Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ORIGINAL OF POOR
PAGE
IS
QUALITY
THE
_O_ T_C_ LS85-194_5
SCHOOL
OF
ENGINEERING
SOIL
EXPERIMENT
k_Y
August,
1987
Linton Todd
Hutcheson Butler
Georgia
Institute
of Technology
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
If.
PROBLEM A. B. C.
STATEMENT
3 3 4 4
..............................
Ill.
DESIGN A. B. C. D. E. F. G.
DETAILS
? ? 8 16 20 e8 38 45
Simulant Test
Implement
............
IV.
PARTS
LIST
COS
ANALYSIS
...................
#9
V.
CONCLUSION
....................................
51
VI.
RECOMMENDATIONS
..............................
53
VII.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
............................
54
VIII.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
...............................
55
I:_.
APPENDIC;ES
..................................
57
I
I. ABSTRACT An effects simulated consisted penetrometer, The environmental vacuum experimental of the lunai" of a lunar soil. vacuum and fine chamber conditions procedure environment The test was on devised the to physical and shear as medium the for investigate properties materials tester, simulant. applying with the the useo static the of
experiment
of
gravity._T_he
i
vacuum which
will exists
simulate on 0f the
the moon.
zero wi_al_o of
outgasslng
shear
strength
by
the
direct
shear the is
is
gFa_lar
Strength loading
parameters will be
and
the
of
soil use to of
static
investigated experiment
used pressure
determine applied
the
conical experiment
conduct
suitable
simulant in hot"
must
be
selected. and
simulant size.
f 7
composition is a an sci
size to
the manner
simu!ant in _iE_
import,_t ] sample
t_ " . _-E
consider
fai
s_lection
of
th_
soil
_imulant
for
this
test
procedure
was
based
of most
soll
samples
taken actual
during lunar by
to basalt. Carrier
the
._The
resembles was
_F_r_cioe" Inc.
simulant
proposed
Bromwell
The will be
soil used
parameters, as design
as criteria
by
the soil
testing engagement
apparatus,
equipment.
II A.
STATEMENT
the bodies
present in as a our
emphasis solar
on
exploration in is particular
of
the the
system
moon the to be
space
station, of the
to
learn
about
these
missions
dependent measur=_ents of
vehicles it is
structures to of
pla_ed
basic
knowledge Because
V
lunar
and
earth of the
the on
expect as a was
have An
environmental simulant representative engineering design and Although investigation simulant important under which
behavior
actual on the
procedure properties
pres=ribeC
ccnd_t!cns, cF desig_i_g
in_ec_i=_
t_r3,_g_ou=
ORIGINAL
PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALITY
test
p_ocedure to be
has what
been extent so
to
sufficient
in
simulated will be
that
useful
designing
digging
performance
PARAMETERS The soil test should The yield sc_l internal soil all of cone two mechanical properties angle resistance, of these of of properties which need of to bulk a be
lunar
soil
friction, and
necessary tests,
the the
types
penetration be conducted as
test. on
These Earth
shall expensive
that
possible.
design cur
is will
beyond be
the
of
necessary The be
explain aspects
implement.
ORIGINAL PaSE IS
OF POOR QUALITY
from the
those testing
on
Earth.
These somewhat. on
characteristics
will
procedure
the
moon
impose The
the most
constraints atmosphere,
temperature reduced
radiation,
temperature in total
on
the
moon to
ranges 200
from
-200
degrees in
darkness
degress
Fahrenheit
ATMOSPHERE Since two-millionth non-existent. RADIATION One fact surface that of the the than consequences receives Earth. on This the of much having more no atmosphere upon an The composed radiation moon of o_ During to rates the is its the the atmosphere that of the on the moon it is is about one
Earth,
relatively
moon the
radiation induces
radiation
normally
mrad/hr.
however,
increases
dra_a_ica!ly
I T'
9_g _ IS
moon
is
I .&23
m/s'2.
This
is
approximately
I/6
of
the
Ear
th-s
gravity.
IIZ
DESIGN
DETAILS
A.
SUMMARY Since it is desirable on the of the would to moon, lunar design it soil. shear the best are Since those test type is digging necessary It was and tests for implements to decided the for the of a static test by the our cone
which
will
operate properties
mechanical design penetration the lunar soil necessary digging differ had group
that test
direct be which
required the on
from conducted
great soil
lunar
with project
fact
Engineering in Engineering
extensive ourselves
spent Civil
geology.
B.
Environmental
Simulation
of
the The
moon
differ
greatly of which
determination method in by
and impo: in
the tant
lunar tests.
lunar key
considered
radiation,
reduced
atmosphere.
TEMPERATURE The Fahrenheit the fluids mztal adhesion effects the sunlight. used to for temperature in total The the contact the materials. on due will on the moon to ranges 200 from -200 degrees in any Any or the narrowing the
darkness extreme
Fahrenheit affect
lubrication would
metal of of
without
temc_rature
isolated
vacuum temperature of
research fairly it
has
sho_n
stiffness in amcun_
that of an : esu:: _C
vacu.m
_emperat.res ur2er
'.-
.i:'_-_ig_
-_'_.
G_,Nt_L OF POOR
PAGE IS QUALITY"
it
would
be in
that of
in the
result
mostly
temperature_ to become
water
would and
surface
adsorbed
different
particles
to
simulate
the
gradient and Fig.2). flowing The the coils. test and test
for
the
test
penetration be required mode the by will cbils flowing for model simulation
_est, (see be of
cooling
apparatus. through
simulation Whirlpool
cooling will
temperature by D).
modification
shear
apparatus
is
prime
in Systems
engaging function
moon.
A used.
_' the
_as fcr:o _s
:_e
-,:!cing
-::_,-..
_c_
-uSt
5e
a_piled
Lack Lunar density The reduced evalua'ed. which two the minutes. soil
of is
the a
bulk typical to
of soil
lu,,a,and
soil. has a
ranging KC-IE'5
g/cm_3 will
3.e# the
aircraft pull
e.uab!e soil
cf be path
on is is
to
flown
from
gravity is ample
maintained time to
gravity forte of
available
mechanic_l useo in
parallelogram and
production
equipment.
RADIATION Radiation soil particle selection scisslon linkirg damage. excep_ They space iimite= at are engaging needs equipment. are to be consi_,ered Ultraviolet particularly Thi_ materials, materlals_ represent high no doses radiation free and in the design ar_ in cause the chain cross of Ichor
charged
_e_als extremely
radlati_n similar _y
essentia!]y "n
undamaged cerA_lL
irradia:ior, ra_ia_Ic --
_a_.ral ls
scurzes. _o -Inor
-a_rlals e_az_s.
surfa2:_
90u
between
be
small. to
For
this
at in an
the
placed were
ultra-high permitting in an
adsorbed of
removed
resulting
increase
forces. environmental factor the of vacuum of primary in the concern, soil on in therefore, pores the but
rather of the
grains. when
the
increased the
surfaces that vacuum vacuum The interparticle composition development properties porosity H_Jever, that while at
account
strength
unaffected to
increase
levels amount
removed depends
magnitude on the of
of
the
of of
the
soil.
This
removal forces
affects to maintain at
is vacuum
ultra-high porosity in
loweT levels
obtained
vacuum is due
to
removal
_rictional _ring
_Jhich
in _l_en
higher case,
impact the
,o_CF_iS
under obtained
ultra-high in
vacuum
may since of in
or
may
be
greater on
that
atmosphere composition
this the
mineralogical that the the As soil the fact surfaces the soil grains An the tests, In vacuum
V
rapid ihat
vacuum
to from out.
easily is
is
pumped on the
readsorbed increase in
speed.
the in
porosity the
soil
simulate apparatus
test
The dimensions of
chamber The
interior
:he to
be of door in
One allow
chamber
access. the Pyrex system gl_ss on height will a_ the of be a would win_ow chamber the be six made through jn to tip above seals are gauges three
Measurements different diameter visually the for used soil. an f_r be modes. will be
_nches in order
installed the
calibrate Fassthro_ghs
provided hydraulic
line Twc
types va_Jum
of
_!li
A
the _i !I _e
the
C_amber. _
t_e_mcc_uple
pres_u=es
_o_n
ORIGINAL OF POOR
PAGE
IS
QUALITY
lo_-e pressure
torr
cold down
cathode to 10^-6
gauge
will
provide
The I0_-6 feasible outgassing The parts; pump this system The diffusion formulas. T The the speed time of = is a tort
for the
system which
to
of
the
is
of
two
roughing At the
used
chamber pump
point down
in
torr, for
the the
pumpdown pump
determined
e.3 above
log(P1/Pe) is used for to per the I0^-2 roughing torr, PI Sn is P2 V is is the the pump. is the T is
case),
and
for it is
the
is
more
dependent
the size
determining
re_uire_
Q3
radius of determined
temperature area of connecting molecular molecular pumping pump by final 3.64 (Sp QIP speed conductance wt. of air speed at at the of + C)
system
by
High a
Vacuum pumpdown
Corporation approximately appendix). established used pump 21e on with roughing A this a
the of of
17,500 a 150
minute. backstreaming
baffle from
pump.
.....
II
v,
,-- -\
-_
---
C.
Soil
Si_lant
INTRODUCTION In effectivelyp the there soil is must little order to the be evaluate mechanical modeled chance for must like be of a lunar soil engagement and/or some actual number This in test are in the and soil device behavior of As soil tests, in a must are shear these the
material. lunar of
chosen. soil
lunar
tests
which PROPERTIES
selecting
simulart.
CRITICAL For like test, should similar penetration for the lunar
this soil
the
soil
behave shear
tests in
which yield to
(c) actual of
capacity
simulant
actual
important
characteristic Compressibility
with
t_e
soil not
when _e it
it
is
Teasured is am
important
characterls_iE
si_ul_t.
