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5 URBAN POOR
The main two sub-missions of JNRUM City Development plan are urban infrastructure and city governance, and basic services for upliftment of urban poor. Urban poor are those people residing in urban areas, who can not fulfil their family needs in open urban consumer market due to low wages, under employment and unemployment. There is gap between income and fulfilment of needs; hence their living standard is below compared with other urban population. Hence, to have affordable housing (shelter) food, work and health facilities, they create their own settlement called, invisible cities, informal cities, slums etc. 5.1 Existing Housing stock for Urban Poor in NMMC area In NMMC area, out of the total houses constructed about 49% are for EWS and LIG, about 29% for MIG and about 22% for HIG. About 38% of population belongs to EWS and LIG categories. The same figure for Mumbai is over 65%, the lower percentage can be attributed to a higher percentage of nuclear families in NMMC area, and household size is 4 compared to Mumbai's 5.07. About 32% of the total city's stock constructed by CIDCO and by the private sector is for EWS and LIG categories. Out of the CIDCO constructed housing, 49% is for such groups. The types of housing provided are Built housing, Sites and Services with partially constructed and only developed sites. It is seen that no private developers are interested to release houses for lower income groups in the market due to low profits and more risks. So far development agency, CIDCO has constructed houses for EWS under Bombay Urban Development Project I, II and III in Airoli, Kopar Khairane, Kharghar, Nerul, Kalamboli and New Panvel. Some ambitious housing projects were also undertaken by the Corporation for different income groups including Gharkul for LIG in NMMC area. Apart from this, in sector-9 of Ghansoli and Gharondha, 3168 and 3236 tenement houses have been constructed for EWS/LIG by CIDCO. There is a phenomenon of massive encroachment by original villagers on city lands (11%) where the situation may be more or less like slums may spur up in future and need immediate attention as the nodes planned by CIDCO are achieving respective holding capacity and thus there is no room left for urban poor.

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In NMMC area special allocation has been made to EWS and LIG group with household size below 25sqm. A survey conducted by Kirloskar group for NMMC area shows that 27% of the total population in NMMC area falls under LIG category. And out of that almost 56% of households are in Ghansoli area followed by Nerul (37%) and Koparkhairane (37%). Initially this had controlled development of slums in NMMC area because of supply of houses by CIDCO. 5.2 Urban Poor in NMMC area Slums Brand new cities like NMMC area are no longer exceptions to slums. Lack of availability of affordable housing in required number on one hand and population explosion on the other have resulted in proliferation of slums, tarnishing the image of new city like NMMC area. CIDCO at the time of planning had envisioned keeping city slum free. The situation is far better than any other metro region but still issues are to be addressed in a more comprehensive approach. As per the estimate NMMC area houses more than 2, 09,025 persons as part in slums as shown in table 45.

Slum population (2005-06) 21%

Slum population Others

79%

Source: ESR- 2005-06, NMMC

There are 48 slum pockets identified in NMMC area as per census of 2001. The main areas where slums are predominantly housing a major chunk of population include Ghansoli and Digha. Almost 80% of the total slum dwellers are situated in these areas. The developed pockets like CBD Belapur, Nerul, Vashi, Koparkhairane ad Airoli have a very less percentage of slum population. As far as village areas are concerned in Dahisar ward, as per the survey no slums have been identified in that stretch.

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EWS / LIG CIDCO has provided housing for the economically weaker section and to the lower income group. The housing provided is for a total of 39,714 households as per the. All the basic services and infrastructure to these households is provided by CIDCO. So only the population leaving in the slums is considered for provision and up gradation of infrastructure facilities under BSUP scheme.
Table 45 Details of Urban Poor in NMMC area

Sno Title Slums

1 Number of Slum pockets Total area under slums

On MIDC land
29 113.18

On CIDCO Land
17 26.70 8327

On Government Total land

2 23.60 7805 48 163.48 ha 41,805 209025 54.54 ha

Total households(HH) in 25673 slums 3 4 Eligible area under 27.15 slums EWS /LIG 5 Total Number of HH
Source: NMMC / Socio Economic Survey 2000

