You are on page 1of 120

DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW

A: Mathematical Formulation (4.1.1, 4.2, ( 6.1-6.4) B: Inviscid Flow: Euler Equation/Some Basic, Basic Plane Potential Flows (6 5 6 7) (6.5-6.7) C: Viscous Flow: Navier-Stokes Equation Navier Stokes (6.8-6.10)

Introduction
Differential Analysis
There are situations in which the details of the flow are important, e.g., pressure and shear stress variation along the wing. l h i Therefore, we need to develop relationship that apply , p p pp y at a point or at least in a very small region (infinitesimal volume) with a given flow field. field This approach is commonly referred to as differential analysis. l i The solutions o the equ o s are rather difficult. e so u o s of e equations e e d cu . Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) can be applied to t complex flow problems. l fl bl

PART A Mathematical Formulation (Sections 4.1.1, 4.2, 6.1-6.4) (S ti 4 1 1 4 2 6 1 6 4)

Fluid Kinematics (4 1 1 4 2) (4.1.1, 4.2)


Kinematics involves position, velocity and acceleration, not forces. l i f kinematics of the motion: e at cs o t e ot o : velocity and acceleration of the fluid, and the description and visualization of its motion. motion The analysis of the specific force necessary to produce the motion - th dynamics of the d th ti the d i f th motion.

4.1 The Velocity Field y


A field representation representations of fluid p parameters as functions of spatial coordinate p the velocity field

V = u ( x, y, z , t )i + v( x, y, z , t ) j + w( x, y, z , t )k
r uu r drA = VA dt

V = V ( x, y , z , t )
V = V = u +v +w
2 2

A change in velocity results in an acceleration which may be due to a change in speed and/or direction.

4.1.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian g g Flow Descriptions


Eulerian method: the fluid motion is given by completely prescribing the necessary properties as functions of space and time. From this method, we obtain information about the flow in terms of what happens at fixed points in space as the fluid flows past those p p points. Lagrangian method: follo ing following individual fluid particles as they move about and determining how the fluid properties associated with these particles change as a function of time time.

V4.3 Cylinder-velocity vectors V4.4 Follow the particles V4.5 Follow the particles

4.1.4 Streamlines, Streaklines and Pathlines


A streamline is a line that is everywhere tangent to the velocity field. field A streakline consists of all particles in a flow that have previously passed through a common point. point A pathline is a line traced out by a given flowing particle.

V4.9 streamlines V4.10 streaklines V4.1 streaklines

4.1.4 Streamlines, Streaklines and Pathlines


For steady flows, streamlines, streaklines and pathlines all y coincide. This is not true for unsteady flows.

Unsteady streamlines are difficult to generate y g experimentally, but easy to draw in numerical computation. On the contrary, streaklines are more of a lab tool than an analytical tool. How can you determine the unsteady pathline of a moving particle?

4.2 The Acceleration Field


The acceleration of a particle is the time rate change of its velocity. h fi l i For unsteady flows the velocity at a given point in space may vary with time, giving rise to a portion of the fluid acceleration. In addition a fluid particle may experience an addition, acceleration because its velocity changes as it flows from one point to another in space.

4.2.1 4 2 1 The Material Derivative


Consider a particle moving along its pathline

uu uu ur r r uu r VA = VA rA , t = VA x A ( t ) , y A ( t ) , z A ( t ) , t

( )

The Material Derivative


Thus the acceleration of particle A,

uu uu ur r r uu r VA = VA rA , t = VA x A ( t ) , y A ( t ) , z A ( t ) , t uu r uu r uu r uu r uu r dVA VA VA dx A VA dy A aA (t ) = = + + dt t x dt y dt uu r VA dz A + z dt uu r uu r uu r uu r VA VA VA VA = + uA + vA + wA t x y z

( )

Acceleration
This is valid for any particle

u r u r u r u r r V V V V a= +u +v +w t x y z u u u u ax = +u +v + w t x y z v v v v ay = + u + v + w t x y z w w w w az = +u +v +w t x y z

Material d i ti M t i l derivative
Associated with time variation Acceleration: u r u r u r u r u r u r r DV DV V V V V a= , = +u +v +w Dt Dt t x y z Associated with space variation

Total d i ti T t l derivative, material derivative or substantial t i l d i ti b t ti l derivative


D( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = +u +v +w Dt D t x y z r ( ) = + (V ) ( ) t

Material derivative
The material derivative of any variable is the rate at which that variable changes with time for a given particle (as seen by one moving along with the fluid the L l i h h fl id h Lagrangian i descriptions) p ) If velocity is known, the time rate change of temperature can be expressed as, as
DT T T T T = +u +v +w Dt t x y z r T = + (V )T t Example: the temperature of a passenger experienced on a train starting from Taipei on 9am and arriving at Kaohsiung on 12.

Acceleration along a g streamline


u r r R r V = u ( x ) i = V0 1 + 3 i, x
3

u r u r r V V u u r a= +u = + u i t x t x

3 r r R 3 4 a = Vo (1 + 3 )Vo [ R ( 3x )] i x

4.2.2 4 2 2 Unsteady Effects


For steady flow ( )/t 0, there is no change in flow 0 parameters at a fixed point in space. For unsteady flow ( )/t 0. spatial (convective) derivative DT T v DT T = + V T (for an unstirred cup of coffee < 0) Dt t Dt t ti (local) derivative time (l l) d i ti v v v DV V v = + V V Dt t local acceleration V4.12 Unsteady flow y

4.2.3 Convective Effects

DT T v = + V T Dt t DT T = 0 + us Dt s Tout Tin =0+us s

4.2.3 Convective Effects


convective acceleration v v v DV V v = + V V Dt t local acceleration Du u = 0+u Dt x

4.2.4 Streamline Coordinates


In many flow situations it is convenient to use a coordinate system defined in terms of the streamlines of the flow.

