control and Physiology, Longman Scientific and Technical, London. Hall, D.O., Scurlock, J.M.O., Bolhar, H.R., Nordenkampf, Leegood, R.C. and Long, S.P., (1993); Photosynthesis and Production in a changing environment: A field and laboratory maual Part I and II, Chapman and Hall, London. Hall, D. O. and Rao, R. K., (1987); Photosynthesis, 4th edition, Edward Arnold, London. Mohammad Yunus, Uday Pahtre, and Prasanna Mohanty, (2000); Probing Photosynthesis: Mechanisms, regulation and adaptation, Taylor and Francis, New York, USA. Winter, K. and Smith, J. A. C., (1996); Crassulacean Acid Metabolism: Biochemistry, Ecophysiology and Evolution, Srpinger-Verlag, Berlin. Baker, N., (1996); Advances in photosynthesis, vol 3., Environmental Stress and Photosynthesis, Academic press, Dordrecht. Briggs, W.R., (1989); Photosynthesis, Alan R Liss, New York.

Murata, N., (1992); Research in Photosynthesis, Vol 4., Kluwer-Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Garab, G. (1999); Photosynthesis: Mechanisms and Effects, KluwerAcademic Publishers, Dordrecht. 4. Mineral nutrition: physiological and molecular aspects (1+1)

Historical aspects and importance of mineral nutrition in plant growth jclassification and essentiality criteria; general mechanisms, concept of apparent free space and nature of bio-membranes; dual mechanism and other concepts of ion uptake; short distance transport, pathway from external solution (Apoplasm) to stele across the root cortical cells - factors contributing to xylem loading; long distance transport in xylem and phloem; xylem unloading in leaf cells;uptake and release of mineral nutrients by foliagejfunction of individual elementsjrhizosphere and root biology, root growth, influence of micro-organism in nutrient acquisition, release and uptake by plant roots;yield and mineral nutrition, concept of nutrient use efficiencyjmineral nutrition under adverse soil situations, drought, salinity acidity etcjheavy metal toxicity and concept of phytoremediationjmolecular aspects, uptake and transport; role of transporter genes; genetics of nutrient uptake, identification and transfer of genes for tolerance to nutrient deficiencies, etc. Practical Growing plants in sand culture; preparation of synthetic nutrient solutions; raising of representative plants to demonstrate specific nutrient deficiency, differential uptake of ions, characterising deficiency symptoms; tissue analysis for nutrients. Suggested Readings Mengel, K. and Kirkby, E. A., (1987); Principles of plant nutrition. International potash institute, Berlin. Epstein, E., (1972); Mineral Nutrition of plants: Principles and perspectives, Wiley, New York. Luttge, U. and Higginbotham, N., (1979); Transport in plants. Springer, Berlin. Marschner, H., (1995); Mineral Nutrition of higher plants, 2nd edition. Academic press London. Robbs, D. A. and Pierpoint, W. S., (19&3); Metals and Micronutrients uptake and utilization by plants, Academic press, New York.

Truog, E. (1973); Mineral nutrition of plants, Oxford and IBH Publishers, New Delhi.
5. Seed physiology (1+1)

Structure of seeds and their storage resources; seed developmental patterns and source of assimilates for seed development; pathway of movement of assimilates in developing grains of monocots and dicots; chemical composition of seeds; storage of carbohydrates, proteins and fats in seeds; storage chemistry including biosynthesis; hydration of seeds; physiological processes; seed respiration, mitochondrial activity; mobilization of stored resource in seeds; chemistry of oxidation of starch, proteins and fats; utilization of breakdown products by embryonic axis; control processes in mobilization of stored resources; role of embryonic axes; gibberllin and a-amylase and other hydrolytic activity; seed maturation phase and desiccation damage; role of LEA proteins; seed viability; physiology of and means to prolong seed viability; seed dormancy, types and regulation; means to overcome seed dormancy.
Practical

Determination of seed storage proteins sink drawing ability of ovules, empty ovule technique; alpha-amylase activity in germinating seeds; role of GA in inducing amylase activity; role of embryo in GA induced aamylase activity; protease and lipase activity in germinating seeds; seed viability test and accelerated ageing test; seed hardening/osmotic priming of seeds; estimation of seed respiration rates; seed viability losses, membrane leakage.
Suggested Readings

Bewley, J. D. and Black, M., (1994); Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination 2nd edition, Plenum, New York. Kigel, J. and Galili, G., (1995); Seed Development and Germination, Marcel Dekker, New York. Long, G. A., (1996); Plant Dormancy: Physiology, Biochemisty and Molecular Biology, CAB International, UK. Eliss, R. H., Black, M., Murdoch, A. J. and Hong, T. D., (1995), Basic and applied aspects of seed biology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

6.

