Chem16Lecture ChemicalReactions

Some Types of Chemical Reactions Chem 16 Lecture /Nuesca/2010
Chapter Goals
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Oxidation Numbers Naming Some Inorganic Compounds Naming Binary Compounds Naming Ternary Acids and Their Salts Classifying Chemical Reactions Oxidation-Reduction Reactions: An Introduction Combination Reactions Decomposition Reactions Displacement Reactions Metathesis Reactions Summary of Reaction Types Synthesis Question
The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

1869 - Mendeleev & Meyer
Discovered the periodic law
The properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers.

Groups or families
Vertical group of elements on periodic table Similar chemical and physical properties

Period
Horizontal group of elements on periodic table Transition from metals to nonmetals
1. 2. 3. 4.
Some chemical properties of metals

Outer shells contain few electrons Form cations by losing electrons Form ionic compounds with nonmetals Solid state characterized by metallic bonding

Group IA metals
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr

Group IIA metals
alkaline earth metals
1. 2. 3. 4.
Some chemical properties of nonmetals

Outer shells contain four or more electrons Form anions by gaining electrons Form ionic compounds with metals and covalent compounds with other nonmetals Form covalently bonded molecules; noble gases are monatomic
One example of a periodic trend

The reactions with water of Li, Na, & K
Group 1A metals are very reactive. They tend to lose electrons very quickly, hence, in nature they exist mostly as cations (with +1 charge).
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra

Group VIIA nonmetals
halogens F, Cl, Br, I, At

Group VIA nonmetals
O, S, Se, Te

Group 0 nonmetals
noble, inert or rare gases He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
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Stair step function on periodic table separates metals from nonmetals. Metals are to the left of stair step.
Approximately 80% of the elements

Stair step function on periodic table separates metals from nonmetals. Nonmetals are to the right of stair step.
Approximately 20% of the elements

Stair step function on periodic table separates metals from nonmetals. Metalloids have one side of the box on the stair step.
Best metals are on the far left of the table.

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Best nonmetals are on the far right of the table.
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Periodic trends in metallic character
Aqueous Solutions
Reactions
Using Solutions in Chemical Reactions

Titrations are a method of determining the concentration of an unknown solutions from the known concentration of a solution and solution reaction stoichiometry.
Requires special lab glassware
Buret, pipet, and flasks
More Metallic More Metallic Periodic Chart
Must have an indicator also
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Example 3-22: What is the molarity of a KOH solution if 38.7 mL of the KOH solution is required to react with 43.2 mL of 0.223 M HCl?


KOH + HCl KCl + H 2O
KOH + HCl KCl + H 2O 43.2 mL 0.223 M HCl = 9.63 mmol HCl
KOH + HCl KCl + H 2 O 43.2 mL 0.223 M HCl = 9.63 mmol HCl 9.63 mmol HCl 1 mmol KOH = 9.63 mmol KOH 1 mmol HCl
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KOH + HCl KCl + H 2 O 43.2 mL 0.223 M HCl = 9.63 mmol HCl 9.63 mmol HCl 1 mmol KOH = 9.63 mmol KOH 1 mmol HCl 9.63 mmol KOH = 0.249 M KOH 22 38.7 mL KOH

Example 3-23: What is the molarity of a barium hydroxide solution if 44.1 mL of 0.103 M HCl is required to react with 38.3 mL of the Ba(OH)2 solution?

Ba(OH) 2 + 2 HCl BaCl 2 + 2 H 2O (44.1 mL HCl)(0.103 M HCl) = 4.54 mmol HCl 4.54 mmol HCl 1 mmol Ba(OH) 2 2 mmol HCl
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Ba(OH)2 + 2 HCl BaCl2 + 2 H 2O (44.1mL HCl)(0.103M HCl) = 4.54 mmol HCl
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Ba(OH)2 + 2 HCl BaCl2 + 2 H 2 O (44.1 mL HCl)(0.103 M HCl) = 4.54 mmol HCl 1 mmol Ba(OH)2 4.54 mmol HCl 2 mmol HCl = 2.27 mmol Ba(OH)2
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Ba(OH) 2 + 2 HCl BaCl 2 + 2 H 2 O (44.1 mL HCl)(0.103 M HCl) = 4.54 mmol HCl 1 mmol Ba(OH) 2 4. 54 mmol HCl 2 mmol HCl = 2.27 mmol Ba(OH) 2 2 .27 mmol Ba(OH) 2 = 0.0593 M Ba(OH) 2 38 .3 mL Ba(OH) 2
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Aqueous Solutions: Electrolytes.

1. Electrolytes and Extent of Ionization Aqueous solutions consist of a solute dissolved in water. Classification of solutes:
Nonelectrolytes solutes that do not conduct electricity in water
Examples: C2H5OH ethanol, C2H5OH-Methanol Sugar solutions Acetone, esters, many other organic compounds.
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Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

C6H12O6 - glucose (blood sugar)
H

C12H22O11 - sucrose (table sugar)
H O H C C H O H C H H C O H O H C
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2

The reason nonelectrolytes do not conduct electricity is because they do not form ions in solution.
ions conduct electricity in solution
H H C H O
C C H O H C H
O H O H C H O H C O H
H O
H C H O
H C O
C C H
H O C H
C C H
2
O H
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H O
Aqueous Solutions: Strong electrolyes: Strong Acids/Bases

Classification of solutes
strong electrolytes - conduct electricity extremely well in dilute aqueous solutions
Aqueous Solutions: Weak Electrolytes

Classification of solutes
weak electrolytes - conduct electricity poorly in dilute aqueous solutions
Aqueous Solutions: Weak electrolytes

