Muhibbuddin School Lesson notes Department of Life Science Grade: 8 _____________________________________________________________________________

CELL STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION Cells were discovered by Robert Hooke. He used a microscope to look at organisms in 1665. The average size of a cell varies between 10 micrometers (m) to 150 micrometers (m). There are two different types of organisms; unicellular and multicellular. - Unicellular organisms have only one cell. The cell does not depend on other cells. E.g. bacteria - Multicellular organisms have more than one cell. The cells are interdependent on one another for the functioning. E.g. human ANIMAL CELL

cell membrane glycogen granules/ oil droplets cytoplasm mitochondria nucleus small, temporary vacuole

Structures

Functions This is a thin layer of skin which forms the outer boundary of the cell. Cell membrane controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell. In general, oxygen, food and water are allowed to enter, waste products (CO2 and urea) are allowed to leave and harmful substances are kept out of the cell. Because of this the cell membrane is called a selectively permeable membrane (partially permeable /semi- permeable / differentially permeable). Cytoplasm refers to all cell contents except the nucleus. This is a jelly-like substance found in all

Cell membrane Semi-permeable membrane

Cytoplasm Jelly like substance

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Muhibbuddin School Lesson notes Department of Life Science Grade: 8 _____________________________________________________________________________

cells. It contains living structures, which have a particular function in the cell called organelles (e.g. mitochondria) and non-living structures called inclusions (e.g. enzymes, oil droplets). All the chemical reactions of the cell (metabolic reactions) take place within the cytoplasm. Mitochondria Power house of the cell Site of respiration, which releases energy. Controls all the cellular activities Inside the nucleus there are thread-like structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes carry hereditary information from one generation to another. The nucleus also initiates cell division.

Nucleus Contains genetic material

PLANT CELL

Structures Cell wall contains cellulose and is fully permeable

Functions The cell wall is made up of cellulose (a carbohydrate). It is found outside the cell membrane in plant cells. Unlike the cell membrane, the cell wall is fully

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Muhibbuddin School Lesson notes Department of Life Science Grade: 8 _____________________________________________________________________________

permeable to all fluids. It allows all molecules to pass through it. Cell wall gives the plant cell a definite shape. The presence of this wall around every cell in a plant gives a great deal of support to the plant. Note: The cell membrane in plant cells fit tightly against the cell wall and is often difficult to see. Nucleus contains genetic material Cell membrane semi-permeable membrane Cytoplasm jelly like substance Mitochondria power house of the cell

Controls all the cellular activities

Controls the entry and exit of substances Site of many enzyme controlled reactions Holds the organelles in place Site of respiration, which releases energy Chloroplasts are green coloured bodies lying in the cytoplasm. These organelles are green, because

Chloroplast contains green pigment chlorophyll

they contain a green pigment called chlorophyll. The chlorophyll absorbs light energy, and this energy is used for photosynthesis. The chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis. All mature plants have a large fluid filled space called a vacuole. The vacuole is filled with a watery fluid made up of sugar and salt. This fluid is called the cell sap. The vacuole is also sometimes known as the sap vacuole. The vacuole helps to maintain the shape of the cell and also stores food. The vacuole is lined with a selectively permeable membrane called vacuolar membrane similar to the cell membrane. The vacuolar membrane separates the vacuole from the cytoplasm.

Vacuole Plant cells have large permanent vacuoles

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Muhibbuddin School Lesson notes Department of Life Science Grade: 8 _____________________________________________________________________________

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PLANT CELLS AND ANIMAL CELLS Both have Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Mitochondria

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT CELLS AND ANIMAL CELLS Animal Cell do not have cell wall do not have chloroplasts have small temporary vacuoles have glycogen granules as food storage do not have a rigid shape Plant Cell have a cell wall have chloroplasts has no vacuoles have starch granules as food storage have a rigid shape

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Muhibbuddin School Lesson notes Department of Life Science Grade: 8 _____________________________________________________________________________

SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO

Length: 1cm Breadth: 1cm Height: 1cm Surface area of one side= length x breath = 1 x 1 = 1cm2 Surface area of cube = surface area of one side x 6 =1x6 = 6cm2 Volume of cube = length x breadth x height = 1 x 1 x 1 = 1cm3 Surface area: Volume 6:1 Surface area to volume ratio = 6

Length: 2cm Breadth: 2cm Height: 2cm Surface area of one side= length x breath = 2 x 2 = 4cm2 Surface area of cube = surface area of one side x 6 =4x6 = 24cm2 Volume of cube = length x breadth x height = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8cm3 Surface area: Volume 24 : 8 3:1 Surface area to volume ratio = 3

The smaller the size of the organism, the larger the surface area to volume ratio.
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Muhibbuddin School Lesson notes Department of Life Science Grade: 8 _____________________________________________________________________________

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