Physiological aspects of crops - I

(2+0) *

Crop physiological aspects of rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, millets and sugarcane *species could be chosen based on local importance. 7. Physiological aspects of crops - II (2+0)*

Crop physiological aspects of pulses, oil seeds, cotton, tobacco and potato; crop *species could be chosen based on local importance. 8. Climate variability, climate change and its impact on growth and productivity (2+0) Climate - past and present; analytical methods to determine long term changes in environment-Tree ring, cellulose stable carbon isotope discrimination, stable 18O discrimination for hydrological changes; likely changes in climate in future and its impact on crop and ecosystems; the green house gases and global warming; CO2 as an important greenhouse gas, global carbon deposits, fluxes in the sinks and sources; approaches to contain atmospheric CO2 level; effect of elevated CO2- on plant growth and development; basic processes and long term effect on growth; methane as a green house gas-sources, emission rates, chemistry nitrous oxide and the other green house gases;prediction on global warming, GCA models, effect on climate and biota;high temperature and CO2 interaction on plant growth and productivity;Ionising radiation UVB; chlorinated flurocarbon (CFC), their impact on ozone layer-ozone hole and alteration in UV-B radiation; effect of UV-B radiation on plant ecosystem, repair and acclimation to UV-B damage; carotenoids and their role in membrane stabilisation;air pollutant, SO2, NO, methane, ozone, peroxy acetyl nitrate and their effect on ecosystem;Industrial and domestic effluents-their effect on aquatic ecosystem, plant growth and development. Suggested Readings Schlesinger, W. H., (1991); Biogeochemisty: An analysis of global change, Academic press, San Diego. Fitter, A. H. and Hay, R. K. M., (1987); Environmental Physiology of plants 2nd edition, Academic press, London. Hall, D.O., Scurock, J.M.D., Bolar-Nordenkampf,H.R., Leegood, R.C. and Long, S.P., (1983); Photosynthesis and production in a changing environment, Chapman and Hall, London. Loomis, R.S. and Corner, D. J., (1992); Crop Ecology, productivity and management in Agricultural Systems, Cambridge University Press. I 52 I

Campbell, G. S., (1986), An introduction to Environmental biophysics, Springer-Verlag, New York. Griffiths, H., (1998); Stable isotopes: Integration of biological, Ecological and Geochemical processes, BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford. Nebel, B.J and Wright, R.T. (1998);, Environmental Science ,6th edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Pearcy, R. W., Ehleringer, J., Mooney, H. A. and Rundel, P. W., (1989); Plant Physiological ecology: Field methods and instrumentation, Chapman and Hall, London. Nobel, P. S. (1991); Physiochemical and Environmental plant physiology1. Academic press, San Diego. David M. Gates., (1993), Climate Change and its Biological Consequences, Sinauer associates INC. Massachusetts. Kimball, B. A., (1990), Impact of Carbon dioxide, Trace gases and Climate change on global agriculture, ASA, spec, publishers, Madison. 9. Herbicide physiology (1+1)

Introduction, classification of herbicides; absorption and translocation of soil and foliar applied herbicides; physiological and biochemical effect of herbicides, effect on membrane structure and functions, on cell division and cell development; nature of herbicide receptor proteins and their role in herbicide tolerance; effect on chloroplast, photosynthesis, respiration, protein synthesis, synthesis of lipids; molecular mechanisms of herbicide resistance in relation to chloroplast gene expression; methods to increase the efficiency of soil and foliar applied herbicide, pH adjuvants, synergists; antidotesjcase studies of different types of herbicides, growth regulating types, triazines, substituted ureas, chloroacetamides, substituted uracils; thiocarbamates, nitriles. bipyridylium, unclassified groups, herbicide mixtures; herbicide resistance, induction, taxonomic and biological consideration of herbicide resistance, nature of resistance to triazine, breeding herbicide tolerant crop cultivars; herbicide resistance in plant cell cultures, practical significance. Practical Bioassay for different herbicides; influence of pH, adjuvants, contact angle, Surface tension on penetration, absorption and translocation of herbicides; quantification of herbicide potency, relative potency; quanti-