V =Vs v DV DV Ds a= = s +V Dt Dt Dt V V ds V dn = + + s t s dt n dt s s ds s dn +V + + t s dt n dt s : change in tangential unit vector s : change in tangential distance g g


V4.13 Streamline coordinates

4.2.4 Streamline Coordinates


Steady flow V s a = V s + V V s s V V2 V V2 or as = V , an = =V s+ n s R s R s s s 1 s s n = = s , or = , = lim = Q R s s R s s 0 s R

6.1 6 1 Fluid Element Kinematics


Types of motion and deformation for a fluid element.

6.1.1 Velocity and Acceleration y Fields Revisited


Velocity field representation
V = V ( x, y , z , t ) or V = u + v + wk i j
ax = u u u u +u +v +w t x y z

Acceleration of a particle cce e at o o pa t c e


V V V V a= +u +v +w t x y z
DV V a= = + ( V ) V Dt t ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = i+ j+ k x y z

ay =
az =

v v v v +u +v +w t x y z
w w w w +u +v +w t x y z

6.1.2 Linear Motion and Deformation


variations of the velocity in the direction of u v velocity, x , y , w cause a linear stretching z deformation. Consider the x-component deformation:

Linear Motion and Deformation


The change in the original volume, V = x y z , due to u / x : u Change in V = ( x)( y z )( t ) x Rate change of V per unit volume due to u / x :
( u / x ) t u 1 d ( V ) = lim = t 0 V dt t x

If velocity gradient v / y and w / z are also present, then 1 d ( V ) u v w = + + = V volumetric dilatation rate V dt x y z
The volume of a fluid may change as the element moves from one location to another in the flow field. For incompressible fluid, the volumetric dilation rate is zero.

6.1.3 Angular Motion and Deformation


Consider an element under rotation and angular deformation

V6.3 Shear deformation

Angular Motion and Deformation


the angular velocity of OA is OA = lim t 0 t For small angles
v x t v tan = x = t x x

so that
OA = lim
( v / x) t v =x t 0 t

(if

v x

is positive then OA will be counterclockwise)

Angular Motion and Deformation g


the angular velocity of the line OB is
OB = lim t 0 t

u yt u y t tan = = y y

so that
OB
( u / y ) t u = lim = t 0 t y

u ( if is positive, OB will be clockwise) y

Angular rotation
V4.6 Flow past a wing

The rotation, z , of the element about the z axis is defined as the average of the angular velocities OA and OB , if p , , counterclockwise is considered to be positive, then,
1 v u z = 2 x y

similarly

1 w v x = y z , 2

1 u w y = 2 z x

thus h
i 1 1 V = 2 2 x u

+ + k = 1 curl V = 1 V = xi j y x 2 2
j y v k 1 w v 1 u w 1 v u = i + j+ k z 2 y z 2 z x 2 x y w

Definition of vorticity y
Define D fi vorticity ti it

= 2 = V
The fluid element will rotate about z axis as an undeformed block ( ie: OA = OB ) only when y
u v = y x

Otherwise the rotation will be associated with an angular deformation. If


u v = y x

or V = 0 , then the rotation (and the vorticity )

are zero, and flow fields are termed irrotational.

Different types of angular motions yp g

Solid body rotation


u = r

ur = u z = 0

z = 2

r = = 0

1 1 u r (ru ) z = r r r

Free vortex
u = k r
ur = u z = 0
r = 0
= 0

1 (ru ) = 0 z = r r

for f

r0

Angular Deformation
Apart form rotation associated with these derivatives v and x , these derivatives can cause the element to undergo an angular deformation, which results in a change in shape of the element. The change in the original right angle is termed the shearing strain ,
= +
u y

where is considered to be positive if the original right angle is decreasing.

Angular Deformation
Rate f h i R t of shearing strain or rate of angular deformation t i t f l d f ti
u v x t + y t & = lim = lim t 0 t t 0 t v u = + x y

The rate of angular deformation is related to a corresponding g p g shearing stress which causes the fluid element to change in shape. If , the rate of angular deformation is zero and this condition indicates that the element is simply rotating as an undeformed block.
u v = y x

6.2 Conservation of Mass


DM sys Dt =0

Conservation of mass:

In control volume representation (continuity equation):

dV cv d + cs V ndA = 0 t

(6.19)

To obtain the differential form of the continuity equation, Eq. 6 19 i E 6.19 is applied to an infinitesimal control volume. li d t i fi it i l t l l

6.2.1 Differential Form of Continuity Equation E ti

u x u x u Net mass flow in the direction u + yz u x 2 yz = x xyz x 2 v Net mass flow in the y direction xyz y Net mass flow in the z direction w xyz z u v w Net rate of mass out of flow x + y + z xyz

dV t xyz t

Differential Form of Continuity Equation Diff ti l F f C ti it E ti


Thus conservation of mass become u v w + + + = 0 (continuity equation ) t x y z In vector form

+ V = 0 t For steady compressible flow


u v w + =0 + x y z

V = 0

For incompressible flow


u v w + + =0 x y z

V = 0

6.2.2 Cylindrical Polar Coordinates


The differential form of continuity equation
1 (rv r ) 1 (v ) v z + + + =0 t r r z r

6.2.3 The Stream Function


For 2-D incompressible plane flow then,
u v + =0 x y

Define t D fi a stream function ( x, y ) such th t f ti h that


u= y

v= x
+ x y 2 2 =0 = xy yx

then

x y

For velocity expressed in forms of the stream function, the conservation of mass will be satisfied.

