ABSTRACT Aim of this project is control the unmanned rail gate automaticallyusing embedded platform.

Today often we see news papers very often about the railwayaccidents happening at un- attended railway gates. Present project is designed to avoidsuch accidents if implemented in spirit.This project utilizes two powerful IR transmitter and two receivers,one pair of transmitter and receiver is fixed at upside (from the train comes) at a levelhigher than human being in exact alignment and similarly other pair is fixed at down sideof the train direction sensor activation time is so adjusted by calculating the time takenat a certain speed to cross at least one compartment of standard minimum size of theIndian railway, normally 5 seconds.The sensors are fixed at 1000 meters on both sides of the gate, wecall fore side sensor pair for common towards gate train, and aft side sensors for the train just Crosses the gate. When train cross the fore side sensor it gives signal to the gatereceiver to close the gate. The buzzer is activated to clear the gate area for drivers about 5seconds. Gate motor is turned on in one direction and gate is closed, and stay closed tilltrain crosses the gate and reaches aft side sensors when aft side receiver get activatedmotor turns in opposite direction and gate opens and motor stops .If there is any problem in the gate means it will operate red signal on both side fro the driver indication.Train arrival and departure sensing can be achieved by means of Relaytechniques. When the wheels of the train moves over, both tracks are shorted to groundand this acts as a signal to microcontroller (89C51) indicating train arrival. RED signalappears for the road user, once the train cuts the relay sensor placed before the 5Kms before the gate .A buzzer is made on as a pre cautionary measure for the road users. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Present project is designed using AT89C51 microcontroller to avoidrailway accidents happening at unattended railway gates, if implemented in spirit. This project utilizes two powerful IR transmitters and two receivers; one pair of transmitter and receiver is fixed at up side (from where the train comes) at a level higher than ahuman being in exact alignment and similarly the other pair is fixed at down side of thetrain direction. Sensor activation time is so adjusted by calculating the time taken at acertain speed to cross at least one compartment of standard minimum size of the Indianrailway. We have considered 5 seconds for this project. Sensors are fixed at 1km on bothsides of the gate. We call the sensor along the train direction as foreside sensor and theother as aft side sensor. When foreside receiver gets activated, the gate motor is turnedon in one direction and the gate is closed and stays closed until the train crosses the gateand reaches aft side sensors. When aft side receiver gets activated motor turns in oppositedirection and gate opens and motor stops. Buzzer will immediately sound at the fore sidereceiver activation and gate will close after 5 seconds, so giving time to drivers to clear gate area in order to avoid trapping between the gates and stop sound after the train hascrossed.The same principle is applied for track switching. Considering a situation wherein anexpress train and a local train are traveling in opposite directions on the same track; theexpress train is allowed to travel on the same track and the local train has to switch on tothe other track. Two sensors are placed at the either sides of the junction where the track switches. If theres a train approaching from the other side, then another sensor placeda l on g t ha t d ir ect i o n g et s a ct i va t ed a n d w i l l s en d a n i nt er r u p t t o t h e co nt r o l l er . T heinterrupt service routine switches the track. Indicator lights have been provided to avoidcollisions. Here the switching operation is performed using a stepper motor. Assumingthat within a certain delay, the train has passed the track is switched back to its original position, allowing the first train to pass without any interruption. This concept of track switching can be applied at 1km distance from the stations.