fication of herbicide - herbicide interaction (synergistic, antagonistic and additive);role of adjuvants on penetration, translocation, contact angle surface tension etc; effect of herbicide on electron transport in isolated chloroplast and mitochondria; effect of herbicide on rate of photosynthesis in crop and weed plants. Suggested Readings Devine, M. D., Duke, O. D. and Fedtke, L., (1993); Physiology of Herbicide action, PTR, Prentice-hall Inc., A Simon and Schuster company, New Jersey. Duke, S. O., (1984); Biochemical and physiological mechanism of herbicide action, American society of Plant Physiology. Hathway, D. E., (1989); Molecular mechanism of herbicide selectivity, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Le Baron, H. M. and Gressold, J., (1982); Herbicide resistance in plants, Wiley, New York. Kearnay, P. C. and Kaufman, D. D., (1988); Herbicides: Chemistry, degradation and mode of action. Marcel Dekker, New York. 10. Physiology of flowering and reproduction (2+0)

Evolutionary history of flowering plants (angiosperms); semelparous and iteroparous reproduction, monocarpic and perennial life habits etc; flowering phenomenon; effect of plant age, juvenility, transition to flowering; flowering nature and classification of plants; photoperiodic responses and the mechanisms in short and long day plants; theories related to (lowering; endogenous substances and flowering; gene expression in flowering; control of flowering, thermoperiodism, photo and thermoperiod interactions; vernalization, mechanism and practical use of the process; optimization in flowering response, to environmental features (light, temperature, stress) etc; plant reproductive physiology; mating strategies in plants, molecular techniques to understand mating patterns, selfincompatibility responses, physiological processes mediating fertilisation (pollen-stigma interactions), seed and fruit development, seed and fruit abortion and means to overcome it; molecular biology of seed development, physiological basis of cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration; physiology of heterosis. Suggested Readings Fosket, D. E., (1994); Plant growth and development: A molecular approach, Academic press, San Diego.

Kandrick, R. C. and Kronenberg, G. H. M., (1994); Photomorphogenesis in plants 2nd edition, Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Wareing, P. F. and Phillips, I. D. J., (1981); Growth and differentiation in plants, 3rd edition, Pergamen, Oxford. Subtelney, S. and Green, P. B., (1982); Developmental order: Its origin and regulation, Alan, R, Liss, New York. Street and Helgi Opik, (1975), The Physiology of Flowering Plants: Their growh and development, The English Language Book Society and Edward Arnold, London. Arthur Cronquist, (1968),The Evolution and classification of flowering plants, Great Britain. Bernier, Kinet and Sachs, (1981), The Physiology of Flowering- Vol 1 and Vol 2, CRC Press, Florida. Wilkins, M. B., (1980), Physiology of plant growth and development, Tata Me Graw Hill Publishing company, New Delhi.
11. Physiology of horticultural and plantation crop species (2+0)

Growth and development of horticultural and plantation crop species; juvenility, shoot growth, types of shoots; patterns of shoot growth, cambial growth and its regulation; physiological aspects of pruning and dwarfing; growth measurements, water relations of tree species; water uptake and transport; concepts of transpiration ratio and water use efficiency; sexual and asexual propagation; root stock and scion interactions; physiology of flowering in perennial species, photoperiodism and thermoperiodism; physiological aspects of fruit crops, mango, banana, grapes, citrus, papaya and pineapple, etc;physiological aspect of plantation crops; coffee, tea, cardaman, coconut, pepper; NB species could be chosen based on the local importance.
Suggested Readings

Zimmermann, M. H. and Brown, C. L., (1971); Tree-structure and function, Springer-verlag, Berlin. Raghavendra, A. S., (1987); Physiology of trees, Elsevier Science publishers, Amstredam, The Netherlands. Kozlowski, T. T. and Kramer, P. J., (1997); Physiology of woody plants, 2nd edition, Academic press San Diego, California.