The Stream Function


Lines along constant are stream lines. Li l t t t li Definition of stream line dy = v
dx d u

Thus change of , from ( x, y ) to ( x + dx, y + dy ) Along a line of constant of we have d = 0 Al li f t t f h


vdx + udy = 0 y
dy v = dx u d

d = dx + dy = vdx + udy x y

which is the defining equation for a streamline. Thus we can use to plot streamline. The actual numerical value of a stream line is not important but p the change in the value of is related to the volume flow rate.

The Stream Function


NoteFlow never crosses streamline, since by definition the velocity is tangent to the streamlines. Volume rate of flow (per unit width perpendicular to the x-y plane)
dq = udy vdx = dy + dx = d y x q = d = 2 1
1 2

If 2 > 1 then q is positive and vice versa. p In cylindrical coordinates the incompressible continuity 1 (rv r ) 1 v equation becomes, + =0 Then, ,
1 vr = r

v = r

Ex 6.3 Stream function

6.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum


Linear momentum equation Li t ti
F= D sys Vdm Dt
contents of the control volume

or

= VdV + VV ndA CS t CV

Consider diff C id a differential system with m and V ti l t ith d

then

F =

D ( V m ) Dt

Using the system approach then DV F = m = ma Dt

6.3.1 Descriptions of Force Acting on the Differential Element


Two types of forces need to be considered surface forceswhich action the surfaces of the forces which differential element. body f b d forceswhich are distributed throughout the hi h di t ib t d th h t th element. For simplicity the only body force considered is the simplicity, weight of the element,
Fb = mg

or

Fbx = mg x

Fby = mg y

Fbz = mg z

Surface force act on the element as a result of its interaction with its surroundings (the components depend ) on the area orientation)

Where Fn is normal to the area A and F1 and F2 are parallel g to the area and orthogonal to each other.

The normal stress n is defined as, as


Fn n = lim A0 A

and the shearing stresses are define as


F1 F2 1 = lim 2 = lim A0 A A0 A we use for normal stresses and for shear stresses.

Sign f t Si of stresses
Positive sign for the stress as positive coordinate direction ii di di i on the surfaces for which the outward normal is in the positive coordinate direction.
NotePositive normal stresses are tensile stresses, ie, they tend to stretch the material.

Thus

xx yx zx y Fsx = + + x y z y z x xy yy zy Fsy = + + x y z y z x xz yx zz Fsz = + + x y z y z x

Fs = Fsx + Fsy + Fsz k i j

F = Fs + Fb

6.3.2 Equation of Motion


Fx = m a x , Fy = m a y , Fz = m a z
m = x y z
Thus
yx u xx zx u u u gx + + + = + u + v + w x y z t x y z xy yy zy v v v v gy + + + = + u + v + w ( (6.50) ) x y z t x y z yz w xz zz w w w gz + + + = + u + v + w x y z x y z t

PART B Inviscid Flow: Euler Equation/Some Basic, Plane Basic Potential Flows (Sections 6.5-6.7) 6 5-6 7)

6.4 Inviscid Flow


6.4.1 Eulers Equation of Motion
For an inviscid flow in which the shearing stresses are all g zero, and the normal stresses are replaced by -p, thus the equation of motion becomes
gx
u p u u u = + u + +w x x y z t

p + +w gy = + u y t x y z w p w w w gz = + u + +w z t x y z or V g p = + (V )V t

The main difficulty in solving the equation is the nonlinear terms which appear in the convective acceleration.

6.4.2 The Bernoulli Equation q


For steady flow

g p = ( V ) V
g = g z (up being positive) 1 ( V ) V = ( V V ) V ( V ) 2 thus the equation can be written as, g z p = ( V V ) V ( V )
2 or p 1 + V 2 + g z = V ( V ) 2

( )

Take h dot T k the d product of each term with a differential length d f h i h diff i ll h ds along a streamline p 1 ds + (V 2 ) ds + g z ds = V ( V ) ds 2

Since ds and V are parallel, therefore

V ( V ) ds = 0
Since

ds = dx + dy + dz k i j p p p p d s = dx + dy + dz = dp x y z
Thus the equation becomes q

dp

1 + d V 2 + g dz = 0 2

( )

where the change in p, V and z is along the streamline g g

dp V 2 + 2 + gz = constant which indicates that the sum of the three terms on the left side of the equation must remain a constant along a given streamline.

Equation after integration become

For inviscid incompressible flow, the equation become, inviscid, flow become
V2 + + gz = const g 2 or p p1 V12 p2 V22 + + z1 = + + z2 2g 2g

For (1) i i id fl inviscid flow (2) steady flow (3) incompressible flow (4) flow along a streamline

6.4.3 Irrotational Flow


If the flow is irrotational, the analysis of inviscid flow i i id fl problem i f h simplified. bl is further i lifi d The rotation of the fluid element is equal to 1 V , and for irrotational flow field,
2

V = 0

Since V = , therefore for an irrotational flow field the vorticity is zero. field, zero

The condition of irrotationality imposes specific relationships among these velocity gradients gradients. For example, 1 u
=0 z = 2 x y u w x = y , y = z , u w = z x

A general flow field would not satisfy these three equations.

Can irrotational flow hold in a viscous

fluid?
According to the 2-D vorticity transport equation (cf. Problem 6.81) D z = 2 z Dt D Vorticity of an fluid element grows along with its motion as long as is positive. So, an initially irrotatioal flow will eventually turn into rotational flow in a viscous fluid. On the other hand, an initially irrotatioal flow remains , irrotational in an inviscid fluid, if without external excitement.

