CARBOHYDRATES

Compounds with the formula (CH2O)n where n is 3 or more. Also called saccharides

Functions

Energy stores, fuels, and metabolic intermediates Ribose and deoxyribose serve as structural framework to RNA and DNA Structural elements in the cell walls of bacteria and plants Linked to lipids and proteins Mediates interactions among cells Mediates interactions between cells and other elements in the cellular environment

Classifications 1. Monosaccharides - The simplest carbohydrates; aldehydes or ketones that have two or more hydroxyl groups

Fischer projections of monosaccharide

Aldehydes and Ketones Can React with Alcohols to Form Hemiacetals and Hemiketals

Glucose Cyclizes into a Hemiacetal

Fructose Cyclizes into a Hemiketal

Ribose and Deoxyribose

Conformation of Pyranose and Furanose Rings

Glycosidic Bonds

Glucopyranoside Has Different Reactivity Compared to Glucose

Modified Monosaccharides Addition of substituents other than alcohols; often found on cell surfaces

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides Energy storage and structural roles Are homopolymers if all of the monosaccharides are the same

Starch Amylose-unbranched

Amylopectin-branched

Glycosaminoglycans Made of disaccharide repeating units containing a derivative of an amino sugar, either glucosamine or galactosamine

Glycosaminoglycans Present in the animal cell surface or the extracellular matrix Usually attached to proteins to form proteoglycans Proteoglycans resemble polysaccharides more than proteins Function as lubricants and structural components in connective tissue, mediate adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix, and bind factors that stimulate cell proliferation Oligosaccharides are Made by Glycosyltransferases

Effects of Glycosyltransferases Illustrated by the ABO Blood Group

Glycoproteins Carbohydrates attached to proteins Carbohydrates are a much smaller percentage of the weight of glycoproteins than of proteoglycans Present in cell membranes Cell adhesion and the binding of sperm to eggs Present in soluble proteins Linking Carbohydrates to Proteins

Elastase is a Soluble Glycoprotein

Protein Glycosylation in the Lumen of the ER and in the Golgi Complex

Proteins from the ER are Carried to the Golgi Complex for Further Glycosylation

Targeting Enzymes to Their Destinations

Lectins Ubiquitous proteins that bind to a specific saccharide Main function is facilitate cell-cell contact

C-type Lectin Binding Domain

Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Recognize Sialic Acid Residues on Glycoproteins