2. NH3, Fe(OH)3
weak bases ionize in water much less than 100%
Examples of strong electrolytes 1. HCl, HNO3, etc.

strong soluble acids strong soluble bases soluble ionic salts ionize in water essentially 100%
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3. some soluble covalent salts Weak electrolytes are poor conductors of electricity because there are fewer ions (charged species) present. Most of them exist in the molecular form rather than in ionic form.
1. CH3COOH, (COOH)2
weak acids
2. NaOH, KOH, etc. 3. NaCl, KBr, etc.
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Aqueous Solutions: Concept of Acids

2. Strong and Weak Acids Acids are substances that generate protons (H+ or H3O+) in aqueous solutions. Strong acids ionize 100% in water.
Aqueous Solutions: Acids

Strong acids ionize 100% in water.
HNO3 + H 2 O(l ) 100% H3O(+aq ) + NO3(aq )

Some Strong Acids and Their Anions Formula Name 1. HCl hydrochloric acid 2. HBr hydrobromic acid 3. HI hydroiodic acid 4. HNO3 nitric acid 5. H2SO4 sulfuric acid 6. HClO3 chloric acid 7. HClO4 perchloric acid
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or
2O HNO3 H H(+aq ) + NO3(aq )
HCl (g ) H
100 %
+ (aq )
+ Cl (aq )
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No molecular HNO3 exist anymore in solution. HNO3 completely breaks up into H+ and NO3 - .
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Some Strong Acids and Their Anions Acid AnionName 1. HCl Clchloride ion 2. HBr Brbromide ion 3. HI Iiodide ion NO3nitrate ion 4. HNO3 5. H2SO4 SO42sulfate ion 6. HClO3 ClO3chlorate ion ClO4perchlorate ion 7. HClO4
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Aqueous Solutions:Weak Acids are weak electrolytes

Weak acids ionize significantly less than 100% in water.
Typically ionize 10% or less!

Some Common Weak Acids and Their Anions Formula Name 1. HF hydrofluoric acid 2. CH3COOH acetic acid (vinegar) 3. HCN hydrocyanic acid 4. HNO2 nitrous acid 5. H2CO3 carbonic acid (soda water) 6. H2SO3 sulfurous acid 7. H3PO4 phosphoric acid
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For example acetic acid, CH3COOH, the acid of vinegar exists primarily as a molecule rather that as separate ions of CH3COO- and H+. There are less ions, hence less conductors of electricity.

Some Common Weak Acids and Their Anions Acid Anion Name 1. HF Ffluoride ion 2. CH3COOH CH3COO acetate ion 3. HCN CN cyanide ion NO2 nitrite ion 4. HNO2 5. H2CO3 CO32carbonate ion 6. H2SO3 SO32sulfite ion PO43phosphate ion 7. H3PO4
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3. Reversible Reactions As Ive said in the previous slides, CH3COOH acetic acid, just any weak electrolyte, exist in solution in the molecular form and the electrolytic form (ions). The dissociation or ionization of the molecule into ions is a reversible reaction. Under normal circumstances, it is in an equilibrium state.
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All weak inorganic acids ionize reversibly or in equilibrium reactions.
This is why they ionize less than 100%.
CH3COOH structure of acetic acid
O C H3C OH
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Correct chemical symbolism for equilibrium reactions
Aqueous Solutions: Bases

4. Strong Bases, Insoluble Bases, and Weak Bases (alkaline substances). Characteristic of common inorganic bases is that they produce OH- ions in solution. BASE (s) + H2O OH- (aq)

Common Strong Bases Formula Name 1. LiOH lithium hydroxide 2. NaOH sodium hydroxide 3. KOH potassium hydroxide 4. RbOH rubidium hydroxide 5. CsOH cesium hydroxide 6. Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide 7. Sr(OH)2 strontium hydroxide 8. Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide Notice that they are all hydroxides of IA and IIA metals 45
CH 3COOH CH 3COO -(aq ) + H (+aq )

Another example of a weak acid is HF acid. A very dangerous acid which can cause serious harm (goes into skin and dissolves the bones). HF (aq) < = = > H+ (aq) + F- (aq)
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7%
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Aqueous Solutions: Strong Bases

Similarly to strong acids, strong bases ionize 100% in water.
Aqueous Solutions: Weak Bases

Insoluble or sparingly soluble bases
Ionic compounds that are insoluble in water, consequently, not very basic.
Aqueous Solutions: Weak Base

Weak bases are covalent compounds that ionize slightly in water. Ammonia is most common weak base
NH3
KOH K + (aq) + OH - (aq) Ba(OH) 2 Ba 2 + (aq) + 2 OH - (aq)

KOH dissolves completely in water. There are only K+ and OH- ions present in solution.
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Formula Cu(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 Zn(OH)2 Mg(OH)2
Name copper (II) hydroxide iron (II) hydroxide iron (III) hydroxide zinc (II) hydroxide magnesium hydroxide
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Many organic amines (Nitrogen compounds with C, H) are also weak bases.
CH3NH2 (CH3) 2NH (CH3) 3N
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Aqueous Solutions: Weak Bases

Weak bases are covalent compounds that ionize slightly in water. Ammonia is the most common weak base
NH3
Aqueous Solutions: Solubility Rules

Solubility Guidelines for Compounds in Aqueous Solutions
It is very important that you know these guidelines and how to apply them in reactions.

3) Common nitrates, acetates, chlorates, and perchlorates are water soluble.
NO3-, CH3COO-, ClO3-, and ClO4-
4) Common chlorides are water soluble.