6.4.4 The Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow


In Section 6.4.2, we have obtained along a streamline that,
V ( V ) ds = 0

In an irrotational flow, V = 0, so the equation is zero reg , q g ardless of the direction of ds. Consequently, for irrotational flow the Bernoulli equation is q y, f q valid throughout the flow field. Therefore, between any flow points in the flow field,
dp V 2 + 2 + gz = constant or p1 V12 p2 V22 + + z1 = + + z2 2g 2g

For (1) Inviscid flow (2) Stead flow (3) Incompressible flow (4) Irrotational flow

6.4.5 The Velocity Potential y


For irrotational flow since V = 0 thus V = 0, th u= , = , w= x y z so that for an irrotational flow the velocity is expressible as the gradient of a scalar function . The velocity potential is a consequence of the irrotationality of the flow field (only valid for inviscid flow), whereas the stream function is a consequence of conservation of mass (valid for inviscid or viscous flow) ). Velocity potential can be defined for a general three threedimensional flow, whereas the stream function is restricted to two-dimensional flows.

Thus for irrotational flow V = 0 V = , further with V = 0 for incomp. flow,


2 = 0

In Cartesian coordinates, Thus, inviscid, incompressible, irrotational flow fields are governed by Laplaces equation. Cylindrical coordinate
( ) 1 ( ) ( ) = e + ez r + r r z 1 = er + e + ez r r z where = ( r , , z ) (

2 2 2 + 2 + 2 =0 2 x y z

)e

Thus for an irrotational flow with V =


1 1 2 2 + 2 =0 r + 2 2 z r r r r

Since V = r e r + e + z e z

Example 6.4 p

= 2r 2 sin 2
1 = 4r cos 2 = = 2r 2 cos 2 + f1 ( ) r r 1 = = 4r sin 2 = = 2r 2 cos 2 + f 2 ( r ) r r Thus = 2r 2 cos 2 + C

r =

The specific value of C is not important, therefore

= 2r 2 cos 2
V 2 = ( 4r cos 2 ) + ( 4r sin 2 ) = 16r 2
2 2

p1

V12 p2 V22 + = + 2g 2g

6.5 Some basic, plane potential flows


Since the Laplace equation is a linear differential equation, various solutions can be added to obtain other solutions. i.e.

= 1 + 2

The practical implication is that if we have basic solutions, we solutions can combine them to obtain more complicated and interesting solutions. solutions In this section several basic velocity potentials, which describe some relatively simple flows, will be determined flows determined.

For i li i F simplicity, only two-dimensional flows will be l di i l fl ill b considered.


velocity potential : u = , v= x y or vr = , r 1 v = r

stream function : u = , v= y x

or

1 vr = , r

v = r

Defining the velocities in terms of the stream function, function conservation of mass is identically satisfied. Now impose the condition of irrotationality, u v = y x Thus
y y = x x or 2 2 + 2 =0 2 x y

Thus for a two-dimensional irrotational flow, the velocity two dimensional flow potential and the stream function both satisfy Laplace equation. It is apparent from these results that the velocity potential and the stream function are somehow related related. Along a line of constant , d =0
d = dx + dy = vdx + udy x y dy v udy = vdx, = dx u

Along a line of constant , d =0 d = dx + dy = udx + vdy = 0 x y dy d u = udx = vdy, dx v

Therefore, Therefore the equations indicate that lines of constant (equipotential lines) are orthogonal to lines of constant (stream line) at all points where they intersect.

Q: Why V2 > V1? How about p1 and p2?

6.5.1 Uniform Flow


The simplest plane flow is one for which the streamlines are all straight and parallel, and the magnitude of the velocity is parallel constant uniform flow.

u =U v = 0 =U, =0 x y = Ux + C
Thus, for a uniform flow in the positive x direction, , p ,

= Ux
The corresponding stream function can be obtained in a similar manner, =U, = 0 =U Uy y x

The l it Th velocity potential and stream function for a t ti l d t f ti f uniform flow at an angle with the x axis,

= U ( x cos + y sin ) = U ( y cos x sin )

6.5.2 Source and Sink purely radial Sinkflow


Consider a fluid flowing radially outward from a line through g p p yp the origin perpendicular to the x-y plane. Let m be the volume rate of flow emanating from the line (per unit length).
Conservation of mass m 2 r ( vr ) = m or vr = 2 r

Also, since the flow is purely radial, velocity potential becomes, v = 0


m 1 = , =0 r 2 r r m = ln r 2

Source and Sink flows


If m is positive, the flow is radially outward, and the flow is considered to be a source flow. If m is negative, the flow is toward the origin, and the flow is considered to be a sink flow. The flow rate, m is the strength of the source or sink. rate m, sink The stream function for the source:
1 m = , r 2r m =0 = r 2

Note: At r=0, the velocity becomes infinite, which is of course physically impossible and is a singular point.

6.5.3 Vortex streamlines are Vortex-streamlines concentric circles (vr=0)


Consider a flow field in which the streamlines are concentric circles. i e e circles i.e. we interchange the velocity potential and stream elocit function for the source. Thus, l Th let

= K and = K ln r
where K is a constant.
1 K v = = = r r r (free (f vortex) t )

Free and Forced vortex


Rotation refers to the orientation of a fluid element and not the th f ll th path followed by the element. d b th l t

Free vortex

Forced vortex

If the fluid were rotating as a rigid body, such that v = Kr , this type of vortex motion is rotational and can not be described b a velocity potential by elocit potential. Free F vortex: b h b fl bathtub flow. V6.4 Vortex in a beaker Forced vortex: liquid contained in a tank rotating about its axis.

Combined vortex
Combined vortex: a forced vortex as a central core and a free vortex o tside the core orte outside core.

v = r r r0 K v = r r > r0

where K and r are constant and r0 corresponds to the radius of central core.