ORIGINAL
PAGE
fS
OF POOR QUALITY
THE
LUNAR
SOIL
on
actual data
spectrum
of
(I:III,VI,
the
(11,12,14,15,16, this angle strength friction figure The measurement. 0.01 to 0.11 4 data by was Carrier data angle) in the
and
Lunas of
All friction
of
value_ yet
cohesion
Shear
appendix). 12 testing result recommended. included of this soil testing, compressibility values of C =
Appolo As were
SIMULANT soil mechanical size soil simulant has been suggested by Here, which Carrier a material closely material attained size by is for
simu!ant is grain
sand. different is
distribution
shown
NO.
(mm)
FINER
BY 95 7g c6 50
WEIGHT
TASLE
I:
i
from of can commercial material be which quarries will with a go may not have a a very 500 to reduce large percent This
through
number
sieve. the
remedied size.
grinding
machine
PERFORMANCE performance properties must shear be a of the lunar is soil very in simulant important. terms of in The bulk and
testing reasonable
model
strength,
cohesion,
friction
angle,
compressibility. On angle; strength simulant Lunokhod, behavior soil simulant modelled In simulant soil. same (see the data basis given of by normal the Surveyor varied 4 the caused of by in shear Carrier load envelope missions. changing the the strength, suggests graph, produced The the cohesion, that on a and friction
shear of the
behavior by the
Apollo, strength density that this least shear soil lunar at the 3 m of of the
shear
relative Note
lunar by
to inthe the
at
load
test.
compressibility is not as
lunar as actual
are
compared
density Bulk
cf
simulant conditions,
can
be
Jaried
great
deal Tnls
to
mo_el
lunar
especially
depth.
ccnflr_ing
Dressure.
C_m_ressitility
dces
_o:
_ocel
i.n_:-
OF pOOR
QUALITY.
I
J
soil yield
exactly, accurate
however data.
the
differences
are
small
enough
to
CONCLUSION The Carrier) size needed, friction is lunar Js soil simulant for allows as provide the for selected tests the (as proposed. ability to values while of these not provided The vary of by particle density cohesion as as and w_ll
suitable
distribution as well
acceptable
angle. for
modelled
acceptable
tests.
I I
!
D.
Shear
Test
INTRODUCTION The and be peak shear are in B_cause simulate only the those It for is strength, important the design it is a soil of internal angle of friction, which engagement task desirable on to the to to soil a should
cohesion considered
laborious it an is
show this
effect
section of
propose
evaluating: conditions
effects
properties to which
to
determine be modelled of
conditions The deformation ?articles. the shear where slope friction represents relationship proportional TEST!_G following
analytically as Coulomb's
strength the of
is _,
termed is the of on
cohesion of
of
soil.
The
internal
angle stress
that ncrma!
the
shear stress
_ET_CDS
OF pO0_
is
placed parts.
in A
shear
which is is
is
split and
is
held
while
shearing held
the
one
test, force
shearing
recorded. a series of tests, loads the to normal obtain In stress shear stress be loads a line may
versus the
strain each in
yield The
stress is
stress
accomodated
of test. a
soil In
may this
also test,
be a
found
using
cylindrical It is
thin
rubber and
fluid ends of
An increased Mohr
flat series
constr_cted. Coulomb
sa_y
relatively soil,
nature _ _es:
of
basalt,
an_
extension
lunar
iS
th_
_DG_
3CD_2r
l_e
,_ez_o_
_cr
_4a_a_
ir_
6_e_-
Z-zze_:ies.
]ez_es:
:nstr_ment
Ccrzo-at:cn
_a_u:3&I_-es
OF pO0_
QUALITY.
shear (model
apparatus #$53281)
(model which
#$2213> are
and
data the
recording purposes
suitable
for
_see can
6 be may
in
The
set be
are need
to only
be be
necessary. established and of tested. the to its fluid box then The be sample after the
assembled a means It
first
will
degrees
Fahrenheit
temperature flow (see pumped may The will in be flow have appendix _nd can figure through heated
Fahrenheit. the A). box steam to to upper Liquid cool through the half
drilled 2 in
of nitrogen
the
the by
the
pumping
cavities.
rates to be B).
achieve
previously
cooling modifications.
require _il! of
transfer absence
air
retail
3i :_or_ce
i ==__
ORIGINAL OF POOR
P_G_ 9UALIIY
gS
Fahrenheit), Heat load shaft, should and the their need for
are to
to cell,
be
:oad
during to of these
components wrapping
be or
heated five
attaching then be
tubing through
_J
should proper
temperature.
PROCEDURE The actually described necessary conductiong 1.0 Initial i.I 1.2 the unit following conducting equipment corrective the Setup Level Install with of shell the the of machine using adjustable LVDT-dial _avel. rela:ion Without to the fee_. combination. disturbing dlal i_ica=:r, This the iS tests. procedure the direct describes shear the test. method The for previously and to
sample be
position insert
all
_me _a_
i_==
#Cun_Ir_
_'=C_.
:_a-e
ORiGiNAL OF POOR
[:AGE IS qUALITY
cannot the
This in
knurled the
screw
is
also
used to
to
adjust
electrical
connector
LVDT." Remove plate shear box tops. sample and The and packing from are material, inner held shear together the knurled upper box. by loading The two two screws prior cap and of
halves with to
knurled the
Tighten
screws After
preconsolidation knurled tightened bottom not four halves contact preset pads and of require screws with with properly, sufficiently preconsolidation 1.4 sample the fall knurled of _e is center onto en_ zyl Install in of the is in_er the the screws.
screws
should
separate these
preset, on
adjustment teflon friction scoring. will close of the shear shear the pads
box
an_
four
screws
sample. loa_ing Place so tha_ The _rougn "_a_a s_e the the i/2 the :_e " assembly loa_ing slots after assembly in the r_o ard gces rear a legs _ith legs t_e the over
O_
POOR
_ .... "--__
LVDT-dial is
Base
of
inserted screw on
allen placed
vertical connector
LVDT." test.
not
load
cell
to
loading
"rate"
counter-clockwise.
\j
d. e. as by f. 1.7 1.8 anti-rotation hand in the pin read large wheel the pin on
Push Turn
"start" "rate" on
button. knob readout clockwise in inches to desired per minute strain rate
indicated 10. Push Place Centering pin in the yoke rear gear If
divided
"stop" machine
button. in vacuum box gear chamber. Remove the Rotate line up _n the rcd. the holes Insert
shear on the
load
load rea_
zero.
rye
does
not
zero, =e-_
Lnu
e_
i_o"
=eli
a_j sti_g
rut
_n_il
OF POOR QUALITY,
center Length
position of travel
of can
shear be
box set
be 0
set and
at
this in spacer
time. both that manner: limit the switch spacer the the the
0.8" a
directions. matches l,_osen assembly against spacer knurled other 2.0 desired knurled away housing until
Decide
select in and
limits screws
box
adjusting limit Test 2.1 assembly. Procedure ;lake clockwise. 2.2 Connect air of 2200 Turn _ 9n line by a to the the sure
screw
process
all Do the
air
valves
a:e
closed
by
turning
overtighten. of tubing PSI load. "main valve" Before power" with the is under needed Plug in the to frame reach cord to full to I15 an
appropriate capacity t_AC outlet. 2.3 indicating activated _ill required When or a show
source. Ib o_
vertical the
line
switch. gage air valve, due to in _ea_out initial to valve the the on system the cabinet is readout
"supply
pressure air cylinder. go is th_ apply s_ou_ to too deslre_ t_e _c_ _e zero
supply
will valve
apply" The
sa_?_e.
p_r_S
ORIGi_&L OF POOR
PAGE
15
QUALITY
seated LVDT-dlal
and
it
is
important by
to loosening
again the
zero allen
the
indicator
retightenlng. 2.4 Applying Always close the normal desired opening normal load load, by Normal "load advance turning is Loads: apply" the the
valve
before to the
clockwise. load to
reached, apply"
valve. portion of the if the SMS the test, regulator valve is the "load will open.
valve
Sample portion rate cycle of until strain of the has test by pushing been
shearing The
previously determines
the_operator
of at to
the the
eliminates a. b. c.
recenter valve
shear open
"supply"
rgulator counter-clockwise. "main power" switch. air cylinder--be vertical LVDT-dial sure to disconnect lime indicator by loosening box. and
27
0_;'_:" OF POOR
PAGE
IS
QUALITY
l
E. Static Cone Penetration Test INTRODUCTION The determine granular granular factors that that static the soil. soil that affect the cone penetration test is and widely bearing used to of of penetration The accuracy on soil resistance of capacity
settlement
depends affect
those it is
factors unlikely
Since
factors are
and
penetrat_nn influence on
resistance soil
compressibility must
penetration accuracy. to
resistance,
engineers overriding
regard in
controlling
compressibility. The test the into factors are that affect the not control static cone penetration properties can be divided of
associated SCPT
with
Factors of
results
number
Ground conditions lemperature Atmosphere Gravity Test method compressibility on its yielding is the of g, anular soil is highly the the internal
resistance fric=_on of
_ffective
s_ress
i .........
I
MODES OF The very FAILURE penetration phenomenon treatment. fail soil under which is the of a cone projectile is are not two One reduction rearrangement which and may consists or may Either during the soil below easily ways is into soil is by the a complex which There ana]yzed in by in which mathematical soil of may the
projectile. a by shear
basically caused is by
in of
loosely
sample, accelerated
planes.
penetration, relationship
PENETROMETER Penetration consistency sounded be sePn the in the and ground tribal polnt tests density. with villages of a pick a have The long been used to eva_uate may h_el, workman tre _r_r= have as can soil
builder or his
forced
I J
ORIGINAL
PAGE
IS
OF POOR QUALITY
with
mallet
of of
known
weight.
