TheMoreElectricAircraft

WhyAerospaceNeedsPowerElectronics

ProfPatWheeler UniversityofNottingham,Nottingham,UK
Tel.+44(0)1159515591Email.Pat.wheeler@Nottingham.ac.uk Tel.+44(0)1159515591Email.Pat.wheeler@Nottingham.ac.uk

Introduction
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TheMoreElectricAircraftastepinthedirection astepinthedirection ofamoreenergyefficientaircraft ofamoreenergyefficientaircraft

TheMoreElectricAircraftconcept TheMoreElectricAircraftconcept HistoryofmoreelectricalsystemsinCivilAircraft HistoryofmoreelectricalsystemsinCivilAircraft Motivationsandsystems

RegenerationontotheAircraftPowerSystem RegenerationontotheAircraftPowerSystem
Powerconvertersandactuationsystems Benefitsandissues Potentialsolutions Simulationresults

Thenextsteps
TheCleanSkyJTIproject

PowerSources ConventionalAircraft

JetFuel

Propulsion Thrust( 40MW)

Gearboxdriven generators

Highpressure airbledfrom engine

Gearboxdriven hydraulicpump

Fuelpumps andoilpumps onengine

Electrical
200kW

Pneumatic
1.2MW

Hydraulic
240kW

Mechanical
100kW

Totalnonthrustpower 1.7MW thrustpower

PowerSources ConventionalAircraft ConventionalAircraft Electrical

Avionics Cabin(lights,galley,inflightentertainmentetc) flightentertainmentetc) Lights,pumps,fans 115V,400HzAC

Pneumatic
Cabinpressurisation Airconditioning Icingprotection

Hydraulic
Flightcontrolsurfaceactuation Landinggearextension/retractionandsteering Braking Doors

Mechanical
Fuelandoilpumpslocaltoengine

MoreElectricAircraft Concept
Rationalisationof powersourcesand networks Bleedlessengine JetFuel

Propulsion Thrust( 40MW)

Enginedriven generators

Expandedelectricalnetwork

Existingelectrical loads

ELECTRICAL Cabinpressurisation Airconditioning Icingprotection

ELECTRICAL Flightcontrolactuation Landinggear/Braking Doors

ELECTRICAL Fuelpumping EngineAncillaries

Newelectricalloads

Electricalsystempower Electricalsystempower 1MW

MoreElectricAircraft SomeMotivations
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Removalofhydraulicsystem
reducedsystemweight easemaintenance

Bleedlessengine
improvedefficiency

Desirablecharacteristicsofelectricalsystems Desirablecharacteristicsofelectricalsystems
controllability
powerondemand

reconfigurability
maintainfunctionalityduringfaults maintainfunctionalityduringfaults

advanceddiagnosticsandprognostics advanceddiagnosticsandprognostics
moreintelligentmaintenance increasedaircraftavailability
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OVERALL
Reducedoperatingcosts Reducedfuelburn Reducedenvironmentalimpact

MoreElectricAircraft

AirbusA380
4x150kVAWidebandVFonturbofanengines FlightControlPower2H+2E ActuatorConfiguration
CombinationofHydraulicandElectricalActuation CombinationofHydraulicandElectricalActuation

MoreElectricAircraft

VickersVC10
ElectricalSystem4x40kVAGenerators 4x40kVAGenerators FlightControlPower2H+2E ActuatorConfiguration
CombinationofHydraulicandElectricalActuation

Built50YearsbeforetheAirbusA380 Built50YearsbeforetheAirbusA380

MoreElectricAircraft
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Boeing787
4x250kVAPrimaryChannelStarterGenerators
500kVAperchannel

230VACVFPrimaryPowerGeneration ElectricalStarter/Generatorsratedat250/225kVA ElectricECS,pressurisationandwinganti ElectricECS,pressurisationandwingantiIcing Removesneedforbleedairfromengines Removesneedforbleedairfromengines

