The Social Organization may be small in size but what matters is the definition of the position that each

member occupies and the duties and responsibilities that each is expected to have. There are significant interrelationship among the elements of social organization, which are action, structure and function. These elements can be translated in terms of the position that an individual occupies in a social group which constitutes the structure. Action which is used here as synonymous to roles because it refers to the behavior of the members provides dynamism to a social organization. The inclusion, in fact, the use of action as the starting point of analysis of any organization and social structure, has been the basis for the difference between social organization and social structure. There was a time when these concepts were used interchangeably until later, in refinement of the terms, social structure became an element of social organization.

The result of the action performed by an individual in a given position is referred to as the function. The family is considered to be the simplest form of social organization. Each members of the family occupies a position, like being a father or mother to ones children, husband or wife, the eldest or the youngest child. Each position has accompanying roles. A father must earn a living and a mother must attend to domestic and household chores. In addition, both are expected to attend to the informal education of their children, like socializing them to the values and culture of the group.

The children on the other hand, are expected to internalize the culture of the group and put them into practice as they go about their day-to-day activities Children too must have their share of responsibilities such as helping their mothers in the performance of household task. From these statues and roles, it can be gleaned that the functions of the family involve both procreation and orientation. Procreation refers to the creation of the family trough he birth of natural children, while Orientation, on the other hand is the informal training of these children in the values and culture of specific group to make them acceptable members.

The development of the third world countries into industrializing societies have brought about the emergence of certain type of family structure consistent with the demand of the time. The task of providing for economic needs of the family is no longer the sole responsibility of the sole responsibility of the husband and father but also of the wife and mother.

The stereotype that the woman s place is in the house and must be concerned only with household chores no longer hold the true context of societal changes .In fact the husband must also share in the household tasks. Both husband and wife must participate in domestic chores. One of the issues associated with the emergence of the dual career family is gender inequality brought about by changing roles of men and women in the labor force. While women are engaged in gainful employment, therefore, for a specific period of their lives and contribute substantially to the economic needs of the family because they earn salaries equal or even greater than those of their husbands, or at other times, they are sole breadwinners.

The take-home pay of the wife, as well as her successful career, is often the source of tension within the family. The husband develops certain feeling of inferiority because of the status of the wife. In fact, another dimension of family relationships worth looking into is that the power and authority to make decisions.

Do women who are successful in their jobs and careers enjoy power and participate more in decision making in the family? There is prevailing notion that more women now employed in gainful occupations enjoy greater equality with their husbands in making decision on matters related to the family. .BUT RESERCHERS SHOW THAT THIS IS NOT THE CASE. Major decision like buying a house and a car, are still done by husbands.

Woman can never successfully combine career and family? Housework is an economic activity. It contributes to the maintainance and reproduction of the economic system, it is very clearly understood to be work by those who undertake it and its value can, under certain conditions and at certain points of family crisis, be calculated. Moreover, it is an economic activity which remains the responsibility of women, even where these women may also be undertaking full-paid employment.

The involvement of womens as wives in task outside the house have been responsible for some of the changing features of the family. These are:

1. 2.

The deskilling of housework in dual career families, many of the task primarily assigned to women have been transferred to other agencies. The burdens of working wives the fact that more wives are employed does not necessarily indicate the husbands have greater participation in the household task. To a certain extent, tradition still expects working wives to attend to the households after office hours

There are various forms of family, the most popular and universal of which is the nuclear family. It consists of the father, the mother, and their natural born children.

(Ralph Lintolin) Toda group of India where linage is matrilineal(Matrilineality is a system in which descent is traced through the mother and maternal ancestors.), the family being composed of the mother, her children, and her brother.

Important characteristics of nuclear family is the provision of common residence by the father. In Philippines, it is the responsibility of the father to provide a home for his family, thus making residence after marriage, patrilocal in nature. But this does not discount the possibility of neolocal residence, this implies the desire of the couple for independence. Nuclear family is common in urban and rural areas.

The extended family structure is another form. The ideal extended family structure as defined and perceived by the anthropologist approximate that of the traditional Chinese family. This s so because it consists of two nuclear families: the family of orientation and procreation. An individual is a member of both families he is a son in the family of orientation and a father in the family of procreation. This type of family is characterized by three male generations, the father, the individual and grandson. The extended family structure is common to Filipino families because married children, either male or female, continue to reside with the family of orientation and to be economically dependent on the parents. In some instances, unmarried aunts, uncles, or cousins on either mother or father side continue to reside with the nuclear family. This arrangement has therefore been responsible for enlarging the membership. Oftentimes, the extended family structure is preferred by families in the urban areas for economic convenience. The family members do not share only in defraying the cost of living but also in the household works.