Today design,
are are
forcing
aside the
developing capacity
of
shapes rods,
of cones
in
use, and
cone-shaped samplers.
tips, There
of
shape static
on and
types loading
used, shear
dynamic. in
laboratory penetration
and
can
recording. of soil
adapted the
to variable The
introduces or
dynamic penetration as a
vibration. used in
been bearing
mechanics
static
penetration
for
penetration
chosen. type Kilman static type penetrometer AP-2100 consists head oc 1.5 assembly cm^2 mace with of _e a a chose 1'-6" 60 to rod use is a (Fig.
degree gauge.
amd _f
has The
a _C
s_ainless
20
apex
is
the
maximum
angle
available This
because
accuracy small
results essentially
would give
initially of rod.
penetrometer outer
The
Centerless consists items section. light Stainless Smoothly friction with zeroing The operator soil with a weight will of
Steel. gauge;
head
however, modifications
high for
strength, protection.
from
gauge
inches built-in
diameter gauge
0-1000
pounds.
adjustment. static pushes a cone a test implements cone-shaped He by the a simple concept. point the end The features dual rod Of unit. to into thrust area The the to of the
simple
accomplish point to
give
cone Static
As soil read
the
gau_e
_e
easily f_r
aithout
having
adjus_
]i
OR|G!NAL
PAGE
IS
OF POOR Q_ALI'I'_.
coefficient. Modifications equipment to the made achieve penetrometer in the to pressure A vacuum modifications maximum were found to be necessary To opening the would reach actuate having not the the to
environmental manually chamber This the was which vacuum made would that
actuate to be
enable
penetrometer allow desired penetrometer penetrate Since the head the the the
move
freely. inside
guide
opening to
range.
decision
woild Fig.7). be no
(see will
penetrometer will head head bolts force is 1200 include assembly assembly at a that pounds
handles.
handles unscrewed. 3/8 inch The before inches. Fluid The the a 2
for to
depth the
of
actuator a was
lifting
height and
appendix
a_alxsls
_f
support
---7
ORiG!NAL OF POOR
PAGE
IS
O.UALITY
the
pressure _indow,
gauge it will
read
through the
the chamber so
chamber the
prescribed can be
outlet read
gauge
panel to the
will
isolated
sample
alone
dependent With
size of
of
Kilman were
preliminary determine effects in in bottom for the the on which order the the to minimum
experiment, in diameter
deep.
inches of flight
the
container
container. of a a our testing holder procedure, to ring preven_ _hlcn _-even_s the
portion by an_ 3y
_e
secu_ec
sample
snlr_ing
c_n_ai_mert
33
ORigiNAL OF POOR
PA_E
I_
QUAL!Ty
movement
(see
Fig.8).
static of
cone
penetration
test
will and
the
function as cone
cone
force, of by = = = F/A soll area sample bearing normal soil. medium the the
the
bearing
capacity
expressed qc F A
following
equation:
resistance of cone calculations, capacity force The as Is a appendix factor a or of B) soil mechanics as it shears of an that
stress can be
Ns is the or average stress on of test. the oY penetration the medium, of the _:cn sol" stress, and N s is and is is a the shear
geometry
_oint
internal For
friction cohesicrloss L_
o_tai_e_ Su:r. as
3irect
OR_G!N_L OF POOR
P_GE
IS
QUALITY.
I
the angles The a point internal cf 60 friction degrees, cone angle N is is 30 to 50 degrees 7. a static failure. the at same force to and for co,_e approximately applies produce for measured a shear
penetrometer great to
bearing of the
capacity cone is
foundation directly
and
that
below can
surface. theoretically or by experiment. of and required by resistance measuring to the force This with the the
found
work
determined
following
aw
x _= n
=_x
= =
A_
distance "stress cone sample will (see area has be been carried prepared out. the following sample talc., appendix B)
procedure
APPARATUS The operator clean _an and be should in _ood see to it that the T_e 9 t_e _ cone point of the and the
ro_s co_e
are poi_
alignment. _y pushi_
sharpness i_to
checked
hole
_nen
=fusee=
:;Gn:iy
_::h
:-e
::D
:f
_e
finger,
the
:=re
IS
QUALITY
should that
be friction
be
so
introduce thermocouples, proper PLACEMENT After moisture sample cooling desired ADJUST _j w the the The surface test may
experiment. device
hydraulic be checked
heating and
performance.
CONTAINER sample particle in sample which the is is has been through the proper the and to the
the bakeout be
unit.
measured
the_mocouples.
be be from
to
soil. 3
conducted avoid
container the
inducing
from
container. CONE Apply the PENETRATION desired All shaft, the of The same the load and then include shall all measure the be the _eight taken total of care the of by
MEASURE
loads
subtracting SAMPLE
readings.
test be used
ha_e to _f zan
bee_
conducted calculate
s:_ergtn
_e a:s3
soil.
amount
penetr3me:e-
OF POOR
QUAU.T_I
be
determined.
Plots
of
soil
resistance
vs.
_pth
can
be
generated. The method conditions. the soils. useful equipment homogeneity The in soil for static con_ penetrometer the proven strength provides homogeneity of useful an Economical soil
foundation when of
especially
evaluating cohesionless
properties
test and
prove digging
determining for
foundations
building
construction.
.u
II
F.
Test
Procedure PREPERATION
SAMPLE
Sample experimental involve moisture_ soil particle a The have above vibrating The to with of the the a sieve is
preparation procedure.
the
first in
stage sample
in
the preparation
steps
a trimming to
particle sample.
its
particle by
Carrier
will
be D).
obtained
using
(see consist
appendix of a
Inclyno openings it in
of the
sieves coarser
that
one-half nest of
sieves in by a
clamped
to
the
platform sand shear slotted basalt By samples box and end grains
vibrates prepared
horizontal pouring the through the they grains of the can by height
contolling the tube 1/4 The height in.) desired to the the of the t_e the soil
surface spacing be
(about
an
measuring itself
appendix _Jpon
is c_e
._:ii sa_T_
:':=,_e_ :_ :e_e
-'::] _:
::
Ers,_ring
--
the
mathematics
in mentioned.
determining The
penetration will D). will be be used removed to bake After from be levelled
previously aid of a of
tool,_See in the
majority the
sample. to
oven the
prior baking and and placed cooling the gained Once and
heating
Before will be
chamber to the I% is be
during the
moisture
reached, carried
temperature
stage both in on
in a
the ground
procedure based
irvolves laboratory of
experiment in a
the
time
procedures. arrangements would fun_i_ fl_gh_ provide _ere the i: _f t_e consider most _uld e_er:Te_= 3e to
which
arrangements if the
resu:=S, c_n:u=t
permit=eC, _ortion
ORIGiNaL OF POOR
P/'_GE |_ QUALITY,,
one
flight.
However, for
the
decision flight
was and
made ground
to
testing
apparatus
both
experiments. There will of be soil, ten flights made by the KC-135 in which and flight
the a
density
soil pull
vacuum
reduced
varied.
experiment conditions conditions (I) (2) (3) (4) The LJ pull second in
densely be met
are
to
reduced gravitational pull of 1.63 m/s'2 soil temperature of eoo degrees Fahrenheit vacuum pressure of 10^-6 tort soil density of 3.24 g/cm'3 flight to experiment help determine will to vary what of She gravitational gravity The
order the
extent basalt.
mechanical are
properties to be met#
conditions
reduced gravitational pull of 4.0 m/s'2 soil temperature of 200 degrees FChrenheit vacuum pressure of 10"-6 tort soll density o? 3.24 g/cm_3 three, four, from will to be five, -200, be met and -I00, help for sic will be 200 conducted respectively. The 3 through following 6. varying All
100,
constant. flights
reduced gravitational pull of 1.b3 m/s'2 soil temperature of -200, -100, 100, _00 vacuum pressure of 10"-6 tort soil density of 3.24 g/cm_3 and eighth w_ie flight_ keeping
(?50
degree
F.
will all _
be
raring
the
vacuum
A:_csDher_C
_r_sure
other ;0
c_stamt. _e the
_res_ure
torr.)
pressures.
The
condition
requirements
are
as
gravitational temperature pressure density and ten of the how of of 3.24 soil the packed
of 750
1.63 torr
m/s_2
degree
Fahrenheit
conditions following
loosely
degree
which
will
be
compared must
to
to
what
conditions digging
efficient prozedure
intent procedure
objectives, be representative
to soil.
yeilo
lunar
Prep_ratio,1 Weigh t_ I000 grams ea_ _,akm =u_e _c_ s_eve sieve which clear_ bee_r _s to _e _ _eig_i_g
_s
it. (2) Sieve mechanical (3) Funnel container. (4) Pack the soil shaker. soil container to at in heat into to through their a series of sieves sample to obtain using a
respective height
desired density. (5) Trim sample (6) (?) cooling hour, (8) temperature II. Flight (1) (2) (3) (4) Flight (1) (E) (3) (4) Flight (I) (2) (3) (4) Flight (4) (5) (3) (4) FI ight V (1) (2) (3) (4) Flight VI (I) (2) (4)
v"
ensure 500 at
Fahrenheit degree
self-contained
begin
outgassing
In I
flight
condition
requirements
pull
of
1.63
m/s^2 F
II " " " " 4.9 m/sA2 F 200 degrees I0_-6 torr 3/24 g/cm^3
1,65
-200 10"-6 3.24
m/s'e
degrees tort g/cm_3 F
IV " " " " I.a3 -100 I0 ^-6 3.24 m/sAe degrees tort g/cm_3 F
1.63
m/sA2 F
1.63
m/s_2 F
Flig_t
vli
ORIGINAL OF POOR
PAGE
IS
QUALITY
(I) (e) (3) (4) Flight fIX (I) (2) (3) (4) IX (I) (2) (3) (4) X (I) (2) (3) (4) Ground I (I) (2) (3) II (1) (2) (3) llI (I) (2) (3) IV (I) (2) (3) V (I) (2) (3) VI (I) _2J ,3)
Flight
Flight
III. Test
of of
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
OF POOR
QUALII_
Test
Test
r LJ
--L.