Exceptions AgCl Hg2Cl2, & PbCl2 AgCl, Common bromides and iodides behave similarly to chlorides. Common fluorides are water soluble.
Exceptions MgF2, CaF2, SrF2, BaF2, and PbF2
NH3(g ) + H2O(l ) NH+(aq ) + OH-(aq) 4

Molecular NH3, and the ions NH4+ OH- are all present in solution.
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1) Common inorganic acids and low-molecularweight organic acids are water soluble. 2) All common compounds of the Group IA metal ions and the ammonium ion are water soluble.
Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, and NH4+
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5) Common sulfates are water soluble.
Exceptions PbSO4, BaSO4, & HgSO4 Moderately soluble CaSO4, SrSO4, & Ag2SO4

7) Common carbonates, phosphates, and arsenates are water insoluble insoluble.
CO32-, PO43-, & AsO43 Exceptions- IA metals and NH4+
Ba(CO3)2 is moderately soluble
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Symbolic representation of what is happening at the laboratory and molecular levels in aqueous solutions.
Copper reacting with silver nitrate.
6) Common metal hydroxides are water insoluble. insoluble

Exceptions LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH & CsOH (these are strong bases which are all very soluble in water).
Moderately soluble MgCO3
8) Common sulfides are water insoluble insoluble.

Exceptions IA metals and IIA metals NH4+ plus
Laboratory level: The movie shows that the Cu metal dissolves in the Ag+ solution, while solid metallic Ag appears.
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Symbolic representation of what is happening at the laboratory and molecular levels in aqueous solutions.
Copper reacting with silver nitrate.

Another example of aqueous reactions.
Sodium chloride reacting with silver nitrate.

Another example of aqueous reactions.
Sodium chloride reacting with silver nitrate.
Laboratory level When AgNO3 and NaCl aqueous solution are mixed A white solid precipitate appears.
Symbolic representation
AgNO3(aq ) + NaCl(aq ) AgCl(s ) + NaNO3(aq )
Symbolic representation
Cu (s ) + 2 AgNO 3(aq ) Cu(NO 3 ) 2(aq) + 2 Ag (s )
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There are three ways to write reactions in aqueous solutions. 1. Molecular equation
Show all reactants & products in molecular or ionic form

3. Net ionic equation
Shows ions that participate in reaction and removes spectator ions.

Look in total ionic equation for species that do not change from reactant to product.
Spectator ions in < >s.
+ + Zn(s) + Cu(2aq) + SO2(-aq) Zn(2aq) + SO2-(aq) + Cu(s) 4 4
Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)

2. Total ionic equation
Show the ions and molecules as they exist in solution
Spectator ions do not participate in the reaction.
Net ionic equation

+ + Zn (s) + Cu (2aq ) Zn (2aq ) + Cu (s)
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+ + Zn(s) + Cu(2aq) + SO2-(aq) Zn(2aq) + SO2(-aq) + Cu(s) 4 4

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In the total and net ionic equations the only common substances that should be written as ions are:
a. Strong acids b. Strong bases c. Soluble ionic salts
Oxidation Numbers
Guidelines for assigning oxidation numbers.
1. The oxidation number of any free, uncombined element is zero. 2. The oxidation number of an element in a simple (monatomic) ion is the charge on the ion. Zero-valent elements: C(s), Ar(g), Cu(s), etc. and
Oxidation Numbers
Guidelines for assigning oxidation numbers.
3. In the formula for any compound, the sum of the oxidation numbers of all elements in the compound is zero. 4. In a polyatomic ion, the sum of the oxidation numbers of the constituent elements is equal to the charge on the ion. NaCl, CaO, Bal2 ; Mg(NO3)2, AlCl3, Na3PO4, Ca3(PO4) 2, KCH3COO Figure this out: What are the charges of the elements in
1. The diatomic molecules H2(g), O2(g), N2(g), F2(g) , Cl2(g) , Br2(l) , I2(s) 2. Cu+2, Zn+2, Cl--, N-3, O-2 etc.
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Ca(HSO4) 2 Fe2(HPO4)3 Zn(H2PO4)2
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Oxidation Numbers for ions

5. 6.
Oxidation Numbers
8. Use the periodic table to help with assigning oxidation numbers of other elements.
a. b. c. d. e. IA metals have oxidation numbers of +1. IIA metals have oxidation numbers of +2. IIIA metals have oxidation numbers of +3.
There are a few rare exceptions.
DRILLS
Fluorine has an oxidation number of 1 in its compounds. Hydrogen, H, has an oxidation number of +1 unless it is combined with metals, where it has the oxidation number -1.
Examples LiH, BaH2
NaNO3 Ba(NO3)2
7.

Oxygen usually has the oxidation number -2.

Exceptions: In peroxides O has oxidation number of 1.
Examples - H2O2, CaO2, Na2O2
VA elements have oxidation numbers of 3 in binary compounds with H, metals or NH4+. VIA elements below O have oxidation numbers of 2 in binary compounds with H, metals or NH4+.
In OF2 ; O has oxidation number of +2.

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Oxidation Numbers
Example 4-1: Assign oxidation numbers to each element in the following compounds: NaNO3 Na = +1 O = -2 N = +5
+1 + 3(-2) + x = 0 x = +5
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DRILLS
K2Sn(OH)6 You dont have to memorize the name of this specific compound. Its a coordination complex called Potassium tetrahydroxostannate
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Oxidation Number of Sn?

K2Sn(OH)6 K = +1 O = -2 H = +1 Sn = +5
2(+1) + 6(-2) + 6(+1) + x = 0 x = +5 for Sn
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Oxidation Number of Cl?