Pallardy, S. G. and Kramer, (1991), Physiology of woody plants, Academic press Inc., New York. Kramer, P. J. and Pallardy, S. G., (1991), Growth and development in trees, Academic press Inc., New York. Kozlowski, T. T., Kramer, P. J., and Pallardy, S. G., (1991); The physiological ecology of woody plants, Academic press, San Diego. Cannel, M. G. R. and Last, F. T., (1976); Tree physiology and yield improvement, Academic press, London. Sethuraj, M. R. and Raghavendra, A. S., (1987); Tree crop physiology, Elsevier Science publisher, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 12. Post-harvest physiology (1+1)

Senescence and ageing in plants; ethylene, the senescence hormone, leaf senescence, chloroplast degradations, monocarpic plant senescence; biochemistry and molecular biology of flower senescence; gene expression during senescence; concepts of physiological maturity of seeds, post harvest changes in biochemical constituents in field crops, loss of viability, loss of nutritive value (changes in fat deterioration etc.^environmental factors influencing post-harvest deterioration of seeds; post-harvest physiological and biochemical changes during fruit ripening and storage; senescence and post harvest of life and cut flowers; hormonal and chemical control of post-harvest deterioration of fruits, vegetables and cut flowers and its significance during storage and transport; regulation of fruit ripening at molecular level; transgenic technology for improvement of shelf life. Practical Physiological maturity indices, colour, softness and size of harvested fruits, mango, banana, sapota, apple, papaya, citrus and guava; changes in chlorophyll, storage protein, amino acids, membrane integrity during leaf senescence; use of antiethylene agents on petal senescence and vascular plugging during flower senescence; demonstration of ethylene and respiratory climatric in fruits; estimation of chlorophyll, colouring pigments, respiration and ethylene evolution during development, maturity and ripening stages; quantification of hydrolytic enzymes during ripening of fruits; judging TSS, acidity in fruits, estimation of quality and weight loss of fruits and vegetables during storage; estimation of sugars, vitamins, ascorbic acid and total phenolics.

Suggested Readings Friend, J. and Rhodes, M.J.C., (1981), Recent Advances in Biochemisty of fruits and vegetables, Academic Press, London. Clijsters, H., M. De proft, Marcelle, R., Van ponche, M, (1989), Biochemical and physiological aspects of ethylene production in lower and higher plants, Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Tomas-Barberan, F. A. and Robins, R. J., (1997), Phytochemistry of fruits and vegetables, Oxford University Press, New York. 13. t% Experimental techniques in plant physiology (0+2)

Determination of energy utilization of crop plants, growth structure analysis, radiation measurements and interception; photoperiodic responses, flowering regulation by light duration, quantification of photosensitive nature of a genotype; hydroponics and culture; quantification of hormone, immunoassay, physico-chemical methods; WUE; determination of water use efficiency by gravimetric approach; isotopes, use in physio l o g i c a l investigations (potential photosynthesis/protein synthesis);purification, quantification of RuBisCO by ELISA using polyclonal antibodies; gas exchange technique, measurement of photosynthetic rates and dark respiration; protein purification and isozyme analysis; moisture, temperature stress, methods to impose, quantification of the stress levels; molecular aspects of stress response, stress responsive proteins, their expression, Western and Northern analysis; stress measurement parameters (membrane integrity, chlorophyll stability index, osmolyte quantification, osmotic adjustment, TTC, etc.);xylem exudates as a measure of root activity and root signals; oxidative stress imposition and quantification; quantification of plant constituents; specific instruments to study different physiological processes, (Eg. Infra red thermometer, 1RGA, pscychometry, neutron probe, atomic absorption spectrophotometer, liquid scintillation system). Suggested Readings Moore, T. C., (1981), Research Experiences in Plant Physiology: A Laboratory Manual, Springer-verlag, NewYork. Ross, C. W., (1974), Plant Physiology Laboratory Manual, Wordsworth Publishing company, California. Meidner, H., (1984), Class Experiments in Plant Physiology, George Allen and Unwin, London.