Circulation
A mathematical concept commonly associated with vortex motion is that of circulation. = V ds (6.89) C The integral is taken around curve, C, in the counterclockwise curve direction. Note: Greens theorem in the plane dictates ( V ) k dxdy = C V ds For an irrotational flow
V = V ds = ds = d
R

therefore,

For an irrotational flow, the circulation will generally be zero. However, if there are singularities enclosed within the curve, the circulation may not be zero.

d = 0
C

Circulation for free vortex


K For example, the free vortex with v = r

K ( rd ) = 2 K r

K= 2

Note: However along any path which does not include the singular point at the origin will be zero. The velocity potential and stream function for the free vortex are commonly expressed in terms of circulation as, as
= 2 = ln r 2

(6.90) (6.91) (6 91)

Example 6.6
Determine an expression relating the surface shape to the strength of the vortex as specified by circulation .

= 2 For irrotational flow, the Bernoulli equation


p1 V12 p2 V2 2 + + z1 = + + z2 2g 2g p1 = p2 = 0 z1 = 0 V1 0

V12 V22 = zs + 2g 2g 1 v = = r 2 r 2 zs = 2 2 8 r g

6.5.4 Doublet
Consider potential flow that is formed by combining a source and a sink in a special way. Consider a source-sink pair

m = (1 2 ) 2

2 tan m

tan 1 tan 2 = tan(1 2 ) = 1 + tan 1 tan 2

r sin Since tan 1 = r cos a

r sin and tan 2 = r cos + a

2 2ar sin Thus t Th tan = 2 m r a2

m 1 2ar sin = tan t 1 2 2 2 r a

Doublet
For small values of a

m 2ar sin mar sin = = 2 2 2 r a (r 2 a 2 )

(6.94)

Doublet is formed by letting the source and sink approach one another ( a 0 ) while increasing the strength m ( m ) so that the product ma/ remains constant.
As a 0, r /( r 2 a 2 ) 1 / r

Eq. 6 94 d E 6.94 reduces to: t

K sin = r where K = ma/ is called the strength of the doublet. The corresponding velocity p p g y potential is K cos = r

(6.95)

(6.96)

Doublet-streamlines

1 K cos Vr = = = r r r2 1 K sin V = = = r r r2

Streamlines for a doublet

Summary of basic, plane potential flows

6.6 Superposition of Basic, Plane p p , Potential Flows


Method f M th d of superposition iti
Any A streamline in an inviscid flow field can be li i i i id fl fi ld b considered as a solid boundary, since the conditions along a solid boundary and a streamline are the sameo ow oug e boundary or e streamline. e. no flow through the bou d y o the s e Therefore, some basic velocity potential or stream function f ti can be combined to yield a streamline that b bi d t i ld t li th t corresponds to a particular body shape of interest. This method is called the method of superposition.

6.6.1 Source in a Uniform Stream- Half-Body


Consider a superposition of a source and a uniform flow. The resulting stream function is
= uniform flow + source
= Ur sin + m 2

(6.97)

and the corresponding velocity potential is m = Ur cos + ln r V6.5 Half-body 2

For the source alone m vr = 2r Let the stagnation p g point occur at x=b, where U = m , 2b m so b= 2U The value of the stream function at the stagnation point can be obtained by evaluating x at r=b and , which yields from b i db l i b d = hi h i ld f Eq. 6.97 m stagnation = = bU 2 Thus the equation of the streamline passing through the stagnation point is, b( ) bU = Ur sin + bU or r= (6.100) sin

The width of the half-body asymptotically approaches 2b half body b. This follows from Eq. 6.100, which can be written as y = b( ) so that as 0 or 2, the half-width approaches b.

With the stream function (or velocity potential) known, the ( yp ) , velocity components at any point can be obtained. 1 m = U cos + vr = r 2r = U sin i v = r

Thus the square of the magnitude of the velocity V at any point is, Um cos m 2 2 2 2 2 V = vr + v = U + +( ) 2 r r m since b = 2 U b b2 V 2 = U 2 1 + 2 cos + 2 (6.101) r r With the velocity known, the pressure distribution can be dete determined from the Bernoulli equation, ed o t e e ou equat o ,
1 1 2 p0 + U = p + V 2 2 2

(6.102) (6 102)

Note: the velocity tangent to the surface of the body is not zero; that is, the fluid slips by the boundary.

Example 6.7 p
b b2 V 2 = U 2 1 + 2 cos + 2 r r on the surface = / 2 h f 4 Thus V 2 = U 2 1 + 2 Th b y2 = 2

b ( ) b r= = sin 2

p1

V12 p2 V2 2 + + y1 = + + y2 2g 2g

p1 p2 =

(V 2

2 2

V12 ) + ( y2 y1 )

6.6.2 Rankine Ovals


Consider a source and a sink of equal strength combined with a uniform flow to form the flow around a closed body body. The stream function and velocity potential for this combination are,
m = Ur sin (1 2 ) 2
m = Ur cos ( (ln r1 ln r2 ) 2

As in Section 6.5.4
= Ur sin
or m 2ar sin tan 1 2 2 2 r a m 2ay 1 = Uy y tan 2 x + y2 a2 2

The stream line =0 forms a closed body. Since the body is closed, all of the flow emanating from the source flows into the sink. p These bodies have an oval shape and are termed Rankine ovals. The stagnation points correspond to the points where the uniform velocity, velocity the source velocity, and the sink velocity all combine to velocity give a zero velocity. Th location of the stagnation points depend on the value of a, m , The l ti f th t ti i t d d th l f and U.