HClO4 You do it! H = +1 O = -2 Cl = +7
Oxidation Number of N?
NO2 O = -2 N = +3
2(-2) + x = -1 x = +3
Oxidation Number of C
HCO3O = -2 H = +1 C = +4
+1 + 3(-2) + x = -1 x = +4
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Oxidation Numbers
(COOH)2 You do it! H = +1 O = -2 C = +3
Naming Some Inorganic Compounds

Binary compounds are made of two elements.
metal + nonmetal = ionic compound nonmetal + nonmetal = covalent compound

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Name the more metallic element first.

Use the elements name.
Name the less metallic element second.

Add the suffix ide to the elements stem.
HOOC-COOH
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Nonmetal Stems Element Boron Carbon Silicon Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic Antimony
Stem bor carb silic nitr phosph arsen antimon

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Oxygen Sulfur Selenium Tellurium Phosphorus Hydrogen ox sulf selen tellur phosph hydr

Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine fluor chlor brom iod

Binary Ionic Compounds are made of a metal cation and a nonmetal anion.
Cation named first Anion named second

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LiBr MgCl2 Li2S Al2O3
lithium bromide magnesium chloride lithium sulfide You do it!

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LiBr MgCl2 Li2S Al2O3 Na3P lithium bromide magnesium chloride lithium sulfide aluminum oxide You do it!

LiBr MgCl2 Li2S Al2O3 Na3P Mg3N2 lithium bromide magnesium chloride lithium sulfide aluminum oxide sodium phosphide You do it!

LiBr MgCl2 Li2S Al2O3 Na3P Mg3N2 lithium bromide magnesium chloride lithium sulfide aluminum oxide sodium phosphide magnesium nitride
Notice that binary ionic compounds with metals having one oxidation state (representative metals) do not use prefixes or Roman numerals.
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Binary ionic compounds containing metals that exhibit more than one oxidation state Metals exhibiting multiple oxidation states are:
1. most of the transition metals 2. metals in groups IIIA (except Al), IVA, & VA

There are two methods to name these compounds. 1. Older method
add suffix ic to elements Latin name for higher oxidation state add suffix ous to elements Latin name for lower oxidation state use Roman numerals in parentheses to indicate metals oxidation state

Compound
FeBr2 FeBr3 SnO SnO2 TiCl2
Old System
ferrous bromide ferric bromide stannous oxide stannic oxide You do it!
Modern System
iron(II) bromide iron(III) bromide tin(II) oxide tin(IV) oxide
2. Modern method
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Compound FeBr2 FeBr3 SnO SnO2 TiCl2 TiCl3 Old System ferrous bromide ferric bromide stannous oxide stannic oxide titanous chloride You do it! Modern System iron(II) bromide iron(III) bromide tin(II) oxide tin(IV) oxide titanium(II) chloride

Compound FeBr2 FeBr3 SnO SnO2 TiCl2 TiCl3 TiCl4 Old System ferrous bromide ferric bromide stannous oxide stannic oxide titanous chloride titanic chloride You do it! Modern System iron(II) bromide iron(III) bromide tin(II) oxide tin(IV) oxide titanium(II) chloride titanium(III) chloride

Compound FeBr2 FeBr3 SnO SnO2 TiCl2 TiCl3 TiCl4 Old System ferrous bromide ferric bromide stannous oxide stannic oxide titanous chloride titanic chloride does not work Modern System iron(II) bromide iron(III) bromide tin(II) oxide tin(IV) oxide titanium(II) chloride titanium(III) chloride titanium(IV) chloride
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Pseudobinary ionic compounds There are three polyatomic ions that commonly form binary ionic compounds.
1. OH- hydroxide 2. CN- cyanide 3. NH4+ ammonium

KOH Ba(OH)2 Al(OH)3 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 potassium hydroxide barium hydroxide aluminum hydroxide iron (II) hydroxide You do it!

KOH Ba(OH)2 Al(OH)3 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 Ba(CN)2 potassium hydroxide barium hydroxide aluminum hydroxide iron (II) hydroxide iron (III) hydroxide You do it!
Use binary ionic compound naming system. KOH potassium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide Al(OH)3 aluminum hydroxide Fe(OH)2 You do it!
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KOH potassium hydroxide barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Al(OH)3 aluminum hydroxide iron (II) hydroxide Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 iron (III) hydroxide Ba(CN)2 barium cyanide (NH4)2S You do it!
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KOH Ba(OH)2 Al(OH)3 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 Ba(CN)2 (NH4)2S NH4CN potassium hydroxide barium hydroxide aluminum hydroxide iron (II) hydroxide iron (III) hydroxide barium cyanide ammonium sulfide You do it!
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KOH Ba(OH)2 Al(OH)3 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 Ba(CN)2 (NH4)2S NH4CN potassium hydroxide barium hydroxide aluminum hydroxide iron (II) hydroxide iron (III) hydroxide barium cyanide ammonium sulfide ammonium cyanide
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Binary Acids are binary compounds consisting of hydrogen and a nonmetal. Compounds are usually gases at room temperature and pressure.
Nomenclature for the gaseous compounds is hydrogen (stem)ide.

Formula
HF HCl HBr H2S

Formula HF HCl HBr H2S Name hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen fluoride chloride bromide sulfide Aqueous solution hydrofluoric acid hydrochloric acid hydrobromic acid hydrosulfuric acid
Name
Aqueous Solution
hydrogen fluoride hydrofluoric acid hydrogen chloride hydrochloric acid hydrogen bromide hydrobromic acid You do it!
When the compounds are dissolved in water they form acidic solutions.
Nomenclature for the acidic solutions is hydro (stem)ic acid.
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Binary covalent molecular compounds composed of two nonmetals other than hydrogen
Nomenclature must include prefixes that specify the number of atoms of each element in the compound.