While the extended family appears to be common in Asia and third World countries in other parts of the globe, another family structure the joint family is prevalent in India. The married siblings together with their spouses and children reside in one house. The extension is horizontal, unlike in the extended family where it is vertical. There are two generation involved in the joint family the father and the son The most common form of family structure apart from the nuclear and extended form, is the household. It may consist of 1 individual or 100 individuals who may or may not be related to each other. Truncated family grandparent grandchildren relationship. They act as the surrogate parent of their grandchildren. The death of the grandchildrens parent may not be the sole cause for the formation of the truncated form however, the economic capacity of the parents is often used as the reason for adopting their grandchildren. Another family structure originated in France and which has been adopted to the Philippines situation is that formed by families engage in agriculture. The stem family consists of two families the family of orientation and the family of procreation. The structure is similar to extended family, but the difference lies in the fact these

families do not share common residence, although their houses may be situate the Same locality. In case of stem family, the male child is interested in farming while his siblings go elsewhere in pursuit of other careers. These other siblings often come to the farm to collect their share like a cavan of rice every month or other farm products every now and then. Marriage: definition and Views For some social scientists they view marriage as not an institution but as a relationship to consider it as an institution is in effect , to imply that the appropriate marital roles and states come from outside and from above but to call it a relationship connotes that the statuses and roles come from within, from the parties themselves.

The latter concept implies a certain degree of dynamism as the emphasis is on personal well-being and happiness of the persons involved in the relationship. In addition, it connotes that marriage becomes more egalitarian and companionate All these views about the shift of emphasis of marriage from an institution to relationship emerge from the following arguments: 1. 2. 3. That marriage involves the personal choice of the couple, and that there is a tendency for them to expect personal growth. That this concept is widespread, and if ever variation occur, the ethnic affiliation of each spouse may have been responsible for them. That there is the need for divorce and separation in some cases.

Marriage is a very valuable maturing experience, an opportunity for personality growth, and it serves to meet many important emotional needs The different form of marriage are: 1. Monogamy this is the most common and universal form. It involves the union of a man and a woman. In many urban areas, this from marriage is prevalent because it is predicted on the personal choice of the couple. One form of monogamous is the serial, where an individual, male or female, has a number of spouses, but he is married to them consecutively one after the other. Polygamy this form refers to a plural union where an individual is married to several individuals at the same time. For instance polygamy involves the union of a man to several women. Polyandry - another form of plural union that involves a woman and several other men. Scientist believes that this form of a marriage is an effective means of population control. Adoptive marriage form marriage found in japan and to a certain extent in indonesia..in japan , since surname is patronymic, that is, it is transferred from father to son, many families would families would want to preserve their surnames by preferring sons over daughters. men who resort to this form of marriage lose his identity; they are "absorbed" by the "adopting families",the families of the brides.. Fictive marriage practiced by the Nuer tribe of a africa. It is union between two women, an older and a younger one.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Sister-exchange marriage form of marriage appears to be prevalent in some agricultural areas where every member of the family must be a farm helper. Bride capture it is a part of the marriage ritual in some societies.

Forms of marriage: 1. Sororate marriage often times referred to as sister-in-law marriage. A man remarried his deceased wifes sister. In some African societies, this form of marriage is prevalent because of the belief that one does not only inherit the children of ones sister but also the husband. 2. Levirate marriage known as the brother-in-law marriage. A woman marries the deceased husbands brother. As in the sororate marriage, its objective is to take care of the brothers children and his widow. 3. Host marriage similar to the levirate marriage. The difference, perhaps, lies in the fact that children by the second marriage are considered to be sired by the dead husband. The decreased husbands brother, who is the second husband, act as a surrogate. There is the case of the live-in relationship where a single man and a woman agree to live together as husband and wife without the formal marriage rites. This is not new to Philippines. The difference however, is that in a common-law relationship, the man may be married and the woman or vice versa, or both of them may be may be married. In the case of the live-in relationship , there is the possibility of marriage.

Certain procedures are considered in acquiring a wife and, therefore, making a marital relationship: 1.Bride price, bride wealth and dowry.-the bride space has the connotation of selling the bride to the highest bidder, as it is the brides parents who determine the value of the bride and assets that must be given to them before the marriage rite is solemnized family. In the Philippines, it is called DOTE. In the other hand, dowry has a different connotation. It is the material wealth given by the bride to the bridegroom. This cannot be used interchangeably with bride wealth. Two. Fosterage fee- the payment made by the bridegroom to the mother of the bride in recognition of her having taken care of the bride. Three. Brideservice- the performance of personal services by the bridegroom to the family of the bride.