225kVA
S/G6

225kVA
S/G5

250kVA S/G4

250kVA S/G3
230VAC 3Phase VF 230VAC 3Phase VF ElectricalPowerDistributionSystem

250kVA S/G2
230VAC 3Phase VF

250kVA S/G1

230VAC 3Phase Loads

115VAC 3Phase Loads

28VDC Loads

MoreElectricAircraft
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JointStrikeFighter
270VDCPowerSystem Electricactuationsystems 80kW,2channel,switchedreluctancegenerator 80kW,2channel,switchedreluctancegenerator Reducescost,sizeandweightofwholeaircraft Reducescost,sizeandweightofwholeaircraft ReliesonPowerConversiontechnologies ReliesonPowerConversiontechnologies
Harshenvironment Efficiency Reliability

MoreElectricAircraft

APossibleMEADCPowerSystemLayout APossibleMEADCPowerSystemLayout
Source:VirginiaPolytechnic

TypicalPowerLevels forElectricalLoads
PowerUser AirConditioning FlightControls ECS Primaryandsecondary Comments TypicalPower level 4x70kW+ 3kWto40kW oftenshort durationathigh loads about10kW 250kW+ 25kWto70kW shortduration 200kW+short duration

Fuelpumps WingIceProtection LandingGear Enginestarting Thermalmatsorsimilar Retraction,steeringandbraking Maybeusedforadditional applications

ACPowerGeneration
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MechanicalConstantFrequencyGen.[traditional] MechanicalConstantFrequencyGen.[traditional]

Variablespeed EngineShaft

ConstantSpeed MechanicalDrive [Gearbox]

Constant SpeedShaft

Generator

3phase 400Hz,115V

Mechanicalgearboxcreatesaconstantspeedshaftfroma variablespeedinput ConstantspeedshaftdrivestheGenerator

Voltagecontrolusedforthegenerator Voltagecontrolusedforthegenerator 400Hzvoltagesupplyfixedfrequency fixedfrequency

Expensivetopurchaseandmaintain
Singlesourceduetopatents Singlesourceduetopatents

ACPowerGeneration
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VariableFrequencyGeneration[newaircraft] VariableFrequencyGeneration[newaircraft]
3phase 320Hzto800Hz 230Vor115V

Variablespeed EngineShaft

Generator

Generatorprovidesvariablefrequencysupply
Voltagecontrolaroundgenerator Voltagecontrolaroundgenerator

Directconnectionbetweengeneratorandpowerbus
Simpleandreliablegeneration Simpleandreliablegeneration

Nearlyallaircraftloadswillrequirepowerconverters forcontrol
GoodNewsforPowerElectronicsEngineers! GoodNewsforPowerElectronicsEngineers!

ActuationSystems ActuationSystems
ExampleofanActuationSystem Eliminationofhydraulics
ElectroMechanicalActuator 30kWmatrixconverter integratedwithballscrewhousing/heatsink integratedwithballscrewhousing/heatsink

Holisticdesignofmotor/load/powerconverter
Maximisesystemefficiency Minimisesystemweight

Advancedthermalmanagement
Copeswithintermittentoperation
Voltage transducers Filter LEMs

Supply 360Hzto 800Hz

Matrix Converter

PM Motor

Resolver

LVDT

Actuator

Supply Voltage

MotorCurrent 12.5kHzsamplingrate 200HzBandwidth

MotorSpeed 1.25kHzsamplingrate 20Hzbandwidth

Control
RamPosition 250Hzsamplingrate 2Hzbandwidth RamPositionDemand

Regeneration:Converters

3Phase Supply

3phase supply

Energydissipation intheDCLink

3Phase Load

TraditionalSolution:
DClinkchopperandresistorinDClinkused todumpregenerativeenergy Lowerssystemefficiencyandincreasesize andweightofequipment MeasureDClinkvoltageandoperate chopperwhenDClinkvoltageaboveaset level Resistorandassociatedcoolingcandouble volumeandweightofthepowerconverter