Formula
CO CO2 SO3 OF2 P4O6

Formula
CO CO2 SO3 OF2 P4O6 P4O10
Name
carbon monoxide carbon dioxide sulfur trioxide oxygen difluoride You do it!
Name
carbon monoxide carbon dioxide sulfur trioxide oxygen difluoride tetraphosphorus hexoxide You do it!
Use the minimum number of prefixes necessary to specify the compound.

Frequently drop the prefix mono-.
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Formula CO CO2 SO3 OF2 P4O6 P4O10 Name carbon monoxide carbon dioxide sulfur trioxide oxygen difluoride tetraphosphorus hexoxide tetraphosphorus decoxide

The oxides of nitrogen illustrate why covalent compounds need prefixes and ionic compounds do not. Modern Name Formula Old Name N2O nitrous oxide dinitrogen monoxide NO nitric oxide nitrogen monoxide N2O3 nitrogen trioxide dinitrogen trioxide NO2 nitrogen dioxide nitrogen dioxide N2O4 nitrogen tetroxide dinitrogen tetroxide N2O5 nitrogen pentoxide dinitrogen pentoxide
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Ternary Acids and Their Salts are made of three elements.
The elements are H, O, & a nonmetal.
Two of the compounds are chosen as the basis for the nomenclature system.
Higher oxidation state for nonmetal is named (stem)ic acid. Lower oxidation state for nonmetal is named (stem)ous acid
Salts are named based on the acids.

Anions of -ic acids make ate salts. Anions of -ous acids make ite salts.
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Names and Formulas of the Common ic acids
Naming these compounds will be easier if you have this list memorized.

VIA sulfuric acid selenic acid telluric acid chloric acid bromic acid iodic acid H2SO4 H2SeO4 H6TeO6 HClO3 HBrO3 HIO3
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Salts are formed by the reaction of the acid with a strong base. Salt Acid HNO2 NaNO2
nitrous acid sodium nitrite
Group IIIA IVA VA
Name boric acid carbonic acid silicic acid nitric acid phosphoric acid arsenic acid
Formula H3BO3 H2CO3 H4SiO4 HNO3 H3PO4 H3AsO4
VIIA
HNO3
nitric acid
NaNO3
sodium nitrate
H2SO3
sulfurous acid
Na2SO3
sodium sulfite
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Acid H2SO4 Na Salt You do it!

Acid H2SO4
sulfuric acid

Acid H2SO4
sulfuric acid
Na salt Na2SO4
sodium sulfate
Na salt Na2SO4
sodium sulfate
HClO2
You do it!
HClO2
chlorous acid
NaClO2
sodium chlorite
HClO3
You do it!
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Acid H2SO4
sulfuric acid

There are two other possible acid and salt combinations. Acids that have a higher oxidation state than the ic acid are given the prefix per.
These acids and salts will have one more O atom than the ic acid.

Illustrate this series of acids and salts with the Cl ternary acids and salts. Acid Na Salt HClO NaClO
hypochlorous acid sodium hypochlorite
Na salt Na2SO4
sodium sulfate
HClO2
chlorous acid
NaClO2
sodium chlorite
HClO3 chloric acid
NaClO3 sodium chlorate

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Acids that have a lower oxidation state than the ous acid are given the prefix hypo.
These acids and salts will have one less O atom than the ous acid.
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HClO2
chlorous acid
NaClO2
sodium chlorite
HClO3
chloric acid
NaClO3
sodium chlorate
HClO4
perchloric acid
NaClO4
sodium perchlorate
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Acidic Salts are made from ternary acids that retain one or more of their acidic hydrogen atoms.
Made from acid base reactions where there is an insufficient amount of base to react with all of the hydrogen atoms.

NaHCO3
Old system Modern system sodium bicarbonate sodium hydrogen carbonate potassium bisulfate potassium hydrogen sulfate potassium bis biphosphate potassium dihydrogen phosphate

K2HPO4
Old system Modern system potassium biphosphate potassium hydrogen phosphate
KHSO4
Old system Modern system
Old system used the prefix bi to denote the hydrogen atom. Modern system uses prefixes and the word hydrogen.
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KH2PO4
Old system Modern system
K2HPO4
You do it!
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Basic Salts are analogous to acidic salts.
The salts have one or more basic hydroxides remaining in the compound.

Ca(OH)Cl
calcium monohydroxy chloride
There are many types of

chemical reactions. Well name and study them now.
Basic salts are formed by acid-base reactions with insufficient amounts of the acid to react with all of the hydroxide ions. Use prefixes to indicate the number of hydroxide groups.
Al(OH)Cl2
aluminum monohydroxy chloride
Al(OH)2Cl You do it! aluminum dihydroxy chloride
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REDOX
Example of a chemical reaction
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions: An Introduction

Oxidation is an increase in the oxidation number.
Corresponds to the loss of electrons.

Oxidizing agents are chemical species that:
1. oxidize some other substance 2. contain atoms that are reduced in the reaction 3. gain electrons
Reduction is a decrease in the oxidation number.