!
S. Digging Implement Methodology INTRDDUCTION The will digging the given be scope to be results utilized implement. of our obtained for The project; how the the the from design design of our of design a lunar implement methodology our design is will pro_ect beyond be can project
this a of
explain to
applied
design
implement.
CONSTRAINTS As environment affect SOIL mentioned displays which earlier some in very be our report, adverse exposed the lunar which will
conditions to it.
might
interaction a lunar
is digging
very
critical It a
concept must be
in
the
of the
implement. to optimize
design Some of
will the
need more
into
the
through which
very is
angle in
friction soil is
angle s_ear
determined above in
_hlch
_es_ribed
__
ORIGINAL OF POOR
PAGE IS QUALITY
:%
is
equal
to
angle forces
of
Friction the
of
only also
against
deals as
the
normal shears
bucket soil
increases The
Hith bearing
soil
numerous
from full
static
unit and
area. geometry
in
determining
implement. The supply penetration gage for an extending acceleration fov_e various the from can depths. acceleration the following R R m a g The distance is is is is soil the the the of can is is is be the the the = m(a-g) resistance. digging of the constant, to by the force the implement equation: a implement. implement. force of capable be read Once of the implement of penetrating from the force can must be the enough soil. to The
maximum implement
determined determined
equation:
amount _x & x _p A
following
'-=
on
the
moon
are to eoo
very
extreme.
They
range
from an
-200 object
degrees
degrees in the
Thus, a
partially degrees
of a
shaded for
temperature portion, material. WEIGHT Due moon, minimize considered. RADIATION The affect radiation, metals, has almost in on main to
Fahrenheit thermal
creating
large
stresses
the is
extreme a very
cost important
of
shipping concern.
material In order
to
the to
weight
weight,
maximization
of
other
constraints
must
be
thing
to
conside." Research
is
its concerning on
that
radiation
general, no effect
small.
Ultimately, at
radiation all.
physical
properties
MATERIALS A strength materials As stated very important weight are the criteria ratio. extremely lunar For _orkin_ these during extreme our of This strong environment this in reason, this the digging ratio for implement the is
indicates their
displays any
variations. material
environment
ORIGINAL OF pOOR
PAGE Ii QUALITY
and in
coarse. extreme
This wear on
characteristic exposed
of
the and
surfaces equipment.
to
designed has to
Based
be
advisable wear is
teflon which
overall advisable
important
with absorb
cutting in on a
result wear
major main
and
the
implement. important is equipment conditions a piece is not of characteristic elongatinn. on the moon, to fail which The m,,s_ be
x.._j
mainly if the
equipment into
taken
thermal determine
stress the
performed is best
equipment. geometry too must be This internal considered shape must when be designing broken down and a
digging optimum
implement. dimensions,
radii,
capacity,
weight.
Lj
4a
. r
_I_o PARTS
LIST
Ouantit_ I
pescr!o_igD Baseplate (aluminum) 15in.x 15in.x 3/4 in. Insulated 1in. dia. Isolaters x 1/8 in.
Model N/A
_i_
N/A
$10.00
Heating and Cooling Pad 12in. x 12in. x 1in. Soil Sample lOin. dia. Penetrometer Container 8 in. 18 in.
WP-1200
$100.00
N/A
$20.00
$600.00
Actuator
$30.00
Aluminum Support Truss 1in. x 5in. x 56in. 4 Steel 3/8in. Steel 3/8in. Steel 3/8in. Data Bolts x 3/4in. Bolt, x loin. Bolts tin. Aquisition Syste_
r_/A
$30.00
N/A
$2.00
N/A
$4.00
N/A
$2.00
$2000.00
Flange x tin.
lOin.
dia.
$2.00
$2780.00 $250.0C
Total
$30_0.Co
Shear
!e__teE :
_ua_n_ity
I Shear Test Apparatus
_[i_ $12200.00
Data
Aquisition
$2525.00
Subtotal
$14725.00 $150.00
Total
$14875.00
I
T
Flight
of
the
KC-135
Estimated Flight Time= lhour/trial Rate of Fuel Consumption=20000 Ib/hr Price per pound of fuel=S0.20
OR,G.,_#'OF pOOR
V.
CONCLUSIONS Since the and scope of this report concerns to carry the out development the e_perimentj and the of a
designed on the
methodology,
equlpf_ent,
project
general. methodology the most and cost of that equipment and lunar if in a a time soil certain substantial time and should effective engaging parameter way, money. a great involved principles previously a firm so deal in yield means equipment. does then not that for
simpler the
affect parameter It of
also on
required principles
research
engineering of soil.
testing
=
in a
our goal
design of the
was
to of
civil in
project
work the we
facilitated. project, areas. our the First, experience attitude by and grea_ duties. enha_ceC it clearly, design we with all "
workings also
of
mechanical a
delegation _a: a .e
problem,
analyze
J J
.r
develop
plan
for
its
solution.
_J
_z
_J
__
RECOM_ENDAT]ONS use of Computer Aided Desigtl is a tremendous that the asset next as to group quickly as the
process.
recommend available
themselves
systems
with More
Nasa
can
be
great should
help be
when conducted
problem so as
is to
their project is
design's design of
finalized_ following
improvements recommended
certain further
investigation.
I).
Eventhough
the
shear
tester
is
state
of
the
art In
te';ting apparatus, it utilizes an analog order to obtain better data acquisition,the should be converted to a digital system. 2).Obtaining a data acquisition was difficult since most of manual calculation. 3). Further terms of information 4). Recommend where b l design of information analysis which may that the lunar in in the
system. system
methodology vary to
of
the
in
yield
devise will
more be
specific used in
methods the
data
ORIG_NAL OF poOP,
p_GE
IS
QUALITY
J i
Vl I. _ckno_l_lg_nts
Battiste,
Ridge
National
Bachus,
22,1967, of
School
of
Civil
Engineering, Barksdale,
Technology of
Brown,
Civil
Mike;
telephone
interview-August Mass.
17,1987,
High
Vacuum
Principle,
Bromwell
and
Conrade,
personal
4,!987,
Brainard
Kilman
| Desai, P.U.; personal Mechanical interview, Engineering, Associate Georgia Professor, Institute of School of Technology
M--Laren, McMurray,
f
Brice; Gary; teaching Engineering, A.; assistant, School Georgia Institute of Mechanical Technology Corporation,
of
P_'ten,
Instrument
Perkins,
I
Ed; personal interview, teaching assistant, Civil Engineering, Georgia Institute of Dr. W.W.; Schonl of Technology Group Advisor-Design Mechanical Engineering, Project, Georgia
of
Williams,
of
Woldenberg,
Instrument
Corporation,
VIII.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
P_rRc_e_ure_s_F_or__Te_sti_ng_Soils Proc_du_r__Eor_Ie_ting__oil_,
, Baltimore, Baltimore,
ASTM, ASTM,
1964 1944
; _Sg_eci_l__Prg;_gUE__Eg_r_I_m_ti_ng'_oil__ng_Boc_k_EQE
ASTM;
Baldwin,
1952
Chicago
Bowles,
Joseph ; _eogi_n_e_eri_ng__P___o__e__ti_o_s_o_f__s_oi!___o__!b_i_ _Me_a_sur_eme_nts, New York, Mcgraw-Hill, 1970 David,Ill; concerning Rough Manuscript lunar materials, on forthcoming book Lakeland, Fla., 198"7 Samole_s_,
Carrier,
Chamberlain,
L/
Costes, N. and Mitchel I, J. ; Prgc_edlngs___f__he_&unar_-sci_ence Confer_ence_VRlum_e_3-_Phy_si__a!__Pro_er_i_, "Apol Io Soil Mechanics I;._estigation", New York, Pergamon Press, 19"70 H. and Mitchel, J.; _Soils, NASA-CR-133460, S_tatlc 1973 Penetration II
Durgunoglu,
Re s!_tance__of
Fielder,
G.; G__o_l_og__a_n_d__P_h__ics__of___h__M_{!oD, Amsterdam, Publishing Co., 1971 G.; _L_u_n_ar_G_e_o_Iog_, London, Lutterworth Press,
Elsevier
Fielder, Geochemica
1965
ACTA; P_ro_c_e_e_dingsof the Second Lunar Vol. I , Houston, The MIT Press,
GJest,
R.; 1977
Geologi(_on_the
Moon,
London,
Wykeham
HabiO,
Pierre; _A_n__Ou_tli_e__f__S_oil__a___d___o_k_____b__-i__s, Cambridge Press, 1983 K. ; Ma_ua! of Laborator'_Soi!_Ees_ti_ng_Vo!-1, Halstec_ Press, IgB0
, 3., Gall, E. and Kahn, H ., Lunar Soll
New
York,
Head.