The discussion of plans for marriage is called PAMAMANHIKAN. This is where the parents of the groom meet the parents of the bride and ask for the brides hand. The meeting is more of a formality. A PADRINO is termed for the sponsor or who had the good rapport with the brides parent. His role was to appease the anger of the brides parents. In the past discussion of marriage plans was more elaborate. They used metaphors and verses that had double meaning, and if one is not used to it he might end up misunderstanding or cancelling the wedding.

It is during the pamanhikan that the type of wedding is decided- whether simple or elaborates, the church where it will be held, the kind of reception and the place of residence after marriage. There are certain beliefs, which to this date, have persisted in the connection with the date and the day of the wedding. The wedding date must coincide with the new moon, or even the full moon, as it is indicated prosperity. It must not fall on a Tuesday, Wednesday, or Friday, as these are not good days for solemnizing weddings. They considered R as bad luck because they believe that it signifies bad things. Beliefs and practices associated with the wedding preparations: -a bride must never try on or fit her wedding gown before the wedding rite itself. -the prospective bride and bridegroom are discouraged from getting out of the house particularly as the wedding day approaches. -selection of sponsors -husbands and wives are never invited to be wedding sponsors as there is a tendency for the newlyweds and the sponsors to compete with each other. -it is generally believed that unmarried wedding sponsors will remain spinsters or bachelors. -siblings must never be allowed to get married within the same year. -the candle sponsors must light the candle properly and must see to it that the candles remain lighted throughout the ceremony. -the veil sponsor must fasten the veil carefully on the brides head and on the shoulder of the groom. -the ARRAS (set of thirteen coin) must be carefully placed by the bridegroom in the brides hands, signifying the new role of the bride, which is as treasurer of the family. -as soon as the wedding rite has been performed, there is the belief that for a woman to be more dominant than the husband, she must stand ahead of the husband after the rites and she must step on his shoes. -despedida de soltera is a party to end ones single blessedness. It is one way of introducing affine relations and getting to know them better. Modern brides on the other hand, are feted with showers where friends are gathered and bring presents to the bride with things she would need for her new home. Only female friends of the bride are invited to these shower party. A bridegroom is feted with so-called stag parties where all his male friends are in attendance. In most cases, these are drinking sprees to enjoy his last moment of bachelorhood.

Residence after Marriage

Neolocal residence-the couples live or reside in a place far from the residence of the brides and the bridegrooms parents. This is the most prevalent form of residence after marriage among young couples in the urban areas. Patrilocal or virilocal residence- the bridegroom brings his wife to his parents house. This is most popular to the rural areas. Matrilocal or uxorilocal residence- a bride brings her husband to her parents house. This is most common to a only child, and only daughter, or the last of the siblings to get married. Bilocal residence- refers to a shift in residence by the couple from matrilocal to patrilocal, or vise-versa.

Incest regulation
While incest relationships are universally tabooed, certain societies however, have provided certain exceptions to the rule. For instance, in the past, brothers and sisters of the Hawaiian royal family were encouraged to get married. The idea was to keep the wealth of the family intact. Another was a primitive group in Indonesia where fraternal twins could et married. The reason they had was that they believe that the fetus had already been

intimate in the womb of the mother and therefore, they might as well continue this intimacy when they reached the puberty age. Incest also covers first cousin relationships. Objection by social scientists to incestuous relations vary. Some hold that the children raised together do not develop sexual attraction to each other, so that their tendency is to seek a mate outside the family. Father and daughter relationship is a total disregard for authority. For how can a father who is a husband to a daughter impose discipline when the relationship existing between them is entirely of a different order?

Divorce
Divorce is the dissolution of marital ties through legal procedures. In the Philippines, though there is no divorce law, there are certain options available to couples who have decided to end their marital union. There is a bill pending in congress that would legalize divorce in the Philippines. The more conservative members of the population are against its passage because they believe that marriage is a permanent union and that what god has put together, man cannot put asunder. In many Philippine cultural communities, divorce has long been practiced with the approval of the council of elders. The most common rounds for divorce are: 1. Childlessness or barrenness 2. Adultery 3. Incompatibility 4. Disagreement with affinal relations 5. Physical injury Childlessness is the most common ground for divorce because of the value placed by the community on the children. They are considered as investments. There are similarities and differences between divorce and death spouse. Both mark the dissolution of marriage, one- through natural means (death of the spouse) and the other is through artificial means (divorce and court proceedings) In both cases, the parties get support- emotional and financial-from relatives and friends. There would be settlements of properties in both cases. While a divorcee may marry soon after the divorce proceedings, a widow or widower, under the law, may marry only a year after the spouses death.