Good mnemonic reduction reduces the oxidation number (high to low). Corresponds to the gain of electrons
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Reducing agents are chemical species that:

1. reduce some other substance 2. contain atoms that are oxidized in the reaction 3. lose electrons
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REDOX reaction
Corrosion of Iron: Fe(s) + O2 (g) FeO, Fe2O3 (s) (rust), Actually the reaction is more complicated than this. V Fe Fe+2 + 2e O2 + 2eO-2 Fe Fe+3 + 3e121

Two examples of oxidation-reduction or redox reactions. KMnO4 and Fe2+
Fe2+ is oxidized to Fe3+ MnO41- is reduced to Mn2+ Combustion reactions are redox reactions Combustion of Mg
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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions. Write the net redox reaction between Fe(NO3)3(aq) and Zn(s). The products are Fe(s) and Zn2+ Write the net redox reaction between the reduction of bromine to bromide ions by Co(s). The Co(s) is transformed into Co2+ ions.
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Example 4-2: Write and balance the formula unit, total ionic, and net ionic equations for the oxidation of sulfurous acid to sulfuric acid by oxygen in acidic aqueous solution. Formula unit equation

Net ionic equation
You do it!
+ 2 3(aq ) 2 (g ) (aq) Which species are oxidized and reduced?
2 4(aq)

H2SO3 is oxidized.
The oxidation state of S in H2SO3 is +4. In SO42-, S has an oxidation state of +6.
2 H SO
+O
4H
+ 2 SO
O2 is reduced.
Oxidation state of O in O2 is 0 In SO42-, O has an oxidation state of 2.
2 H 2SO3(aq ) + O2 (g ) 2 H 2SO4 (aq )

Total ionic equation
You do it!
+ 2 H 2SO 3(aq ) + O 2 (g ) 4 H (aq) + 2 SO 2 4(aq)
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Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents. You do it!
H2SO3 is reducing agent. O2 is oxidizing agent.

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Combination Reactions
Combination reactions occur when two or more substances combine to form a compound. There are three basic types of combination reactions.
1. Two elements react to form a new compound 2. An element and a compound react to form one new compound 3. Two compounds react to form one compound
1. Element + Element Compound
A. Metal + Nonmetal Binary Ionic Compound
2 Na (s ) + Cl 2 (g ) 2 NaCl (s )
2 Mg (s ) + O 2(g ) 2 MgO (s )
127
128
129
B. Nonmetal + Nonmetal Covalent Binary Compound
B. Nonmetal + Nonmetal Covalent Binary Compound
2 Al (s ) + 3 Br2 (l ) 2 AlBr3(s )
P4 (s ) + 5 O 2 (g ) P4O10 (s )
P4 (s ) + 6 Cl 2 (g ) 4 PCl 3(l )
130
131
132
B. Nonmetal + Nonmetal Covalent Binary Compound Can control which product is made with the reaction conditions.
B. Nonmetal + Nonmetal Covalent Binary Compound Can control which product is made with the reaction conditions.
2. Compound + Element Compound
AsCl 3(s ) + Cl2 (g ) AsCl5(s )

SF4 (s ) + F2 (g ) SF6 (g )
2 As(s ) + 3 Cl 2 (g ) 2 AsCl3(s ) in limited chlorine 2 As(s ) + 5 Cl 2(g ) 2 AsCl5(s ) in excess chlorine

133
Se (s ) + 2 F2(g ) SeF4 (s ) in limited fluorine Se (s ) + 3 F2(g ) SeF6(g ) in excess fluorine

134 135
The reaction of oxygen with oxides of nonmetals is an example of this type of combination reaction.
3. Compound + Compound Compound
gaseous ammonia and hydrogen chloride
Decomposition Reactions
Decomposition reactions occur when one compound decomposes to form:
1. Two elements 2. One or more elements and one or more compounds 3. Two or more compounds
2 CO (g ) + O 2(g ) 2 CO 2(g ) 2 SO 2 (g ) + O 2 (g ) catalyst & 2 SO 3(g )
NH 3(g ) + HCl (g ) NH 4Cl (s )

lithium oxide and sulfur dioxide
Li2O + SO 2 Li 2SO3
137 138
P4O6 + 2 O 2 P4O10
136
1. Compound Element + Element
decomposition of dinitrogen oxide
2. Compound One Element + Compound(s)
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
3+
3. Compound Compound + Compound
decomposition of ammonium hydrogen carbonate
2 N 2O ( g ) 2 N 2 (g ) + O 2 (g )
decomposition of calcium chloride
2 H2O2(aq ) h or 2 H2O(l ) + O2(g ) Fe or Mn
NH 4 HCO 3(s ) NH 3(g ) + H 2O (g ) + CO 2 (g )
CaCl 2(l ) electricity Ca (l ) + Cl 2(g )

decomposition of silver halides
2 AgBr(s ) h 2 Ag (s ) + Br2 (l )
139 140 141
Displacement Reactions
Displacement reactions occur when one element displaces another element from a compound.
These are redox reactions in which the more active metal displaces the less active metal of hydrogen from a compound in aqueous solution. Activity series is given in Table 4-14.
1.
[More Active Metal + Salt of Less Active Metal] [Less Active Metal + Salt of More Active Metal]
molecular equation
You do it!
Ag(+aq ) + NO-3(aq ) + Cu (s ) Cu (+aq ) + NO3(aq ) + Ag(s)
AgNO 3(aq ) + Cu (s) CuNO 3(aq ) + Ag (s)
Net ionic equation

You do it!
Ag
142 143
+ ( aq )
+ Cu (s) Cu (+aq ) + Ag (s)

144
2.

You do it!
+ 2 Al(s) + 6 H (+aq ) + 3 SO 2-(aq ) 2 Al(3aq ) + 3 SO 2-(aq ) + 3 H 2(g ) 4 4
The following metals are active enough to displace hydrogen
K, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, & Pb
[Active Metal + Nonoxidizing Acid] [Hydrogen + Salt of Acid]

Common method for preparing hydrogen in the laboratory. HNO3 is an oxidizing acid.
Molecular equation
2 Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq ) Al2 (SO4 )3(aq ) + 3 H 2(g )
Net ionic equation

You do it!
Notice how the reaction changes with an oxidizing acid.