New
York,
_ub_a_
q ___i_.____=___us'--" ..Z c_
Phase
B--_art
I _
II
, Chlo,
DeD:.
of
_.ne Army,
lq_
Jumikis,
A.R.; _O_C@_K_@___@__@_!__@_i_, Nostrand Company, 1967 R.H.; _Ri!___D___g_!__DgiD_iDg, Prertice Hall , 1960 Frank; 1980 _Q_-_!_-!_Q_E, New
Princeton,
NJ,
Van
Karol,
Englewood
Cliffs,
NJ,
Krieth,
York
, Harper
and
Row,
Kezdi,
Arpad; _D_gR__g___i___b_DiE_, Scientific, 1994 T.; Soil 1951 TestL_g For Enq_neecs, New
Amsterdam,
Elsevier
Lambe,
York,
Wiley
and
Sons,
LaPelle,
R.R.; 197_
P_ac_ica!_V_cuum
S_st_ms,
New
York,
Mzgraw
Hill,
Lienhard,
J.; __U__I_DWf_-!_S_W_W_, Prentice-Hall, 1981 John F.; Elsevier LgD___ig[_Qb___O__im_Digl_g_, Scientific Publishing to the 1968 Singletary, Mechanics
New
Jersey,
Lindsay,
Z
York,
LJ
Popov,
Egor; Introduction Prentice-Hall, J.B. and _D____i_i_D, Laboratory G.; 1964 J. and York, A.; Soil Books
Jersey,
Rittenhouse,
J._.; Lockheed
___EIQ_ Palo-Alto
Research
Salisbury,
_b_-_D_-__-_,
New
York,
Academic
Press,
Shigley,
Mitchell, L., _Di_-_giD_Dg__gD, Mcgraw Hill, 1983 _g_Ei_g__-!_RE_-_D____, Inc.,1981 New York,
New
Singh,
APT
Symonds,
W.A., Des_gn_Miss_o___d__D_i_nm_n_a__Co_!derations the Selection g_ Materials fo___Qa_e, Seattle, The Boeing Company
in Wash.,
_JJ
I
\
IXu
LIST
OF
APPENDICES
Appendix
A:
Design
Drawings
Appendix
B:
Sample
Calculations
Appendix
C:
Design
Decisions
Appendix
D:
After
Market
Equipment
Appendix
E:
Weekly
Progress
Reports
Appendix
F:
Miscellaneous
APPENDIX DESIGN
DRAWINGS
I
d _
i ,
i
I
'
Z W Z Ld _J LO 9 Z
H
L,,,
r I P ! i i
iI
-D
__3
- i4
:% :0_
tp
II
I: 1 1
< LO I
I'
8 J I
I I I
[_;=:=.-
...............
',
i I
--"-----
s
m
1 I I
-t
II
L-_T
--14O
_I____.H__ eJ
II -
--
II
I._.I O .._.__ 4D O OJ
T
1
I
|
ID _I_..
e
Lr_ I-4
Ld C (D I----I LL
X C) 05
II
-n
Ii I _ rr_ -II
0 0 0 --
<2 I CO
ii
-D_Z--_O_J_I I
II
I I
o. [--i7
'_ I t-J
ORIGINAL
PAGE
IS
OF POOR QUALITY.
r
I
LLI O3 Od W 00
iI
o
W J LJ O Z !
I LD 5-
,[
I
T["
' II
| !
L_
H
b_
|1
CO W FrM W I O_ FC_ W n_
H
_C!) <W W_ -r- I--u)o')
GO W
J < r_ 0 Z
LID W 0_ D _D b_
D 0 pf LL < <
Z
H
LL (3 W tO
GO W r_ F- tO _J r_ < < w I 0 to Z W mr
< nGO
_ < W n
.,
F I GUR_
G
ORIGINAL PAGE I_ OF POOR QUALITY
PENETROMETER
,
m_ _m y
SETUP
(TYP) (TYP)
_--NUT _=",----WASHER
=_
' 1 11-.--_3/8
8_
--HYDRAULIC PISTON
-c:_
ROD ROD
1:3,
"-----CONE
FIGURE
- NO
SCALE
PENETROMETER
TEST
APPARATUS
J i'--^
I--
42
00"
OUPLE,(8
=],
II
II
FTr'_ 'D'.,._L,,,=
NO SCALE
r_ o
io < H J
o3 i 0 r_ Z 0 U
_J W Z < 0_
_J
O_ 0 >-r
W _J < L_ CO 0 Z
!
_J 0 r_ Z CD 0
O_
I---9 ---]
O. W n W n W
_
t
W 0 D Wr_
LLJ
L3
;--4
rs W
O_ _
O-
:0._ 'LO
v"
CONE
DEPTH
VS.
RESISTANCE
CONE DEPTH
LIMIT
"
LIMIT
RESISTANCE F_GURE I0
I
I
i
r_
....
L.;
t,
,,,.
ORIGINAL
PAGE
IS
OF POOR QUALITY
"
&
Q - _1_
,3
?
.....
,,
I 0 - 6 _._f_"
, ,
! ......... ........
-v Ill
,w
.]1,..,
, v,
......... _,'DZ-..I
.....
.....
"-K_. - _ 3c:_ F
II
/'_
CoIg_.s
"14
l_.9s
fo_
= o._7,1
I
k. o. o,_5,_/
5,?
.P _r ..... I J ..............
(L_Ltu
LF_T_(_ _4
C)F
"_e.ar", r r," I,'._ -._.
0
o_.= _-/'A L...,k_,,-*.. "
T:,_,
_':
{=_,-c._ _e:,a
G=,--,-,c_.,,3_
i..
,_AI'_PLr:.
o_
CALCULATION
A : |.5 e-,r.', z
: a_. _ k_v/c...,.z \
-I-he.. _r,_.+roq-_o_,. _,
r_.)_."_rr_-r
r j
=."Z 4,_,t
_-..._
SAMPLE
e
j -r.... _,= _ _c_ I
I
' "
P../_LCblLAT"II:)I,,/
0_"
_../0_1_
l::::_bt-,_E
O'
tzz c-_
_'_pL_
I
C IkLCuLA,'_O._ S
__r_
/,.y, =
lilt
/'I= Px
F,-o,_. i5 _o C <,.>.-,<_ _
6f
.
6
.....
k._J
.
w
2.
_c= L s:_>L.S:_b(.;s:.')
,- (._,..,)(. _:,)
7- ZZ
30'
,,_
__
.0020
;,,
oozo
:,, .4 . oi
P_,_,:,.. ,,,.-t
i-
,,,_.!-
f i _. I-_ ..
0 11:
e_
I/l m
I,Z i,i
tn i,i J b_
w IB
J
Z J E
./ D
: N
.2' C
im
Z Z
Z _-
> Z
ORIGINAL OF POOR
PAGE IS QUALITY
zJ I
JJ :
'r"
'il
(,.9 Z
.--4
b. 0 Z 0
.J r
t0 0 :D I.- : 0
I"4
+I
w
..J lJ4
_/
w Z 0 ,.,.. D, w tn
_J
_-
I _
_-
r,
L
JJ
.I-
Z ..J D
t_
_"
_1
I.-Z c_
...J o
c
b] I
c'.
r'" .:
'-"
,....
--
ORIGINAL
PAGE
IS
OF POOR QUALITY.
,,l
Z
iw
I_Z hi "r
mJ
-7
,,p,, CO l,Ld "1"
l,,,q
(Z
_bi
_,q
!1
tJ
m_
"_ Q
W ,.J O. (Z
J U. 0 td
g
.J
Z.
w Z
11, |
I,-
7::
ILl
I-
Ld
,q i m
-e ' 0 tLI t-
7 ;_
J I J m :_ i
,,.n t_
_C _
tn s.Lu !-
'
I,LI
-_
r
r
:Z
,it
'-'
s...4 wl|
u'l I
g,
0.
m
i rn
I..s,..l
Z
i.=s
C lr 0 i C lr b Q
I.-
I._ ILl IZ 0
I,--
Z ,.i 1E
I,,,-
0 0 PJ I O,
Z I,..u
, -
IE
J
ILl
I:1 Z 0 .I
ul ul LU O. ]E 0 f.J
o =ll
0 I; ..Jr ,-,II l ill 14.1 I n._.: I.I'1 _ 0
',',.2
ORIGINAL OF POOR
PAGE
IS
OUALII"Y
Z -----_ e!i
kJ 1"
2_
""2J 3
_-_
___gl
w 21
-t
-r I-
>
I ,_
I
I I
ci
13 I (_ I
k_K.l
.J 0 13 -r I-
IZ _J E U/ J lr t_ 2
Id U
i!
"
u/
C) u.
Ir_ I-
u_
I=,%..
I
_
_ L_ E,
, '_-.' _ _
iL
ORIGINAL OF POOR
PAGE
IS
QUALITY
;'_L';'EB
r.;.:,=_
_T
EC._.:;':v,""_
IS
QUALITY
F.g
1_6
Sie':.esh,_.rr. I_1)_o
t.v_
ORIGINAL
PAGE
IS
OF POOR QUALITY
.o
o_-
ORIGINAL OF POOR
PAGE
IS
QUALITY
. o_,.
-.d
ORIGINAL OF POOR
p/!i._,_
IS
QL, AL_TY
I'-,l_.. .'; ,._./.'. i_..%.J'," ;.. . _ .. _ . . . ..'..':_,.,.....:.. .... ,,..:..:. .... .: _ : ;.:,:_ :;'.', .. -" " ,
_oplac 0 181 18; _IJJ Q IB4 O |B_ et.e.I $heal Parts
SOIL/Direct
Ban Ho4,s...; Jr! Wl 8 Ibs,
_hl_
Shear
W| |0 Ib _, Wl 101b_. IOIbs 4 Ibs Sh_?
_-_l_ ) d,:_m NL.|WI 4 Ibs Sh|_ ;) x2 NPIW! 71b% ,_hr._ WI FOI 2.112 ,l_am $;,ml,h,$ hh.lWt
BIonic POIOII$ P_a#CtSel As_,cmbfy r,lulWI 1/21b Glippet 6 Ibs As$cmblr For 2
d_lert F.t.| Of l_tj foe D IFJ4 G,,r:,,'r Wl I Ib S_m(31cs NPt W1 4 Ibs ,_t _ #."t
_,4,;,"
,_-,..
: _-P-, - - ._,K,_'.._ _
-=.
= ,._;-_._.: , .
.., ,:.;,:
Foe 2- |i2
I 1 IhJck $.zm|;l(.S
NCI W!
| '2 b. ?JC'I WI
i._:,_.--:.:-: ,.:'-.',, '.: _ Mk\__.;_+, . . .'_..<,:.." ... :..-_i'. _,,.:..... -. ,.'._ ..... ..-.,,....-:_VI_._"_.,.p,;:',,..