The body half length:


ma l = + a2 U
1 2

l m or = + 1 a Ua

source:

Therefore h f m m U + =0 2 ( r a ) 2 ( r + a )
m 2a U =0 2 2 2 r a m 1 m 2 2 1 = 0 or r a = 2 2 U r a U m l =r = + a2 U
1 2

m vr = 2 r

The body half width, h, can be obtained by determining y y g the value of y where the y axis intersects the =0 streamline. Thus, from Eq. 6.105 with =0, x=0, and y=h, It follows that f ll th t
m 2ay y m 2ah 1 0 = Uh =U Uy tan 2 t tan t 1 2 2 x + y2 a2 2 2 h a
2ah Uh 2 tan 1 2 = 2 m h a 2ah 2 Uh = tan 2 2 h a m 2 Uh h2 a 2 tan h= 2a m h 2 h 2 2 Uh 1 Ua h h 1 = 1 tan = 1 tan 2 a 2 a m 2 a m a

Both l/a and h/a are functions of the dimensionless parameter Ua/m. As l/h becomes large, flow around a long slender body is described, whereas for small value of parameter, flow around a more blunt shape is obtained. Downstream from the point of maximum body width the surface pressure increase with distance along the surface. In t l i I actual viscous fl flow, an adverse pressure gradient will d di t ill lead to separation of the flow from the surface and result in a large low pressure wake on the downstream side of the body. However, separation is not p , p predicted by p y potential theory. y Rankine ovals will give a reasonable approximation of y y y the velocity outside the thin, viscous boundary layer and the pressure distribution on the front part of the body.
V6.6 Circular cylinder V6.8 Circular cylinder with separation V6.9 Potential and viscous flow

6.6.3 Flow around a circular cylinder


When the distance between the source-sink pair approaches zero, zero the shape of the Rankine oval becomes more blunt and approach a circular shape. A combination of doublet and uniform flow will represent flow around a circular cylinder.
K sin i K = U 2 r sin stream function : = Ur sin r r K cos velocity potential : = Ur cos + r

to determine K with =0 for r=a,


K U 2 = 0 K = Ua 2 a

Thus the stream function and velocity potential for flow around a circular cylinder are
a2 = Ur 1 2 sin r a2 = Ur 1 + 2 cos r

The velocity components are


a2 1 vr = = = U 1 2 sin r r r a2 1 v = = = U 1 + 2 sin r r r

On the cylinder surface (r=a):


vr = 0 and v = 2U sin

Potential flow around a circular cylinder

Therefore the maximum velocity occurs at the top h f h i l i h and bottom of the cylinder = /2 and has a magnitude of twice the upstream velocity U. The pressure distribution on the cylinder surface is p y obtained from the Bernoulli equation,
1 1 2 p0 + U = ps + v s 2 2 2 1 ps = p0 + U 2 1 4sin 2 2

where p0 and U are pressure and velocity for point far from the cylinder. cylinder

The figure reveals that g only on the upstream part of the cylinder is there y approximate agreement between the potential flow and the experimental results.

The resulting force (per unit length) developed on the g (p g ) p cylinder can be determined by integrating the pressure over the surface.

Fx = ps cos ad = 0
0

Fy = ps sin ad = 0
0

Both the drag and lift as predicted by potential theory for a fixed cylinder in a uniform stream are zero. since the pressure distribution is symmetrical around the cylinder. In reality, there is a significant drag developed on a cylinder when it is placed in a moving fluid. (dAlembert paradox)

Ex 6.8 Potential flow--cylinder

By adding a free vortex to the stream function or velocity potential for the flow around a cylinder, then i l f h fl d li d h
a2 1 2 sin = Ur ln r 2 r a2 = Ur 1 + 2 cos + r 2

(6.119) (6 119) (6.120)

where is the circulation Tangential velocity on the surface (r=a):


vs = r
r =a

= 2U sin + 2a

(6.121)

This type of flow could be approximately created by placing a rotating cylinder in a uniform stream. Because the presence of viscosity in any real fluid, the fluid in contact with the rotating cylinder would rotate with the same velocity as the cylinder, and the resulting flow field would resemble that developed by the combination of a uniform flow past a cylinder and a free vortex.

Location of the stagnation p g point


vs = 0 = 2U sin + sin stag = g 2a 4Ua if = 0 stag = 0 or if 1 / 4Ua 1 stag is at some other location on the surface if / 4Ua > 1 stag is located away from the cylinder

Force per unit length developed on the cylinder


1 1 p0 + U 2 = ps + 2U sin + 2 2 2 a
2

2 1 2 sin 2 2 2 2 2 ps = p0 + U 1 4sin + 2 aU 4 a U Fx = ps cos ad = 0


0 2

U 2 2 Fy = ps sin ad = sin d = U 0 0

For a cylinder with circulation, lift is developed equal to the product of the fluid density the upstream velocity and the density, velocity, circulation. Fy = U
U (+) ( +, counterclockwise ) the Fy is downward

The development of this lift on rotating bodies is called the Magnus effect.

6.7 Other Aspects of Potential Flow Analysis


Exact solutions based in potential theory will usually provide at best approximate solutions to real fluid problems. Potential theory will usually provide a reasonable approximation in those circumstances when we are dealing with a low viscosity fluid fl id moving at a relatively high velocity, i regions of the flow i l i l hi h l i in i f h fl field in which the flow is accelerating. Outside the boundary l O t id th b d layer th velocity distribution and the the l it di t ib ti d th pressure distribution are closely approximated by the potential flow solution solution. In situation when the flow is decelerating (in the rearward portion of the bluff body expanding region of a conduit) and conduit), adverse pressure gradient is reduced leading to flow separation, a phenomenon that are not accounted for by potential theory. p yp y
V6.10 Potential flow

PART C Viscous Flow: Navier-Stokes Equation q (Sections 6.8 6.10) 6.8-6.10)

6.8 Viscous Flow


Equation of Motion
Fx = ma x
Thus

F y = ma y

Fz = ma z

m = x y z
u xx yx zx u u u gx + + + = +u +v +w x y z t x y z xy yy zy v v v v y y gy + + + = +u +v +w x y z t x y z w xz yz zz w w w gz + + + = +u +v +w x y z t x y z

6.8.1 Stress-Deformation Relationships


When h Wh a shear stress is applied on a fluid: i li d fl id Fluids continuously deform (stress ~ rate of strain) Solids deform or bend (stress ~ strain)

strain rate ~ velocity gradient


d = d du dt dy
from Fox, McDonald and Pritchard, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics.

