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Three bases for F2 : {(1, 0), (0, 1)}, {(1, 1), (1, 1)}, {(2, 0), (0, 2)}.

Three bases for M22 (F ) : 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 , , , 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 , , , 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 , , , 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

1.6.8
A basis for W is = {u1 , u3 , u5 , u7 } by denition since U = {u1 , u2 , u3 , u4 , u5 , u6 , u7 , u8 } generates W and every element in U is a linear combination of the four linearly independent elements of .

1.6.11
Letting u and v be distinct vectors of a vector space V, we are to show that if R = {u, v} is a basis for V, and a and b are non-zero scalars, then S = {u + v, au} and T = {au, bv} are also bases for V. u and v are linearly independent by the denition of a basis, so clearly the elements in S and T are linearly independent as well. Therefore, since S and T both contain 2 linearly independent vectors, and since dim(V) = 2, it follows from Corollary 2(b) of the Replacement Theorem that they constitute bases for V. Q.E.D.

1.6.14
A basis for W1 = {(a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 ) F5 : a1 a3 a4 = 0} is {(1, 0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, 0, 1)} and a basis for W2 = {(a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 ) F5 : a2 = a3 = a4 = 0 and a1 + a5 = 0} is {(1, 0, 0, 0, 1)}.

dim(W1 ) = 4 dim(W2 ) = 1

1.6.21
To prove that a vector space is innite dimensional if and only if it contains an innite linearly independent subset, we rst consider a vector space V that contains only nite linearly independent subsets, and we denote by a linearly dependent subset of V containing a nite number of elements n such that span() = V. Then by Theorem 1.8, is a basis for V, and by the denition of dimension, dim(V)=n, a nite quantity. Now consider a vector space W such that W contains an innite linearly independent subset. There is no nite linearly independent subset of W that spans W, so W does not have a nite basis. Then by denition W is innite dimensional. We therefore have that a vector space is innite dimensional if and only if it contains an innite linearly independent subset. Q.E.D.

1.6.22
Let W1 and W2 be subspaces of a nite-dimensional vector space V. To determine the necessary and sucient conditions on W1 and W2 such that dim(W1 W2 ) = dim(W1 ), we use Theorem 1.11 which says that W1 W2 must equal W1 for the equation to hold. This is true if and only if W1 = W2 . We therefore have that the necessary and sucient condition on W1 and W2 for dim(W1 W2 ) = dim(W1 ) to hold is that W1 = W2 .

1.6.25
Let V and W be vector spaces over a eld F with dimensions m and n respectivley, and let Z = {(v, w) : v V and w W} be a vector space over F with the operations (v1 , w1 )+(v2 , w2 ) = (v1 +w1 , v2 +w2 ) and c(v, w) = (cv, cw). Then letting dim(VW) = k, we have that dim(V + W) = m + n k. To determine the dimension of Z we can construct a basis for this space by collecting linearly independent vectors of the form (ui + wj , 0) and (0, ui + wj ). There are (m + n k) basis vectors of each form since each component spans a space of dimension m + n k. There are therefore 2(m + n k) total basis vectors, which means that dim(Z) = 2(m + n k).

1.6.29
(a)To prove that if W1 and W2 are nite-dimensional subspaces of vector space V, then the subspace W1 +W2 is nite-dimensional, and dim(W1 +W2 ) =dim(W1 )+dim(W2 )dim(W1 W2 ) we can start with a basis {u1 , u2 , ..., uk } for W1 W2 such that dim(W1 W2 ) = k, and in light of Corollary 2(b) of the Replacement Theorem extend it to a basis Q = {u1 , u2 , ...uk , v1 , v2 , ..., vm } for W1 and a basis P = {u1 , u2 , ..., uk , w1 , w2 , ..., wn } for W2 . From the denition of dimension, we note that dim(Q) = k + m and dim(P ) = k + n. and dim(W1 )+dim(W2 )dim(W1 W2 ) = (k + m) + (k + n) k = k + m + n. Also, since W1 + W2 consists of all linear combinations of elements that are in W1 or W2 , clearly dim(W1 + W2 ) = k + m + n as well, so dim(W1 + W2 ) =dim(W1 )+dim(W2 )dim(W1 W2 ). Q.E.D. (b)Let W1 and W2 be nite-dimensional subspaces of a vector space V, and let V = W1 +W2 , 2

then we will show that V is the direct sum of W1 and W2 if and only if dim(V) = dim(W1 )+dim(W2 ). Consider the case in which V is the direct sum of W1 and W2 . Then by denition of the direct sum dim(W1 W2 ) = 0, so dim(V) = dim(W1 ) + dim(W2 ) dim(W1 W2 ) = dim(W1 ) + dim(W2 ). Now consider the case in which V is the not the direct sum of W1 and W2 . Then by denition of the direct sum, dim(W1 W2 ) = k for some nonzero number k. We therefore have that dim(V) = dim(W1 ) + dim(W2 ) k = dim(W1 ) + dim(W2 ). Therefore V is the direct sum of W1 and W2 if and only if dim(V) = dim(W1 )+dim(W2 ). Q.E.D.

2.1.3
T : R2 R3 where T(a1 , a2 ) = (a1 + a2 , 0, 2a1 a2 ). To show that T is linear, let c F and let x, y R2 , where x = (b1 , b2 ) and y = (d1 , d2 ). Since cx + y = (cb1 + d1 , cb2 + d2 ) we have T(cx + y) = (c(b1 + b2 ) + (d1 + d2 ), 0, c(2b1 b2 ) + (2d1 d2 )). Also cT(x) + T(y) = c(b1 + b2 , 0, 2b1 b2 ) + (d1 + d2 , 0, 2d1 d2 ) = (c(b1 + b2 ) + (d1 + d2 ), 0, c(2b1 b2 ) + (2d1 d2 )) so T is linear. We know that dim(R2 )=2. Now a basis for N(T) is { } so nulity(T) =0, and a basis for R(T) is {(1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1)} so rank(T)=2. We therefore have that nulity(T) + rank(T) = dim(R2 ) which conrms the dimension theorem. Also, since N(T) = {0}, we have by Theorem 2.4 that T is one-to-one. T is not however onto since its mapping doesnt span R3 .

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