Roberts, J. and Whitehouse, D.G., (1977), Practical Plant Physiology, Longman, New York. Arditti, J. and Dunn, A., (1969), Experimental Plant Physiology, Holt, Rinchart and Winston Inc., New York. Witham, F.H., Blaydes, D.F. and Devlin, R. M., (1971), Experiments in Plant Physiology, D. van Nostrand company, New York. Sadasivam, S. and Manickam, A., (1996), Biochemical methods, 2nd edition, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi. Hall, D.O., Scurlock, J.M.O., Bolhar, H.R., Nordenkampf, Leegood, R.C. and Long, S.P., (1993); Photosynthesis and Production in a changing environment: A field and laboratory maual Part 1 and II, Chapman and Hall, London.

Annexure-I List of participants in meeting-cum workshop in the BSMA of Basic Science held on 5-6th March, 1999 at University of Agricultural Sciences, Banglore-560065.. 1. Dr. V. L. Chopra,Former DG, ICAR and National professor, IAR1, New Delhi-110012. 2. Dr. S.L. Mehta, DDG(Edn.), ICAR, Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan, Pusa, New Delhi-110012. 3. Professor S.K. Sinha, Former Director, IARI and National Professor, IAR1, New Delhi-110012. 4. Dr. RP. Sharma, Project Director, NRC, PB, IARI, New Delhi-110012. 5. Dr. M.L. Lodha, Head, Division of Biochemistry, lARI.New Delhi110012. 6. Dr M. Udaya Kumar, Professor,& Head, Deptt. of Crop Physiology, UAS , GKVK, Banglore. -560065. 7. Dr. S Sadasiviam, Director, CPMB, Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore-641003 8. Dr. G.K. Garg, Dean, College of Basic Sciences, G.B. Pant Uni. Of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145. 9. Dr. A.C. Kapoor, Dean College of Basic Sciences, HPKW, Palampur163o62. 10. Dr. G.P. Srivastava, Professor & Head, Deptt.of Agricultural Biochemistry, CSA University Of Agricultural and Technology, Kanpur. 1 1. Dr. R.C. Bohra, Head, Deptt. of Biochemistry , Assam Agricultural University, jorhat-785013. 12. Dr. Geeta Ramchandra, Head, Deptt. of Biochemistry, University of Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bangalore-560065. 13. Dr. G.C. Srivastava, Professor & Head, Deptt of Plant Physiology,IARI, New Delhi-110012. .14. Dr. Thangaraj, Professor & Head, Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641003. 15. Dr. K. P. Das. Professor & Head, Deptt. of Crop Physiology,Orissa Agricultural University & Technology ,Orissa. 16. Dr. A. Tyagi , Professor& Head, Deptt. of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi. 17. Dr. H. S. Nainavattee, Professor, Deptt. Of Biochemistry, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004. 18. Dr. T.K. S. Gowoda, Deptt. Biotechnology, University of agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Banglore -560065. 19. Dr. K.R. Koundal, Professor, NRC, PB., IARI, New Delhi-110012. 20. Dr. B. D. Singh, Professor, School of Biotechnology, B.H. U., Varanasi. 21. Dr. Sharma, Professor, Deptt. of Crop Physiology, University of Udaipur. 22. Dr. T. G. Prasad, Professor, Deptt. of Crop Physiology, University of

Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Banglore-560065. 23. Dr. V. R. Sashidhar, Associate Professor, , University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Banglore-560065. 24. Dr. 1. S. Aftab Hussain, Associate Professor,Deptt. of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Banglore-560065. 25. Dr. R. Devendra, Professor, Deptt. of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Banglore-560065. 26. Dr. Vedpal Singh Malik, Biotechnologist, USDA, USA.

Annexure-II List of participants in meeting-cum workshop in the BSMA of Basic Science (Microbiology) held on 25-26th Sept., 2000 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641003. 1. Dr. S Kannaiyan, Vice- Chancellor, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641003. 2. Dr. D. J. Bagyaraj, Professor & Head, Dept. of Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Banglore-560065. 3. Dr. M.D. Sundaram, Professor & Head, Dept. of microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608002. 4. Dr. K. Govindarajan, Dept. of Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641003. 5. Dr. S. P. Sundaram, Professor, Dept. of Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641003. 6. Dr. K. Kumar, Assocoate Professor, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641003. 7. Dr, G, Gopalaswamy, Associate Professor, Dept. of Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641003.