" .'.,_,...
,_uJte Specirt_n Culler For 2 2 . 3,4 fhJ(k $,]rr[,l(._, I/2 Ib. Sn_J WI 1 Ib 0 190 Shear Bow CoupJ_,g Net WI 1_2 Ib. Shl_ Wl Itb W$-I. | Ag We_hL WS-4. 4 _p We,gM. DS-I2. Co_eslve MJter_ds D_f# $/_ets Pkg of 100 DS-13. C..ohes_o_less Mat_ls Dat* Sheets P_g oi 100 LC-|. O_lllndicaloe. Clockw,se. I 000 0 (X)I LCg. D_llndlcato#. Counlefc/ockwlse. I _<30 0001'
,J
":_"
""."
Direct
Functio_ Corrveds
Shear
Har_ O_rate_
Conversion
D.e_l Shear A_ralus
Set
(D- 110 _er,es) to mO Io-z c,,_
_,_-,r"'_-,.','."-',_._;_..... :.
".;,..-_...._..,
_:',_
Ioo.
h_e hlode/s
lr_lu_$ molo(,zed tr aNd_iS_ u0_il. SOtockets. clam arK_ co_nec cJ_m guard, revers_o and olt_t CO_troIs. a_CI assembly d_,_,,r_ _-f2J. 110vAC._0Hz. I;_ D.125._. 220v AC. 50_60 Hz. 1,Weights Net 155 Ibs [703kg}. $h09 _30 I1_ [90 7 kg) hn,g he, ks.
Hand
Function
_t4.s e_M_ll
Opera
v_mt.,ll liraat to_ strer_th
ted Direct
ar'_ m, ar.,_tty tt_e*
Shear
hor_to_tal
Apparatus
Io_ to mmOle to
Tes_g Standards AS T M 0- 30_0 Specfficatio_s ,-... "" _"_r,q, ._:_-_._ ,-. i-._ _'_"'_ ,-" _.a:_ .... ,._-_.._ , , .-_. ., -':'..;, _ ..... ,_. . ,,._-, _6._ L.i ....... ,,.:.... . . _,:.._.. Ha.'_ 00erwteO c,$,'_ t_, be. ; "._ -- ....... .-,---_. : ..... ._ ,. ,. :. _....,'_.,-:.., ....:. _;":"'-_ '" - ... - . -' , >"t_-_ ,,-, ........ , ......
[_
._ ....
. *..-,-.:-..-.
Nl_t
O..41,e_,_ltoe ._,,o 24
1CK_
tOCOI
_..
./.,...
-, .:,v,.,
Mo_/s
Im_ O-110,_L _.llO_. SO4_,m'_ cufle_ ar<I _up_;_; For 2" 2 ' safeties Foe2-1/2 _m samples 250 rbs CIock*,$e. 25 mm 00t Coutl_erclock_s$_. 25 _ men 0 01 rtml of data sJ_ets
[ilf_,,.:,,_r_._'X
Table
Fc_ction
Model
D)ect
Shear
Apparatus
79
_L __ _r ,,, I
ORIGINAL OF POOR
PAGE
IS
QUALITY
i
ReDlacemont D-JSt. 1_|8_. D- 183. D +184. Parts
SO!
L/Oirect
Shear
"
She_vBoxl'lo_lng NIWI 81bs,Shl)g W; tOIbs Distm:lShe_tBol__-112"d_m NeIWl 4 rl>s;Shp_ Y,PI t01bs D+te<f $/_Mt Box. 2" x 2" Ne! W1 7 Its. Shp_ Wl 10 Ib$ G/l_Oet A+tsem_, Wt E Ibs F_ 2-1/'2" d,am samples Not Wl 4 Ibs. ,_1-<_ Gr_:_. Y_1
D- 18+!. B,onz* Po_ous Plate SoL 2ol/2"d_am. Assembly Ne; Wl I/2 lb, Shl:_ Wt Of#5. G_IppecAssemblT. 6 |b_ Fo 2"z
2"t, amp_e$
|,116. Sp,ecJ'men Curler. Foq 2-112" d_,m x 1" Ihrck _mDle$ N (:t _,',/t 1,'2 It; Shag Wt 1 D- 28Z. Squace Specin'mln Cur/e/. Four 2- 2 x 014" thick Sampte5 Net W. t/21b,Shl>9 +Nt 1 It) D.PgO, SheatBoCou_lir_,NelWt t/21b;Shpg Wt I Ib W$+/. f lgWe_tt WS-4. 4 Jg Weight+ DS-12. Co_ Male_z"b Dala $_ts+ Pkg. o! 100 DS-13. Cohesk>n/eu MatetL'lt Darm Sheets, P'_.g of tOO. LC-I. 1_1 _d+_JIIo+'. CI,ockwiS4_; 1 000" 0 001 ". LC-9. D_llndicJrfot. Co_nterck>ckwise; t.O00" 0001".
Motorized
Function _l_Ir, T_t;ng .'_TM St=ndar_ D-30_O.
0 4 S'/m=n
8 t I.,_,4_ r_f',o
F_P4
Mode/= Inck_es
SOecb_H_
D- 12_,4. Fc* 2+ 2"sam_es. 110vAC, 60 Ptz. 1r D- 120.4-4, Fo* 2" 2" -Jmp_s 22C_ AC. 5C,150 Hz, D.I2OB. Fo+2-tf'2"d++u'n. sa_ IIC, vAC. 60Hz. D- ;20B-4. Fm 2.1/2" d=u_ Mingles 22Ov AC. 50/60 1500 lb. _wfi_JI _ CJp._:/l/es: D. T24A. For 2" x 2" t_n"4:_Je$ 110v AC, 60 Hz. 1_ D.I24A-4. Fo+ 2" x 2"sam_es ?'2C, AC,5_:60 v Hz. D-J24B, For 2.1/'2"d_lm samples 110v/.C. 60Hz. D.124B-4. For 2-l/2-d_lm s4t'n4_,eS 220v AC, 50/6_ Weights O..120Se_Me$ D._24 ,_r,es Net 2_C _:_'s (_182kgl Ne_ 29C "s {_31Z]k;_
; a+ 1_ HZ. 1 ,_
I_ I;Y Hz.
12
CIocJtw_e, 2.5 mmta_e 0 01 men _+'l_u,a:.C_s Cc_P, te_tOCk_,;$e. 25 mm Car_e 001 r_m
8O
t.
ORIGiN,_L OF POOR PAGE IS
QUALITY
SOL/Direct
!
Shear
SIUO
RAM ""_-_
_ _ _
I r
" , "_
Lo ._,,p
1-J
|." .....
4)' , I ,_q;
PLA _-"! ._ .
__
I ....
,4 ._
Field Direct
Function H_h lo_,t_ MmleS _ tos! P_ls. S.oecm.a S_r_'s [kKr,< Mode4s $4! mCk.K_s P_
Shear
Set
mass _t_ sod lun,'_el_nd a
aDa, cily for u_-pl'ace sheM le'shn 9 ofror_ _>CkS. for SDe_I beM,n.g apt_..at_or_s in e_.avatK)_, t_ns 3" $J4 h D. 11OOwa_J 2 Hydraulic I,.oad_ 9 I_l_s wdh gaU_S 1 TwO.,_/:_KI. Ma/'K_I Cot'<entree I:_.lon $ VMi,lbio SDeed Elc_lt_c I_mp 2 HO,'.I4_ t2" L
Pump
2 Saherical B,_i_ Ai'*,_r,.h_.n_ D...,'BO. 4,_O.DOonb Losdu_,ln,_,'_. 110,_AC, EOHZ. 1,_. D-|Ir_.dL 400.O(X) lb. Lo4d;n9 Rains. :_'2_ AC.$0 Hz. le _-;i;0M. klelri. 180.CO0kg_,ngRsm.s 110vACI_OHz. 1#. B-;&I_. M_t i=. '/BO.OCO k, L,o_ding P_m_. 2"JPv AC. 5OHm. _#. Net 8,_0 g_. (372 kg I. ,_Ptpg. g",_ R_ Order (41 t 3 kg| Sel;_ll_to_ I_o_d_ to local te_tm, g
Need product or help in a hurry? In Continental U.S. (excluding Illinois), Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix, dialtoll-free:
1-800-323-1242
In Illinois, dial:
1-800-942-3374
83
SOIL/Direct
l=
Shear
Shear
Box Housing
Direct Shear
Function
_O#_lalns and shears Soil
Box
samite in D;_e! Shear Apparalu'S (Model Ser=e5
Function Costa;he s._ear box and walef to test saturaled sample in D,tec! Sl-bea_ A_,watus (Idodel Series D-110. 1:)-120.D-! 24 a,'_ D,-130). Specff_Jtk_ls
C,onlrrlucho_ Ibta,c_med W,m casl l_o_zf/ ho_et m,O_nl,,r_
{:)-1toA, D-120A, [:)-124A and D-130A). Specir_Jtions San,p_ ,ze ;t" 2" 3;4 m,c_ Cwe,_,_ P,n= _J,gnugoerand_ Models D-l_3. Weights Nel 7 lbs ; ShDg 10 tbs. bo, sectons
Modets
D.IIL
We_h==
Net 8 Ib$ ; ShPg tO|b$
Gripper
Assembly
Function HOdS too and bot1_n o_ Io_l s4_mple it, MO_.I D-182 Shear Box _uring shear tesJ_ng_ allows wate_ to paSS. Specif'tc_flo_j
Sau_e S,zI. 2-;/2 Ckam
Direct Shear
Furc-tion
COrdJl_I Ilttd Shoat% Io_|
2-tiT"dam
Ur-'_:_ "-i_
Coma, vctmlt
Mocks
D.I_?. Weights
Net 4 ]bl.; SI'I_ I0 !_:_
Motets i)-18.4. Weights Nel 4 [bs ; Shag. 6 Replacement P_rts O-_1,11.B/o/tze Porotn P_ateS4L W_th LraS.torqDo*r_ 1_r=l_'_. Ne'_Wl 1/2 Ib. Shag w1. _.lb.