Bi directional switch Load

LongTermSolution:
Allowregenerationontoaircraftpower system UseaDirect[Matrix]Converterora controlledrectifier Energyreturnedtosupplygivingasmaller, lighterpowerconverter

MotorSpeedReversal

PhaseAcurrent

PhaseBcurrent

PhaseCcurrent

Motorshaftspeed(rpm)

qaxiscurrent

Torque(Nm)

MotorSpeedReversal
REGENERATION
PhaseAcurrent

PhaseBcurrent

PhaseCcurrent

Motorshaftspeed(rpm)

qaxiscurrent

Torque(Nm)

OptionsforRegenerative EnergyManagement
Regenerationwillsaveconsiderableweightandvolume Regenerationwillsaveconsiderableweightandvolume
Regenerativeenergymustbehandledcorrectlytomaintain PowerQuality

Eightmethodshavebeenidentifiedforsafe electricalregenerativeenergymanagement electricalregenerativeenergymanagement

CentralisedEnergyStorage CentralisedEnergyDissipation LocalVoltageControl ReturnEnergytoSource SeparateBusforRegenerativeEnergy SeparateBusforRegenerativeEnergy LocalEnergyDissipation LocalEnergyStorage HybridStructureswithLocalDissipation HybridStructureswithLocalDissipation

OptionsforRegenerative EnergyManagement

LocalEnergyDissipation LocalEnergyDissipationexistingsolution
Control Localtoload Recovery No Advantages Existingsolution Disadvantages Sizeandweightof equipment,sub optimumsystemdesign

Control Bus

Converters

Generator

Regenerative Loads

donotallowregenerationontothe aircraftbus ensurethateachitemofequipmenthas ensurethateachitemofequipmenthas energydissipationifrequired todayssolution

EnergyDissipation eg.Resistorwithbreak chopper

OptionsforRegenerative EnergyManagement

ReturnEnergytoSource
Control Centralised Recovery Yes Advantages Nolargeadditional hardware Disadvantages Possiblechangeto existinggenerator controlmethods

Enhanced Control Bus

Converters

Generator

Regenerative Loads

allowregenerationontotheaircraftbus usethegeneratorasamotorifrequired theregenerativepowerwouldbereturnedtotheengineinertia onlypossibleifthereisnoauxiliarygearbox onlypossibleifthereisnoauxiliarygearbox

ImpactofRegeneration

ModellingstudyperformedinSABER Suddenchangeoftotalactuatorpowerfrom 40kWmotoringto55kWregeneration Simulationforgivenforafullypreloaded generator voltagesatHVACBus230VandatACBus115V arekeptwithintheenvelopesaccordingtoMIL arekeptwithintheenvelopesaccordingtoMIL STD704F

GeneratorTorque reduces

MIL_STD704Fenvelope fortransients

Conclusions

PowerElectronicscanofferadvantagesinaerospace applications
Systemefficiency, Sizeandweight Flexibility

TherearechallengesforPowerElectronicsinthis TherearechallengesforPowerElectronicsinthis environment

Losses Reliability Integration

Futureprojectswilltaketheseareaforward Futureprojectswilltaketheseareaforward

CleanSkyJTI

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Totalprojectbudget1.6B
Duration7years

CleanSkyJTIworkissplitintosix ITDs Ledby12companies[Members]

Thales,Liebherr,Airbus,Dassualt,Alenia, SAAB,RollsRoyce,Safran,EADS,.

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EachITDthenhas5or6other organisations[AssociateMembers] 25%offundingreservedforCalls forProposals

Seewww.cleansky.eunowforfirstcall andgetinvolved

TheUniversityofNottinghamisan Associatemember
SystemsforGreenOperationsITD WearetheonlyUniversitywhichisan AssociateMemberinourownright Budgetofabout10M