Reaction of Cu with HNO3.
H2 is no longer produced.
2 Al(s) + 6 H
145
+ (aq )
2 Al
3+ (aq )
+ 3 H 2( g )
146
147
3. [Active Nonmetal + Salt of Less Active Nonmetal] [Less Active Nonmetal + Salt of More Active Nonmetal]
Net ionic equation
You do it!
Metathesis Reactions
Metathesis reactions occur when two ionic aqueous solutions are mixed and the ions switch partners.
AX + BY AY + BX
Molecular equation
Cl 2(g ) + 2 NaI(aq ) I 2(s ) + 2 NaCl(aq)

You do it!
+ (aq ) + (aq ) -
Cl2(g ) + 2 I(-aq) I2(s ) + 2 Cl(-aq)
Metathesis reactions remove ions from solution in two ways:

1. form predominantly unionized molecules like H2O 2. form an insoluble solid
Ion removal is the driving force of metathesis reactions.

150
Cl 2(g ) + 2 Na
+ 2 I (aq ) I 2(s ) + 2 Na
+ 2 Cl (aq )
148 149
1. Acid-Base (neutralization) Reactions
Formation of the nonelectrolyte H2O acid + base salt + water
Molecular equation
Molecular equation
HBr(aq) + KOH (aq) KBr(aq) + H 2 O ( l )

You do it!
Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2 HNO3(aq) Ca(NO3 ) 2 (aq) + 2 H 2O( l ) Total ionic equation

You do it!
+ + Ca (2aq ) + 2 OH-( aq ) + 2 H(+aq ) + 2 NO-3( aq ) Ca (2aq ) + 2 NO-3( aq) + 2 H 2O(l )
H(+aq) + Br(-aq) + K(+aq) + OH(-aq) K (+aq ) + Br(-aq) + H2O( l)

Net ionic equation
You do it!
151
Net ionic equation

You do it!
2 OH
-
+ (aq )
+ OH(aq ) H 2O( l )
(aq )
+ 2 H + H
(aq )
2 H 2O H 2O
(l)
or better
152
OH
153
(l)
(aq )
( aq )
2. Precipitation reactions are metathesis reactions in which an insoluble compound is formed.
The solid precipitates out of the solution much like rain or snow precipitates out of the air.
Precipitation Reactions Molecular equation
Net ionic reaction
You do it!
Ca(NO3 ) 2(aq) + K 2CO3(aq) 2 KNO3( aq ) + CaCO3(s)

Total ionic reaction
You do it!
+ 2 Ca (2aq ) + 2 NO 3(aq ) + 2 K (+aq ) + CO 3(-aq )
+ 2 Ca (2aq ) + CO3(-aq ) CaCO3(s)
154
2 K (+aq ) + 2 NO 3(aq ) + CaCO 3(s ) 155
156
Molecular equation
Net ionic reaction
You do it!
Molecular equation
3 CaCl2(aq) + 2 Na3PO4(aq) 6 NaCl(aq) + Ca3 (PO4 )2(s)

You do it!
+ + 3 Ca(2aq) + 6 Cl1aq ) + 6 Na1aq ) + 2 PO3-(aq ) ( ( 4 + 6 Na1aq ) + 6 Cl1aq ) + Ca3 (PO4 )2(s) ( (
157
2 HCl(aq) + Na2SO3( aq) 2 NaCl( aq ) + H2O(l ) + SO2(g )

You do it!
2 + + 2 H1aq ) + 2 Cl1-aq ) + 2 Na1aq ) + SO3(-aq ) ( ( ( + 2 Na1aq ) + 2 Cl1-aq ) + H2O(l ) + SO2(g ) ( (
158 159
3 Ca
2+ ( aq )
+ 2 PO
34 (aq )
Ca 3 (PO 4 )2 (s )
Net ionic reaction
You do it!
Gas-Formation Reactions
A gas-formation reaction is a type of reaction in which there is a formation of an insoluble or slightly soluble gas when there are no gaseous reactants. Displacement reactions in which an active metal displaces from an acid or from water are gas-formation reactons; they are not methathesis reactions.
160 161
Consider hydrochloric acid with calcium carbonate to form carbonic acid.
Formula Unit 2HCl(aq) + CaCO3 (s) H2CO3 (aq) + CaCl2 (aq) Total Ionic 2[H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)] + CaCO3 (s)
H2CO3 (aq) + [Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)]
Net Ionic 2H+(aq) + CaCO3 (s) H2CO3 (aq) + Ca2+(aq)

162
Enough heat is generated in the reaction to cause thermal decomposition of carbonic acid.
H2CO3 (aq) CO2 + H2O(l)
Synthesis Question
Barium sulfate is a commonly used imaging agent for gastrointestinal X-rays. This compound can be prepared by some of the simple reactions described in this chapter. Write a balanced aqueous reaction for the production of barium sulfate. You can choose any aqueous starting materials that will form barium sulfate!
Synthesis Question
Find two aqueous soluble compounds that have Ba in one compound and SO42- in the second. When they are mixed, the barium sulfate will precipitate out. One possibility is:
The net effect of the chemical reqaction and subsequent decomposition is

2HCl(aq) + CaCO3 (s) CO2 + H2O(l) + CaCl2 (aq)
163
BaCl2(aq) + Na 2SO 4( aq ) 2 NaCl(aq) + BaSO4 ( s )

164 165
Practice Exercises
Identify the type of reaction involved. Check also if they are redox reactions. Write the net ionic equation.
1. Al(s) + FeBr3 (aq) AlBr3 (aq) + Fe(s) 2. NaBr(aq)+AuNO3(aq) AuBr(s)+NaNO3(aq) 3. Mg(s) + H2O (l) MgO(s) + H2(g) 4. BaCO3(s) BaO(s) + CO2(g) 5. Zn(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Zn(NO3 )2(aq)+ H2(g) 6. PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) PCl5(g)
166
Practice Exercises: Concentrations of Solution, M.