6.8.1 Stress-Deformation Relationships


For i F incompressible N t i fluids it i k ibl Newtonian fl id is known th t that the stresses are linearly related to the rate of deformation. deformation
V1.6 Non-Newtonian behavior

For incompressible, N t i fl id the viscous stresses are: F i ibl Newtonian fluids, th i t


vx vy vx vz vx + + 2 x x z y x xz vy vy vz vx vy yz + 2 + y y x z y zz,visc vy vz v vz vx + + 2 z x z z y z

visc,ij

xx,visc xy yx yy,visc zx zy

6.8.1 Stress-Deformation Relationships


But in normal stresses, there is additional p contribution of pressure p, where
1 p = ( xx + yy + zz ) 3

Consequently, for normal stresses


u x yy = p + 2 y w zz = p + 2 z

for shearing stresses


u xy = yx = + y x w yz = zy = +

xx = p + 2

z y w u zx = xz = + x z

Can you figure out why the normal viscous stress xx,visc can be expressed as 2 u x ?

6.8.1 Stress-Deformation Relationships


For viscous fluids in motion the normal stresses are not necessarily the same in different directions, thus, the need to define the pressure as the average of the three normal stresses. Stress-strain relationship in cylindrical coordinate

1 r r r = r = r + rr = p + 2 r r r r 1 r + z = z = + 1 z = p + 2 z r r r z r z zz = p + 2 rz = zr = + z z r
Note: Notation xy

x: plane perpendicular to x coordinate y: direction

6.8.2 6 8 2 The Navier-Stokes Equations


The Navier Stokes equations are considered to be Navier-Stokes the governing differential equations of motion for incompressible Newtonian fluids
2u 2u 2u u u u u p + u + + w = + gx + 2 + 2 + 2 x y z x y z t x 2 2 2 p +u + +w = + gy + 2 + 2 + 2 x y z y y z t x 2w 2w 2w w w w w p +u + +w = + gz + 2 + 2 + 2 x y z z y z t x

The Navier Stokes Equations Navier-Stokes


In terms of cylindrical coordinate y
r r r 2 r + r + + z t r r r z
2 2 r 1 r 2 r 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 r z r r + r + + r + z r r r z t 1 1 2 2 r 2 1 p = + g + r r r 2 + r 2 2 r 2 + z 2 r r r z z z z + r + + z r t r z 1 z 1 2z 2z p = + gz + + 2 r + 2 2 z z r r r r

1 r p = + gr + r r r r r

6.9 6 9 Some Simple Solutions for Viscous, Incompressible Fluids


There are no general analytical schemes for solving nonlinear partial differential equations and each equations, problem must be considered individually.
2u 2u 2u u u u u p + u + + w = + gx + 2 + 2 + 2 x y z x y z t x 2 2 2 p +u + +w = + gy + 2 + 2 + 2 x y z y y z t x 2w 2w 2w w w w w p +u + +w = + gz + 2 + 2 + 2 x y z z y z t x

Nonlinear terms

6.9.1 Steady Laminar Flow Between Fixed Parallel plates

umax

= 0, w = 0 ,
Thus continuity indicates that
u =0 x

for steady flow flow,

u = u ( y)

2u 2u 2u u u u u p + u + + w = + gx + 2 + 2 + 2 x y z x y z t x 2 2 2 p +u + + w = + gy + 2 + 2 + 2 t x y z y y z x 2w 2w 2w w w w w p +u + + w = + gz + 2 + 2 + 2 t x y z z y z x

g x = 0 , g y = g and g z = o

Steady Laminar Flow Between Fixed Parallel plates P ll l l t


Thus us
p 2u 0= + 2 x y p 0 = g p = gy + f1 ( x ) y p 0= 2u 2u 2u u u u u p + u + + w = + gx + 2 + 2 + 2 z x y z x y z t x 2 d u 1 p 2 2 2 p = +u + +w = + gy + 2 + 2 + 2 dy 2 x t x y z y y z x du 1 p = y + C1 dy x u= 1 p 2 y + C1 y + C2 2 x
2w 2w 2w w w w w p +u + +w = + gz + 2 + 2 + 2 t x y z z y z x

p p

x is treated as a constant since it is not a function of y)

Steady Laminar Flow Between Fixed Parallel plates P ll l l t


t e co sta ts a e dete the constants are determined from the boundary ed o t e bou da y conditions. V6.11 No-slip boundary conditions

BCs : u = 0 for y = h Thus C1 = 0 1 p 2 C2 = h 2 x


Thus the velocity distribution becomes,

1 p 2 u= y h2 2 x

which indicates that the velocity profile between the t th two fixed plates is parabolic. fi d l t i b li
V6.13 Laminar flow

Steady Laminar Flow Between Fixed Parallel plates


The volume rate of flow
q= ud = dy
h h

1 p 2 y h 2 dy d h 2 x
h

1 q= 2 1 = 2

h y3 p 2 h y x 3 h p y 3 h3 3 3 h + h x 3 3

2 h3 p = 3 x

The pressure gradient is negative, since the pressure decreases i th direction of th fl d in the di ti f the flow.

