Lecture No.

1: Introduction to Sinusoidal Waveforms

Objectives: Introduction to Sinusoidal Waveforms

Prepared by: Engr. Leslie F. Divina
3. 1.

2.

Know the reason for generating energy as alternating Define important terms used in alternating waveforms Identify a sinusoidal waveform and measure its characteristics a. Determine the period b. Determine the frequency c. Relate the period and the frequency
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Introduction
Alternating waveform waveforms that alternate between two prescribed levels in a set time sequence

Generation
Sinusoidal waveform - the fundamental type of alternating current (ac) and alternating voltage, also referred to as a sinusoidal wave or, simply sinusoid.

Sinusoidal

Square Wave

Triangular Wave Generating Plant

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Portable AC Generator

Wind-power station

Solar Panel

Function Generator
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Reason For Generating Energy as Alternating

1.

Reason For Generating Energy as Alternating

3.

Alternating current and voltages can be generated at comparative high values and these current and voltage can be raised and lowered readily by means of static transformers. Its more economical to transmit alternating current energy over considerable distances by using high transmission voltages since the weight of transmission conductor varies inversely as the square of the transmission voltage when the power, distance and losses are fixed.

High transmission voltages can be reduced efficiently at the receiving end of the transmission line. It is possible to build alternating current generators in large units to run at high speeds so that construction and operating costs per Kw-hr are low. Such alternators are admirably adopted to high-speed turbine drive. For constant speed work the ac induction motor is more efficient than dc motor and is less in first cost and maintenance because the induction motor has no commutator.
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Prepared by: Engr. Leslie F. Divina

Lecture No.1: Introduction to Sinusoidal Waveforms

Definition of terms

Definition of terms
Waveform - a path traced by a quantity, such as the voltage in plotted as a function of some variable such as time, position, degrees, radians, temperature, and so on. Instantaneous value - magnitude of a waveform at any instant of time; denoted by lowercase letters ( e1, e2). Peak amplitude - maximum value of a waveform as measured from its average, or mean, value, denoted by uppercase letters (such as Em for sources of voltage and for the voltage drop across a load).

Vm
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Important parameters for a sinusoidal voltage.

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Definition of terms
Peak value - maximum instantaneous value of a function as measured from the zero-volt level. Peak-to-peak value - Denoted by Ep-p or Vp-p, the full voltage between positive and negative peaks of the waveform, that is, the sum of the magnitude of the positive and negative peaks. Periodic waveform - waveform that continually repeats itself after the same time interval.

Definition of terms
Period (T ) - the time interval between successive repetitions of a periodic waveform (the period T1 = T2 = T3 ), as long as successive similar points of the periodic waveform are used in determining T.
Cycle - the portion of a waveform contained in one period of time.

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Definition of terms
Frequency ( f ) - the number of cycles that occur in 1 s. time.

Definition of terms
Since the frequency is inversely related to the period that is, as one increases, the other decreases by an equal amountthe two can be related by the following equation:

f
where: The unit of measure for frequency is the hertz (Hz), where 1 hertz (Hz) = 1 cycle per second (c/s)
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1 T

or

1 f

f = is in Hz ; T = in seconds (s)

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Prepared by: Engr. Leslie F. Divina

Lecture No.1: Introduction to Sinusoidal Waveforms

Example Problem:
1.

The Sine Wave

The sinusoidal waveform is the only alternating waveform whose shape is unaffected by the response characteristics of R, L, and C elements.

Find the period of a periodic waveform with a frequency of 60 Hz. b. 1000 Hz.
a.

2.

Determine the frequency of the waveform of the figure shown below.

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Generating a Sinusoidal Waveform

The sinusoidal waveform can be derived from the length of the vertical projection of a radius vector rotating in a uniform circular motion about a fixed point.

Generating a Sinusoidal Waveform

Plotting a sine wave versus radians.

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Generating a Sinusoidal Waveform

Generating a Sinusoidal Waveform

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Prepared by: Engr. Leslie F. Divina

Lecture No.1: Introduction to Sinusoidal Waveforms

Generating a Sinusoidal Waveform

Generating a Sinusoidal Waveform

Generated sinusoidal waveform through the vertical projection of a rotating vector.

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Generating a Sinusoidal Waveform

The velocity with which the radius vector rotates about the center, called the angular velocity (), can be determined from the following equation:

Generating a Sinusoidal Waveform

for an entire period

2 T

Angular velocity = distance (degress or radians) time (seconds)

since

T = 1/f

2f

where: = angle in radians t = time in seconds

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Generating a Sinusoidal Waveform

Effects of on frequency and period

Generating a Sinusoidal Waveform

Effects of on frequency and period

decreased T

Fig.

Fig.

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Prepared by: Engr. Leslie F. Divina

Lecture No.1: Introduction to Sinusoidal Waveforms

Example Problem:
3. 4.

Practice Problem 1
1.

Determine the frequency and period of the sine wave of Fig.(a) and (b). Find the angle through which a sinusoidal waveform of 60 Hz will pass in a period of 5 ms.

a. What is the period of a 50-Hz voltage? b. What is the period of a 1-MHz current? Determine the period and frequency of the waveform of shown below

2.

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Practice Problem 1
3.

Research1: Voltage Generation

How is an ac voltage/current generated?

If you double the rotational speed of an ac generator, what happens to the frequency and period of the waveform? What is the frequency of the waveform?

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Prepared by: Engr. Leslie F. Divina