1. What is the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 355 g of sodium phosphate (MM: 163.94) in water and diluting into 4.50 L of solution? 2. How many moles of NaCl are present in a 850 mL of 0.50 M NaCl(aq) solution? 3. Calculate the final volume of a solution obtained in 100mL of 12.0 M NaOH is diluted to make it 5.20 M in concentration. 4. What is the molarity of a solution prepared by mixing 35.0 mL of 0.375 M NaCl with 47.5 mL of 0.632 M NaCl?
167
Pratice in Percent by Mass/Mixed

1. The density of 18.0% solution of ammonium sulfate is 1.10g/mL. What mass of (NH4)2SO4 (MM=132.14) is required to prepare a 775.0 mL of this solution? 2. How many moles and grams of solute are contained in 750.0 g of a 15.00% aqueous solution of K2Cr2O7? MM K2Cr2O7 : 294.19 3. What mass of AgCl could be formed by mixing 10.0 mL of 1.20% NaCl by mass solution (d=1.02g/mL) with 50.0 mL of 1.21x10-2 M AgNO3? The is metathesis forming AgCl(s).
168
Practice Exercises: Percent Yield

PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) PCl5(g) Suppose the percent yield for the reaction is 86.5%. What mass of PCl5(g) is obtained from the reaction of 96.7g with excess Cl2(g)? Molar Mass(g/mol):PCl5:208.27; PCl3:137.35 CH4(g) + 4S(g) CS2 (g) + H2S (g) The percent yield for the reaction is consistently 87.0%. How many grams of sulfur would be needed to obtain 80.0 g of CS2(g). Molar Mass(g/mol):CS2:76.14; S:32.06
169
Practice exercise: Mixed

An iron ore that contains Fe3O4 reacts according to the reaction Fe3O4 (s) + 2C (s) 3Fe(s) + 2CO2(g) We obtain 3.49 g of Fe from the reaction of 75.0 g of the ore with C(s) in a furnace. (a) How many moles and grams of Fe3O4 are present in the ore? (b) What is the percent Fe3O4 in the ore? (c) How many moles and grams of C reacted with the ore? (d) In 10.0 grams of Fe3O4, calculate the number of Fe and O atoms. (d2) Calculate the mass of O (in grams) in 10.0 g Fe3O4
170
Practice Exercises: Mixed

1. Calculate the volume of 2.25 M phosphoric acid solution necessary to react with 45.0 mL of 0.150 M Mg(OH)2? The reaction is metathesis (acid-base) rexn. 2. Magnesium oxide, marketed as milk of magnesia, is a common antacid. What volume in mL of gastric juice (HCl) corresponding to acidity of 0.17 M HCl could be neutralized by 104. mg of MgO? The rexn is metathesis. MM MgO:40.31 g/mol. 3. Consider the decomposition of a 15.0g KClO3 [(MM:103.1g/mol) which is 76.5% by weight KClO3] into KCl(s) and O2(g), calculate the number of moles and grams O2(g) produced. How many atoms of O are 171 produced?
More on identifying reactions.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Sulfuric acid + 2KOH ? + 2water. ?RbBr(s). 2Rb(s) + Br2(l) 2KI + fluorine (g) 2KF(aq) + I2(s) CaO(s) + Si-dioxide(s) CaSiO3(s) S(s) + oxygen(g) SO2(g) HgS(s) + oxygen (g) Hg(l) + SO2(g) Pb(s) + 2HBr(aq) PbBr2(s) + H2(g). N2O5(s) + H2O(l) ?HNO3(aq)
172

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Some Types of Chemical Reactions Chem 16 Lecture /Nuesca/2010

The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

Some chemical properties of metals

The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

Some chemical properties of nonmetals

One example of a periodic trend

Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra

The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

Best metals are on the far left of the table.

Best nonmetals are on the far right of the table.

The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

Using Solutions in Chemical Reactions

More Metallic More Metallic Periodic Chart

Must have an indicator also

Using Solutions in Chemical Reactions

Using Solutions in Chemical Reactions

Using Solutions in Chemical Reactions

KOH + HCl KCl + H 2O

KOH + HCl KCl + H 2O 43.2 mL 0.223 M HCl = 9.63 mmol HCl

Using Solutions in Chemical Reactions

Using Solutions in Chemical Reactions

Using Solutions in Chemical Reactions

Ba(OH)2 + 2 HCl BaCl2 + 2 H 2O (44.1mL HCl)(0.103M HCl) = 4.54 mmol HCl

Using Solutions in Chemical Reactions

Using Solutions in Chemical Reactions

Aqueous Solutions: Electrolytes.

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions: Strong electrolyes: Strong Acids/Bases

Aqueous Solutions: Weak Electrolytes

Aqueous Solutions: Weak electrolytes

Examples of strong electrolytes 1. HCl, HNO3, etc.

2. NaOH, KOH, etc. 3. NaCl, KBr, etc.

Aqueous Solutions: Concept of Acids

Aqueous Solutions: Acids

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions:Weak Acids are weak electrolytes

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

CH3COOH structure of acetic acid

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

Aqueous Solutions: Bases

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

CH 3COOH CH 3COO -(aq ) + H (+aq )

Aqueous Solutions: Strong Bases

Aqueous Solutions: Weak Bases

Aqueous Solutions: Weak Base

KOH K + (aq) + OH - (aq) Ba(OH) 2 Ba 2 + (aq) + 2 OH - (aq)