Steady Laminar Flow Between Fixed Parallel plates


If p represents the pressure drop between two f h d b points a distance l apart, then

p p = l x 2 h 3 p 2h 3p q= = , 3 x 3 l

q h 2 p V= = 2h 3 l

The maximum velocity umax , occurs midway y=0 between a the two plates, thus
h2 p umax = 2 x 3 umax = V 2

or

Steady Laminar Flow Between Fixed Parallel plates


The pressure field
p = gy + f ( x ) p f1 ( x ) = x + p0 x where p0 is a reference pressure at x=y=0

Thus the pressure variation throughout the fluid can be obtained from
p p = gy + x + p0 x
V 2h

The above analysis is valid for R = Re remains below about 1400 Problem 6.88: 10 tons on 8psi

6.9.2 Couette Flow


Therefore
1 p 2 u= y + C1 y + C2 2 x

boundary conditions y , y u=o at y=0, u=U at y=b


u =U b 1 p 2 + y by y 2 x

or in dimensionless form
u y b 2 p y y = 1 U b 2U x b b

The actual velocity profile will depend on the dimensionless parameter


b 2 p P= 2U x

This type of flow is called Couette flow.

Couette flow
The simplest type of Couette flow is one for which the pressure gradient is zero i.e. the fluid motion is caused by the fluid being dragged along by the moving p boundary. y =0
x y Thus u =U b which indicates that the velocity varies linearly y y between the two plates.

e.g. e g Journal bearing ro-ri << ri The fl Th flow i an unloaded in l d d journal bearing might be approximated by this simple Couette flow.

Example 6.9

u=w=0

=0 y

= ( x)

p p = =0 x z x = h p = atmospheric pressure dp d d dp =0 =0 dx dz

Therefore Th f d 2 0 = g + 2
dx d 2 = 2 dx d = x + C1 dx

on the film surface x=h we assume that the shearing stress is x=h, zero d xy = xy = 0 at x = h dx h C1 =

2nd integration
2 h x x + C2 2 x = 0 = V0 C2 = V0 2 h = x x + V0 2 =
2 h q = dx = x x + V0 dx 0 0 2 h3 q = V0 h 3
h h

The average film velocity


q h2 V = = V0 h 3

Only if y

h2 V0 > 3

, will there be a net upward flow of liquid. p q

Q: Do you find anything weird in this problem?

6.9.3 Steady, Laminar flow in Circular Tubes


HagenPoiseuille flow or Poiseuille flow y g g steady, laminar flow through a straight circular tube of constant cross section Consider the flow through a horizontal circular tube g of radius R
Assume the flow is parallel

vr = v = 0 vz =0 z vz = vz ( r )

Steady, Laminar flow in Circular Tubes


Thus
0 = g cos 1 p r p 0 = g sin r

g r = g sin
g = g cos

0=

1 v z p + r z r r r

Integration of equations in the r and directions p = gr sin + f1 ( z )


= gy + f1 ( z )

which indicate that the pressure is hydrostatically distributed at any particular cross section and the z component of the pressure gradient, p / z , is not a function of r or .

Steady, Laminar flow in Circular Tubes


the equation of motion in the z direction
1 p = z vz 1 p 2 r = r + C1 r 2 z vz = 1 p 2 r + C1 ln r + C2 4 z 1 vz r r r r

Boundary conditions

At r=0, vz is finite at the center of the tube, thus C1=0 1 p 2 At r=R vz =0 then r R, 0, C2 = R 4 z Thus the velocity distribution becomes,

1 p 2 2 r R 4 z That is, at any cross section, the velocity distribution is parabolic. vz =

Steady, Laminar flow in Circular Tubes


Volume flow rate

dQ = v z (2r )dr

Q = 2

v rdr = 2
0 z

1 p 2 R 4 p 2 (r R )rdr = 4 z 8 z
Poiseuille s Poiseuilles law

R 4 p p p Let , then Q = = 8l l z
mean velocity y
Q R 2 P V= = 2 8l R

maximum velocity
vmax R 2 p R 2 p = = 4 z 4 l
2

so

vmax = 2V

the velocity distribution in terms of vmax


vz r = 1 v max R

6.9.4 Steady, Axial, Laminar Flow in an Annulus


1 p 2 vz = r + C1 ln r + C 2 4 z
B.Csvz=0 at r=ro and r=ri

ri2 r02 1 p 2 2 thus vz = ln ( r0 / ri ) r r0 + 4 z ln ( r0 / ri )


volume rate of flow
r0 2 2 2 ro ri p 4 4 Q = vz 2 rdr = d ro ri 8 z ln ( r0 / ri ) ri 2 2 2 ro ri p 4 4 = ro ri 8 l ln ( r0 / ri )

The maximum velocity occur at the r = rm , vz r = 0

ro2 ri2 rm = 2 ln ( r0 / ri )

The maximum velocity does not occur at the mid point of the annulus space, but rather it occurs nearer the inner cylinder. To d t T determine R i Reynolds number, it i common practice t use an ld b is ti to effective diameter hydraulic diameter for on circular tubes.

4 cross - sctional area Dh = wetted perimeter tt d i t


DhV Thus the f flow will remain laminar if Re = f remains below 2100.

6.10 Other Aspects of Differential Analysis


V = 0
V + (V )V = p + g + 2 V t
The solutions of the equations and not readily available.

6.10.1 Numerical Methods


Finite difference method Finite l Fi it element ( or finite volume ) method t fi it l th d Boundary element method
V6.15 CFD example

You might also like