Gate Control :Railways being the cheapest mode of transportation are preferred over allt h e ot h er mea ns . Wh en w e g o t hr ou g h t h e da il y n ews p a p er s w e c o m e a cr os s ma n yrailway accidents occurring at unmanned railway crossings. This is mainly due to thecarelessness in manual operations or lack of workers. We, in this project has come upw it h a s olu t io n f or t h e s a me. Us i n g s i mp l e el ect r o n ic c o mp o n ent s w e ha v e t r i ed t oautomate the control of railway gates. As a train approaches the railway crossing fromeither side, the sensors placed at a certain distance from the gate detects the approachingtrain and accordingly controls the operation of the gate. Also an indicator light has been provided to alert the motorists about the approaching train. Track Switching: Us i ng t h e s a me p r i nc ip l e a s t ha t f or ga t e co nt r o l, w e ha v e d ev el op ed a co nc ep t of automatic track switching. Considering a situation wherein an express train and a localtrain are traveling in opposite directions on the same track; the express train is allowed totravel on the same track and the local train has to switch on to the other track. Indicator lights have been provided to avoid collisions .Here the switching operation is performedusing a stepper motor. In practical purposes this can be achieved using electromagnets. Signaling using LCD :Train arrival and departure message is needed at the platform for the passengers andalso a announcement is required. By detecting the signal at tracks by sensors a commandis sent to the micro controller which enables the LCD to display the arrival message. Weca n a ls o u s e a n ot h er s ens or a f t er t he s t a t io n t o d is p la y t h e d ep a r t ur e mes s a ge. A n d a buzzer can be connected across it to give a announcement. A specified delay is given tomessage so that can be displayed for that much time. Micro-controllers are also being used increasingly as tools for analysis and designof control systems. The control engineer thus has much more powerful tools availablenow than in the past. Digital computers are still in a state of rapid development becauseof t h e p r o gr es s i n v er y la r ge- s ca l e i nt egr a t io n ( VL S I ) t ec h n o l og y. T hu s s u b s tant ia ltechnological improvements can be expected in the future.B e c a u s e o f t h e s e d e v e l o p m e n t s , t h e a p p r o a c h t o a n a l y s i s , d e s i g n , a n d implementation of control systems is changing drastically. Originally it was only amatter of translating the earlier analog designs into the new technology. However, it has been realized that there is much to be gained by exploiting the full potential of the newtechnology. Fortunately, control theory has also developed substantially over the past35 years. For a while it was quite unrealistic to implement the type of regulators that thenew theory produced except in a few exotic mostly in aerospace or advanced processcontrol. However, due to the revolutionary development of microelectronics, advancedr egu la t or s ca n b e i mp l emen t ed ev en f or b a s ic a p p lica t i o ns . I t is a ls o p os s ib l e t o d oa na l ys is a nd d es i g n a t a r ea s ona b l e cos t wit h t h e int er a ct i v e d es i g n t o ols t ha t ar e becoming increasingly available.The purpose of this project work is to present control theory that is relevant to theanalysis and design of Micro-controller system with an emphasis on basic concept andideas. It is assumed that a Microcontroller with reasonable software is available for c o m p u t a t i o n s a n d s i m u l a t i o n s s o t h a t m a n y t e d i o u s d e t a i l s c a n b e l e f t t o t h e M icr o c o nt r ol l er . T he co nt r o l s ys t em d es i g n is a ls o ca r r ied ou t u p t o t he s t a g e of implementation in the form of controller programs in assembly language.M i cr o- c o nt r o l l er s ar e " emb ed d ed " i ns i d e s o me ot h er d ev ic e s o t ha t t hey ca nc o nt r ol t h e f ea t u r es or a ct ions of t h e p r o du ct . A n ot h er na me f or a mi cr oco nt r o l l er , therefore, is "embedded controller". Micro-controllers are dedicated to one task and runone specific program. The program is stored in ROM (read-only memory) and generallydoes not change. Micro-controllers are often low-power devices. A battery-operatedMicrocontroller might consume 50 mille watts. A micro-controller has a dedicated input

device and often (but not always) has a small LED or LCD display for output. A micro-controller also takes input from the device it is controlling and controls the device bysending signals to different components in the device. 1.2 Scope of project: This project is developed in order to help the INDIAN RAILWAYS in making its p r es ent w or ki n g s ys t em a b et t er on e, b y eli mi na t in g s o me of t he l oop h o l es existing in it. Bas ed on t he r es p ons es a nd r ep orts obta ined as a r esu lt of t he s i g n i f i c a n t development in the working system of INDIAN RAILWAYS, this project can befurther extended to meet the demands according to situation. This can be further implemented to have control room to regulate the working of the system. Thus becomes the user friendliness. This circuit can be expanded and used in a station with any number of platformsas per the usage. Additional modules can be added with out affecting the remaining modules. Thisallows the flexibility and easy maintenance of the developed system.This system consists of following features over manual system: There is no time lag to operate the device. Accuracy. 1.3 Contents of the Thesis: Chapter 2 describes the block diagram and operation of different units like gate control, track switching and etc., withblock diagrams. Chapter 3 describes power supply part that we used in thisproject, with different parts of it, with ratings. Chapter 4 presents how the LCD interfaced with 89c51,which we used in this project for displaying train status messageand explanation for program. C h a p te r 5 p r e s e n ts s te p p e r m o t o r i n te r f a ci n g a n d explanation for program written. Chapter 6 presents detailed explanation about infraredsensors and its parts with circuit diagrams. Chapter 7 gives detailed presentation of all hardwarecomponents that we use in this project. Chapter 8 gives the conclusions and future scope of thisproject.

Chapter 2 BLOCK DIAGRAM ANDGENERALDESCRIPTION Block diagram and General description2.1 Block diagram introduction:FIG 2.1.

TheFIG2.1 s h o ws t h e g en er a l b l o c k d ia gr a m of u n ma n n ed r a il wa y ga t e c o nt r ol, t h evarious blocks of this are:1. Power supply unit2. Gate control unit3. Track changing unit4. LCD Message display unitT his p r oj ect u s es AT 8 9 C 5 1 mi cr oc o nt r o l l er f or p r ogr a mmi n g a n d op er a t io n. A n d ULN2003 driver.