SOILDirect
Shear
Spare
Function Holds le_h_
Gripper
Assembly
,n Model D- 1B3 Shear Boa during shear
Specifications _._.,_
U_r
5,ze
$e<f,o_
2 2 _,,,..a.te
RPClH_,e_ t0 receive a_ |T_n !_4_dLe_ Yc_e
Mode_J D-II$.
Weights
Net 4 Ibt. S_D9 6 _bs
Laboratory
Functi_ I_lasutez b,l.re $pec _ar
Vane Tcstsr
of sama4e ;n mold by _o_at_r_ mserled flr, s unt'[
s_'ength
_c_or4
Modets
Specimen
Function Cut soi; semple Models D-I#6. O-liT.
Cutters
lo s;ze of shear box_
no( induded.
|11kg},Shp_
_OIt,.(qgkg)
J. ,
} :_ 2.112"" d_am. I" th.-_ samples Machined s|eel FLr 2' 2"" 314- thick um_oles. M_ch,n--O brawl4 ! lb.
tb. St_l:>_g 1 _b
J
82
/-
!,
STORE
AP-2100-'
i | _ I
Rapid selection of locations for field density tests Evaluating backfills in trenches and behind wafts Ughtfoundation gations investi.
Probinp shallow marine deposits Probing beneath existing shallow foundations Pavement subcjrade evaluations
FAST AND EASY Brainard-Kilman's new Portable Static Cone Penetrometer is unmatched in accuracy and ease of operation for quickly measuring soil consistency. The Portal:'.e Static Cone Penetrometer is specifically de:igned _or use in l!ne-grE, neJ, soft soils to depths as .-'uch as 30 feet! Operation co_idn't be easier: simply force the Cone into the soil approximately 6 inches, back off until the gauge reads zero, then advance another 6 inches. Cone Stress is read directly on the conveniently mounted gauge. NO SOIL FRICTION Th_ Brainard-K;"nan Porta-
ble Static Cone Penetrometer features dual rod construction. As the inner rod functions independently of the outer rod, scil friction is not a factor with this uniL Cone Stress as read on the gauge can be easily correlat_cI to local soil constants wimout having to adjust for the soil friction coefficient. MEANT TO BE USED Brainard-K_lman designed the
Portable Static Cone Penetrometer to be an extremely rugged device, built for day-in, day-out use. High strength aluminum and steels were used in the design to protect and maintain the accuracy of the 0 - 70 KG/CM2 Gauge. LIC-HTWEIGHT, SELF CCNTA;NED The basic Portable Static Cone Penetrometer weighs omy 5 pounds! Even with extension rods, the device is eas!;y carried t:y 1 person. Tc:ally self ::..n. tained, tl-e Portable Static Cone PePetromete, r,_:u_res "_oauxi.:ar/ e;uipme'_t.
'II,
BRAIIIARD.
NltmAil
ORIGINAL
PAGE
IS
OF POOR QUALITY
II
I I
STORE
AP-2100
T III
SPECIFICATIONS
AP-2100 A Portable Static Cone Penetrometer with 4' Rod Assembly AP-2100 B Portable Static Cone Penetrometer with 2.5' Rod Assembly
I
RANGE:OcMax: 0-70KG/CM=
LOAD LIMIT: 250 LBS
i: CONE
Material:Stainless Ste.4 Cone End Angle: 60 o Max. SectionArea: 1.5cm2 ROD ASSEMBLY Ma_=f_ Outer Rod: High Strength 4140 Chromoly tubing Inner Rod: Centedess Ground316 S_ Steel
weight 6061-T6 Aluminum, Anodized fOrprotection. Stainlessinsertpreventsrod threadsfrom wearing Smoothlyfinished inside bore and pistonfor low friction coefficient
GAUGE
Size: 2.5"o_meter Range:0 - 70 KG/CM2 Built-ingauge-zeroingadjustrnentand integralgauge guardband
HEAD ASSEMBLY
Material: High Strength.light
' 0RDERII' G
PART NO.
DESCRIPTION
INFORMATION
PRICE $ 525.00 $ 510.00 $ $ S $ $
| |l
Penetrometerwith 4' "starter" assembly rod Penetrometerwith 2.5' "staded'rod assembry ACCESSORIES 4' "extension"rod assemb:y 2,5' "extensionrod assembly REPLACEMENT PARTS Cone Assembly 4' "starter"rod assembly 25' "starter"rod assembly
I
_!"',:'-_!.':,:
" io r - .... '-"_';
."- L
.r. =" ;"
IAE
E"
-',.
"
[:E
; '_"
f"
":
IS
QUALITY
GT5812B Ga'ry yon Mcmurray GT29ESB Malcolm Todd Butler 87/06/30. 16.49.o_
Subject:Soil1 To: From: Oat_: Group Or.Williams. Me EI82 Instructor. Group E 6/31/87 Members: Todd Butler Charles Cline Linton Hutcheson Steve Scruggs Mike Smith Nadim Zakhia
the objective of group k is to design a test apparatus and procedure used to determine the mechanical properties of simulated lunar soil. we met with gary.to define our objective since initla|ly there was some confusion as to the guidelines the project was to follow, thus far, we have discussed our objective, collected literature and researched some major topics pertaining to our project, in addition to researching literature, we plan to contact various geological services in order to collect additional data which might be helpful in our research. this equal progress basis. report reflects the work of each group member on an
n_ w rn 5< I 0
kZ W 5n_ W O_ X W
_W ZZ u
_(__
k-1
Z
H
< n, r-_
T-
( )
t _j
DATE: Instructor
July
15.
1987
TO:
Dr.
W;lliams,
_E E182 i , Report
.)
on the
Soil
ExperimEnt
During the pas:t week, our group has been researching various reports and data which are relevant to our study of soii mechanics. Research has been done on the types of test that would provide the most information on the physical properties of soll with the least amount of test equil_nent. The shear and penetration tests were selected because (11 they are relatively simple, (2) there is much available terrestrial experlen_e with these types of tests. These tests would allow for the measurement of sol) properties such as: bearing capacities. angle of internal friction, stress-strain relationships, base roughness and failure modes for local and general shear. A meeting was held Tuesday the l_th to discuss some methods that may be used to simulate the lunar test environment. Various reports have been requested from NASA and should arrive later this week. INDIVIDUAL INPUT=
Penetration Test: L!nton,Todd Shear Test: Mike.Steve Vacuum Chamber: Charles.Nadim Cad/Cam: hike Processing: Linton
Z 0 H FD Z 0 b_ W Zr_ WO
Z H
0 / _J I (/) W U n_ 0 b_
iii _1 0. 3"
r_ w n Z
_J H 0 u}
Z nW N(3_ W n_J H LL
J,
i )
Date:
July
22.
1987
$ i
1 i
FROM:
SUBJECT:
f/
This week our group has been involved in further research of the critical design parameters of the soll experiment. Various sources of information pertaining to the env:ronmental conditions of lunar soil have been investigated. The group has determined a number of areas that are critical to the test design. Radiation has been a major subject of our research this past week. We are not yet sure how radiation will effect the soil, if at all, however we do intend to find out in the very near future. Our group is also continuing with reseach of how to best simulate the lunar environment. This seems to be one of the major problems which will have to be solved. Each member has selected one or several of the environmental conditions in order to galn "expertise" In that particular ram. Each member has also been directed to submit, In written form, summary of pertinent information on their area of expertise to Linton Hutcheson who will be giving the oral presentation next week. As seen in the Initial paragraph, our group has a general Idea of what we will design, and now we are gathering concrete design criteria as well as methodology for use of a soil experiment.
,i
INOVIDUAL
INPUT:
Soil Simulant: Charles, Nadim Radiation= Linton, Todd Temperature Gradient: hike, Steve Gravity and Atmosphere= All Members Processing: Linton Cad/Cam: _ike
1. --k
Q_ UJ 03 CO bJ Q: bJ I 09 L3 bJ Q: C3
U_-J
0 O: ILl Z W
July To: From: Subject: Dr. Williams, Group Progress Report, Soil Experiment ME 4182 Instructor
2g,19_7
During the past week, we have spent time gathering information data for our presentation which was given by Llnton Hutcheson on July 28. Each group member was assigned a certain topic to research for the presentation. The topics and responsible group members are as follows: TOPIC Introduction Environmental Types Equip. of Tests Conditions Proposed Utilizing Test GROUP L i nton Steve,f_ike, Steve, Todd L i nton next to to be week, put it we ell are planning together so to continue that we can the research be thinking Mike, Char les,Nadim MEMBER
and
Design
would
test for
f fr_
_u
U_
r_
_J To: From: Date: Subject: To , Dr. GT5812B GT29_SB 87/08/0k. 5o116 Williins. ME ;182 Report, Instructor Soil Experiment Gary Yon _cmurray Malcolm Todd Butler IG.17.O)
Ou-ing the past week, our group continued researching the same topics as assigned previously. However, an effort was made to determine exactly what the internal angle of friction is and how it is determined. Our dran_ing for the week reflects this. We are also at the point of starting to correlate our research material into a rough draft. Starting this week, we plan to call additional meetings in order to start finalizing our repcrt. Topics of the week and responsible group members are as follows: Top|c Environmental conditions Group Flember (s)
Steve,Nadim,Charles
Type Test Proposed -Shear test -Penetration Te_t -Soil /4echanics -Word Processing -CAD/CA_
;m
CO W r_ CO _J
CO r_CO _W W_ COCO
0 Z
Z
H
CO
|
U_
h0_ O_ O_
@
W I CO
F-0 W n_ 0
ORIGINAL OF POOR
PAGE
IS
QUALITY
Date:
87/07/07.