Kinship System
Kinship refers to a system of relationships as well as behavior of relatives. Relationships here refer to statuses and roles, both expected and real, assumed and played by individuals between a social system that determines the behavior of an individual towards other individuals who are referred to and recognized as relatives. Affinal is the term used between a relationship of a husband and a wife. The suffix in-law is used to distinguish this relationship from those of other relatives. Then there is also a relationship between the parents and the children which is consanguineal. This is established by blood, assuming that the children are natural born. Consanguineal relations are extended to siblings, because they are blood relatives as they have the same set of parents. Half siblings are also consanguineally related because they have the same mother or father.

Ritual relations
in the Philippines, as well as in other Catholic countries like Spain and Mexico, another equally important kind of relationships is that of ritual kinsmen. It is established through the performance of such rites as baptism, confirmation, and marriage. Ritual relations are locally known as compadrazgo. Donn Hart (American anthropologist) used the term compadrazgo to refer to the relationship between the godparents and godchildren, as well as between the former and the parents of the latter. The strong relations

between godparents and parents of the children must have emanated from the fact that the latter was responsible for selecting the former to be a compadre.

Kinship terminologies Classified:       Vocative Terms or address Referential or terms of reference Classificatory Descriptive Teknonymic

Terms classified as vocative are forms of addressing a relation like kuya fo an older brother, impo for grandparents. On the other hand, referring about a relative to a third person is referential. This referential term is more specific in that you give your exact relationship to an individual. Vocative terms are less specific than referential ones as a lot of relatives and even unrelated individuals may be referred to as Tita as a sign of deference to an older individual. Classificatory terms, on the other hand, are those which lump together a number of relations under one single term. A descriptive term, on the other hand, shows the specific and exact relation of an individual to another. Teknonymic refers to the practice of addressing an adult as the parent of his first child. This is widely used in India. Example of this is father of Mahatma. Principles of kinship identification Alfred Kroeber provided this principle in the analysis of kinship identification, behavior and even terminologies. These principles are: 1. Generation -this is based on the biological phenomenon that within a generation, one is either older or younger than ego. It could also refer to the difference between the generation of ego and that of his parents, as well as those children. 2. Sex -based on the biological phenomenon that relatives are classified as either male of female. 3. Lineality and collaterality -based on the degree of closeness and distance between relatives. Lineal relations are basically casanguineally related. 4. Life condition of the person through whom the relationship is established -refers to whether the connecting relative is dead or living. It is significant in terms of determining the strength of relations within the family. Matanda sa dudo(older by blood)

It is important indigenous concept to the people in Bulacan. It demonstrate the value of respect for older members of the family. Bilateral and Unilineal system The bilateral kinship system is characterized as bilateral in that individual reckons his relations to both the mother and the father. Bilateral system do not exist only the major cultural groups but also among the ethnic groups in the Philippines. An individual recognizes his relationship to both mothers and father kinsmen. Do Filipinos really recognize relation beyond the third cousins? frank Lynch state that the importance of the relative is the relative. In many societies with the bilateral system, it becomes quite difficult to demonstrate equaltreatment of relations. The ethnographic survey done by George P. Murdock shows that only about one third of the societies of the world are of the bilateral kinship type. And about two thirds may be characterized as unilineal. A Unilineal kinship group is organized through identification with only one line of relations, either through the male or the female. If the identification is through the male, it is known as patrilineal; while if it is through the female line, it is called matrilineal. There are a various types of Unilineal system. Lineage is the simplest form of the unilineal system, consist of members descended from known ancestors or founders, who may have lived not more than five or six generations back (hoebel 1966:371).The next is the clan which consists of members whose line of descent is reckoned through a mythical ancestor. When a particular society is divided into two unilineal halves, it is referred to as moieties. But if there are more than two such groups in the tribe, then, it is known as phratry. The importance of these groups within the society: y y To provide mutual assistance and security in case of dispute, and to regulate and control marriage. All unilineal societies are exogamous in that members secure marriage partners from outside the group.

Parallel and Cross Cousins In the Philippines, both parallel and cross cousins are classified as first degree relations. When making a distinction between parallel and cross cousin relationships, one looks at the sex of the members of the first ascending generation, i.e. egos parents and their siblings. Cross cousins, on the other hand, refers to ones fathers sisters children and the mothers brother children. All these individual are the ones cross cousins because of the difference in sex of the ones parents and their siblings.