Total Slum Population (No of HH x Avg Family size of 5) 13.92 13.47

39,714

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A detailed list has been given on the slum areas in NMMC area is as follows: Table 46 Details of Slum areas and population in NMMC area (areas in ha) % h/h Total Total h/h prior Slum name Covered area in slums to 95 in sqmt Year Hanuman Nagar, Mahape 18836.27 637 63 Ganapatipada 40000.00 864 60 Ram nagar 46691.33 1236 55 Vijaynagar, Vishnunagar 48795.78 1306 55 Ambedkarnagar,M Gandhinagar,Ashwin quarry 46522.39 1171 54 Ambedkar nagar 26715.33 970 52 Ganesh Nagar 4964.51 216 51 Shivaji nagar 17125.34 729 47 Katkaripada, Khairane 3281.55 63 46 Ilthanpada 73983.67 999 43 Namdev nagar, Bidhumadhavnagar 31463.07 653 42 Pandhari nagar, Subhashnagar 51373.28 1473 42 Katkaripada, Bhimnagar, Gautamnagar, 138545.18 3834 41 Panchshilnagar Varlipada, Pavane 4798.335 166 36 Sathe Nagar,Patilwadi 22444.83 720 35 Savitri Nagar (CIDCO Railway project) 217 35 Chinchpada 119652.00 3083 33 Indira Nagar 69669.34 2497 31 Ganpatipada 8358.55 127 27 Gavtewadi,Baliramnagar 18717.43 298 27 Shramik Nagar Khairane 24866.60 727 22 Sai baba Nagar 14227.52 230 21 Ganesh Nagar, Durganagar, Ambedakar nagar 45690.20 778 20 Yadav Nagar 115901.22 1137 8 Sambhaji Nagar 9285.90 156 7 Bonsari 28093.59 497 5 Mahatama Gandhi Nagar 92059.57 708 4 Mauli Stone 9788.80 157 0

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Slum name

Total Covered area in sqmt

Total h/h in slums 24 183 1627 805 840 480 139 650 1371 246 363 225 34 774 289 119 141 41 1939 5866
41805

Bonsari Quarry Ganapati Colony Nocil naka Sanjay Gandhi nagar Airoli naka Samata nagar Sector 21,23,24 Bali nagar Ishwar nagar, Anand Nagar Ishwar nagar (CIDCO Railway project) Savli Gaon Sector 5 Deshmukhwadi Ramabai Ambedkar Nagar Sector 9 CBD (Gavaskar Maidan) Sainathwadi Ramabai Ambedkar Nagar Sector 8 CBD Sambhaji Nagar Sector 8 CBD Durgamata Sector 8 CBD Nilgiri Garden CBD Secotor 24 Hanuman Nagar Turbhe stores
Total

6999.83 23704.36 38290.34 13875.64 1162.91 137119.16 11537.99 7299.81 1178.38 2135.94 10433.12 5551.49 5997.55 1627.32 58344.73 177742.54
1634852.7

% h/h prior to 95 Year 0 80 75 73 70 68 64 60 56 28 48 39 38 37 34 21 7 0

1760

Source: NMMC, 2001 NMMC has implemented many schemes under slum improvement programmes. As a part of the same water supply, public toilets, drainage, roads and street lighting is provided in the slum pockets or in the rehabilitated areas. 5.3 Schemes for Urban Poor Various schemes for the upliftment of the urban poor have been initiated by the government which includes slum improvement and slum rehabilitation. The special national housing programmes for the urban poor like VAMBAY and National Slum Development Programme (NSDP) were already initiated. VAMBAY is a centrally-sponsored scheme for construction and up-gradation of dwelling units with sanitation facilities for urban slum dwellers living

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below the poverty line (BPL). The demand-driven scheme has a 50:50 funding pattern between Centre and the states.

Under this cost of ceiling varies from Rs.40, 000 to rs.60, 000 per unit. The minimum area for each unit should not be less than 150sqft and is applicable to EWS/BPL category only. Urban local bodies are required to prepare proposals for such schemes. National Slum Development Policy (NSDP) has been later on merged into VAMBAY scheme to frame an integrated approach towards improvement of slums. 5.4 Basic Services for urban Poor Over a period of time, various schemes with reforms have been brought forward to Special emphasize has been given to the services for the urban poor in JnNURM. Under the same BSUP, basic services for urban poor have been launched with following objectives:
Objectives of BSUP:

Focused attention to integrated development of basic services to the urban poor Security of tenure at affordable price, improved housing, water supply, sanitation Convergence of services in fields of education, health and social security As far as possible providing housing near the place of occupation of the urban poor Effective linkage between asset creation and asset management to ensure efficiency Scaling up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal access to urban poor. Ensuring adequate investment of funds to fulfil deficiencies in the basic services to the urban poor. Along with JnNURM, IHSDP (Integrated Housing and Slum Development Policy) has been launched with emphasize on civic amenities and utilities to urban poor with following objectives: Holistic slum development

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Healthy and enabling urban environment; and Adequate shelter and basic infrastructure facilities to the slum dwellers of the identified urban areas. However it is evident from the policy that schemes under IHSDP will be funded for those areas only where JnNURM is not applicable. 5.5 Proposed Scheme The schemes which have been adopted for the upliftment for the urban poor have been successfully implemented in NMMC area area due to a smaller percentage of slums. But certain issues still miss holistic approach to slums in terms of services and utilities, which still need attention. The public facilities and amenities are equivalent to zero. The unskilled labour inhibiting in these slum areas is deprived of the basic facilities like access roads, safe drinking water and toilets. Since the land is crucial matter in NMMC area due to high price tag attached, so instead of looking at options of plotted development or houses of fixed size, using higher FSI, multi storied housing blocks can be constructed which will lessen the infrastructure cost also and will make housing more affordable and cheaper. Also compact development permits a larger concentration of people within walking distance of a mass transit stop and shortens the access time to other facilities. It is also important to note that most of the land under slums belongs to either government or the nodal agencies like CIDCO and MIDC. So for improvement of slums, preposition of Public Private Partnership (PPP model) can be a suitable option for MIDC, CIDCO, and NMMC. Redevelopment of slums in areas where 80% reform is required should be looked as an option over the on site improvement schemes as it facilitate more flexibility. But it is worth mentioning that for such redevelopment, development control regulations need some reforms and additions. This provision of 2.5 FSI will give opportunity to achieve planned redevelopment, provisions of amenities and cross financing by free sale development on balance land with PPP. Apart from that resources for local economy can also be generated by employing the slum population in the construction process as it will give employment chances and risk of transferring the house to other party for rent, will also get restricted. The social infrastructure facilities will be provided by this redevelopment scheme and its costing is covered under the head of common amenities. On the basis of above land parcels at each location and under various authorities will be redeveloped with a master plan of contiguous pockets. In case of CIDCO lands CIDCO has

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given letter to NMMC stating that, NOC can be given to 11 locations provided NMMC submit the detail report and for remaining 7 locations NOC cannot be given because of non conformity with NMD Plan. These eligible house holds need to be accommodated at Turbhe store TTC side where land belong to GoM and NMMC is trying to get it transferred on their name. This is possible because after consuming 1.0 FSI for redevelopment, balance land and FSI will be available for accommodating such house holds. The project cost (excluding the land cost) for redevelopment of slums on the lines of BSUP (basic services for urban poor) is estimated below. The cost on MIDC, CIDCO and Government land is worked out separately. Table 47 Estimated cost of Redevelopment of Slums
Sr no Particulars Cost for each unit 1.8490 0.0185 0.0175 0.0182 0.0531 0.0143 0.0900 0.0350 0.1025 0.0513 2.2493 MIDC CIDCO land land Cost in lakhs 47469 474 449 466 1363 366 2311 899 2632 1316 57745 15397 154 146 151 442 119 749 291 854 427 18730 Govt Land 14431 144 137 142 415 111 702 273 800 400 17555 Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Per unit cost for building with internal services Per unit cost for external water supply lines Per unit cost for external water supply system Per unit cost of external sewerage Per unit cost for internal roads Per unit cost for open space development Per unit cost of external electrical supply Per unit cost of common amenity Contingencies 5% Consultant 2.50% Total

77297 771 732 759 2220 596 3762 1463 4286 2143 94030

Table 48 BSUP Project cost sharing

Sharing a 1 2 3 4 b 1 2 3 4 Cost of Housing Component CENTRAL GOVERNMENT STATE GOVERNMENT NMMC BENEFICIARY Cost of infrastructure Component CENTRAL GOVERNMENT STATE GOVERNMENT NMMC BENEFICIARY 50% 38% 02% 10% 50% 30% 20% NIL in Rs Lakhs 77297 38649 29373 1546 7730 16732 8366 5020 3346 0

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5.6 Economic Development of Urban poor Urban poor are depended on service oriented works generated in city like house keeping, maintenance of building, hawking. Since earning in this sector is just to suffice their basic needs hence there is no surplus available with them to own a house or to pay the rent, this is how slums are created. To upgrade their life, strengthening of their economic activity will be done by providing training centres of above services so that their capacity and earning can be increased. This will help them to give better service to the society. These training centres will be for construction labour, maintenance labour, house keeping etc. hawking doesnt require training but they need a proper place with facility and easy licenses. Licenses to the hawkers will be made available easily and at minimum daily amount so that it will be affordable. With guarantee of license they can make hawking in a decent way. For the same, more number of daily bazaar sites with toilet facility will be created. Training centre for construction labour is being undertaken by NGO call Yuva at Kharghar, either the same institute will be asked to set up more centres in NMMC area. The Builders & Developers Association, Chamber of Industries Trade and Chamber of Commerce, Thane Belapur Industrial Association will be involved to promote such kind of activities. Many market and daily bazaar sites built/ previously developed by CIDCO, can be redeveloped by JV with CIDCO+ Allottee + NMMC and newly developing BOT entrepreneur.