17.O8.17.
To:
Dr.Willlams,
ME 4182
Instructor concerning the the mechanical test apparatus properties and procedure simulated
From: Subject:
Group 4 Progress report used to determine lunar soil. has been done
of
Research
on
the
environmental
characteristics
of
the
J_oon. The environmentel conditions design constraints on the testing constraints include the following: atmosphere, Other the test temperature, related des|gn and projects designs in geologlca|
of the moon impose the greatest apparatus. The most important soil mechanics, r_diation, lack gravitatlopnat studied in order pull. to determine to in to
of
reduced were
if our gather
testing
procedures
Incorporated
our
tuesday
the
7th
and
discussed
the
following
ideas
concerning
tests we should choose Shear test Penetration test meeting and split meetings a to rough do: conditions:
to
work
on.
times that are best for up Into three groups of and then meetings _Ith draft of our problem
everyone. We would two for the more all members present. at the
like
We L|tt
also of 1) 2) J) k) 5)
composed things
statement
meeting.
Environmental
Linton,Nadim,Todd
Soli testing apparatus: Todd, Linton, Nadim Lunar excavating bucket (report):Nadim,Steve,Charles Nasa soil testing literature:Steve,Mike,Charles CAD/CAM:MIke
]m
ITIllI I11
i
< F-0 pW
T (__ t_'Z _Ld W_ 1"I-@
n< W I
LL 0 W
_J
m
0 CO
o
DATE: TO: Dr. Williams, Group 4 Report on Soil Experiment is being an outline developed for the this formal ME 4182 Instructor
AUG.
IO.
1987
FROM:
SUBJECT:
Progress
to
procedure layout
week. report
A meeting which is
A. B. C. . III A. B. C. D. E. F. G. IV V VI VII VIII IX INDIVIDUAL RIKE I SRITH: INPUT: This week the I
ABSTRACT PROBLER STATENENT$ INTRODUCTION PERFORRANCE OBJECTIVE CONSTRAINTS DESIGN DETAILS SURJCkRY ENVIRONRENTAL SIRULATION SOIL SIRULATION SHEAR TEST PENETRATION TEST T:ST PROCEDURE RETHOD OF EVALUATION / DIGGING PARTS LIST / COST CONCLUSION RECORRENDATIONS ACKNOWLEDGERENTS BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICIES ANALYSIS
IP,PLERENT
continued catalogs
to
do and
research picked
on some
the
direct
shear for
test. our
looked
through
vendor
candldates
rirect shear machine. I spoke with hr. Jay Voldenberg of Geotest Instrument Corporation. I am currently awaiting the arrival of information from him. Gaotest has an instrumented model which outputs 0 to 2 volt signals. I am still searching for a suitable recording device. LINTON HUTCHESON= This past weekend I worked with Todd on finishing the abstract and problem statement of the outline. I have located various studies on cohesionless soil which utilize the static penetroaHeter as the testing implement. I have gathered books which contain information on the testing also obtained On Wednsday I some testing procedures involving the shear and penetration tests. some ball park estimates on the costs of penetrometers. am going to contact Brainard Kilman Manufacturing on apparatus. of vacuum, radiation, chamber test facilities. and temperature on I
CHARLES materials.
TODD BUTLER: Contacted Civil Engineering Dave Brown, and Ed Perkins concerning shear test apparatus. Got information apparatus. NADIR ZAKHIA: How temperature and visa versa. Also for the at in at ambient atmosphere. atmosphere). SCRUGG$: temperature is ( Therefore,
and talked with Dr. Bachus, the static penetrometer and on manufacturers of testing
an increase in the shear strength st-ass, the sLiffness in a vacuum same soil ;s as for e]evated in temperature a vacuum than greater
approximatly
the
STEVE
Attempted
to
call
Bromwell
and
Carrier
Inc.
to
get
information
on basalt
find Further a
soil quarry
verify can
be
and to Thursday.
solidlflcation
information
DATE: TO: Dr. Williams, Group Progress Report was that held the for Sat. des;on Soil Experiment discuss section 19th HE k182 Instructor
AUGUST
19.
1987
FROM=
SUBJECT=
It be is
was
A meeting decided
draft. list
TODD BUTLER: model construction, locate equipment to be used in final presentation, editing report. MIKE SMITH: organize and complete drawings to be used in report. STEVE SCRUGS: aid Charles in preparing report for typing, help prepare for presentation. NADIM ZAKHIA: outline end organize the appendlcies for report, typing CHARLES CLINE= type report LINTON HUTCHESON: model constuction, prepare and give oral presentation, in preparing visuals, INPUT= help organize final report.
visuals
aid
INDIVIDUAL
TODD BUTLER: Borrowed static cone. penetrometer from Brainard Killman Inc. Gathered materials for model and began construction. Finished rough draft of digging implement section of report. LINTON HUTCHESON: Arranged to borrow a direct shear test unit from the civil engineering school. Aiding in model contruction. Located equipment needed to modify the penetrometer for our experiment. MIKE SMITH: Locating and confering with the manufacturers of the shear tester to find out if the neccesary modifications can be made. Weekly drawing. STEVE SCRUGS: Obtained information on soil simulant. CHARLES CLINE: Located an off the self device that would both heat and ool the soil sample for the penetration test. Contacted the chamber and to specify the location of window. NADIN ZAKHIA: Studied information of outgassing effects vender on soils. to size
U3
II L-J--1-"
z
H <_
D
_t ----H- -__
..
_
11
"---It"
_.
111
II
11 ..'_'_u-_
r'--
.,-
rl
.
I o o ...
|||
II /_N
_II
I CO
flail
IL
_I "--'--+--"--L_
/ /
/ /
/
ORIGIr_AL
PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALITy
SHEAR APPARATUS INTRODUCTIONs The direct shear test is used Co measure the shear strength of sell under drained conditions. This test In well suited to a consolidated drained teat because the drainase paths throush the test specimen are short, thereby allowtn8 excess pore pressure to be dissipated fairly rapidly. The test can be performed on all sotl materials end on undisturbed or remolded samples. A relatlvely thln sell specimen Is placed In 8 rlald box that is divided horizontally tnCo two frames; the specimen is confined under m vertical (normal) stress and a horizontal force is applied so as to fall the specimen alan8 a horizontal plane st Its mid point. Cenerally a minimum of 3 specimens, each under 8 different normal stress, are teated. Several other shear testtn8 systems have evolved tn the last few years. Some of the most elantftcent developments are presented st the and of this section. The btexial apparatus developed by Professors Vardoultkss and Droscher and the simple sheer apparatus developed by Professor Budhu are available only from Geotest. The rtn8 shear and debris flow apparatus are available throuah exclusive 88raemants vtth the respective
maflufectnrers,
MOTORIZED DIRECT RESIDUAL SHEAR APPARATUS Ceotast manufactures 3 different direct shear machines. These machines offer a combination of features not available from any other manufacturer: Pneumatic application of consolidation load Automatic residual sheer feature Tension and compression load cell for measurement of shear 6nd residual shear stress Rapid return feature Easy access to shear box Dlaltal display of rate of strain Coneoldatlon end sheer loads up to 2,200 Ibf (10 kN) standard Speed controlled steplessly to within +/11 Use of corrosion resistant materiels throuahout Extremely compact in jilt end attractive in appearance Guaranteed easiest all defects for 2 years Kade and serviced in U.S.A. Applyin8 consolidation load pneueatlcelly means that virtually any sample slze can be accommodated without chanain8 welaht sets, as Is necessary on lever loaded unite. Loads can be appXted Instantaneously and without impact. There is no effect from ambient vibration. Mhen plactns the shear box in position, the vertical loadin 8 frame can be easily removed to provide easy access to the sample. Performin$ a maximum pont residual shear teats is automatic. travel and then besins the sheer test. is reached, the machine automatically The operator When the reverses
sets preset
I 7
models
of
motorized
dlrecti
residual
HOTORIZED DIRECT SHEAR APPARATUS This machine offers all features previously described. Normal load Is indicated on a 6n diameter teat gage accurate to I/4 of I percent. Rate of strain Is digitally displayed. Consolidation and sheer strain are displayed by respectlve dial indicators included. Shear and residual shear stress are soused by compresslon-tension load cell and displayed in I Ibf increments or In international unite on a dlaicaZ readout vlCh s measured 2 volt output to interface with recorder or computer. Any single size shear box, housing, cutting shoe and extruder up to 4X4n Is included. No thor accessories ere necessary. Cepaclty Is 2,200 lbf (I0 kN) for normal (_onsolldatlon) and shear loads Speed range (strain rate) Is .0000_ to .0_0 Inch (.OOC5 to _3 rim) per minute. A rapid return feature permits quick ropositzonin8 st sad of test. Speed is controlled to better then +/IZ Of mat point. Standard voltage characteristics are 115 VAC. For 230 VAC, specify S2213-3. Shipping Weights 190 lbm (87 ks); 10 cu. ft. DIGITAL DIRECT SHEAR APPARATUS This machine is a completely instrumented version of S2215. Both dlal indicators have been replaced with LVDT-dial indicator combinations and digital displays. The 6 w test gauge has been replaced by pressure transducer which o_splays normal load In 1 lbf increments or kgf on digits1 display. All 4 displays have measured 2 volt analog output to interface with s recorder of computar. A fifth display with no output indicates exact race of strain, Size and weight is Sane as $2215. Apparatus is furnished complete with one shear box and accessories up to 4X4" (see description of S2215). Standard voltage characteristics are 115 Vat. For 230 VAC, pacify S2215-3, STRESS STRAIN DIGITAL DIRECT SHEAR APPARATUS $2216 has same digital displays as S2215 but includes additional Instrumentation to permlt performance of controlled stress shear tests as well as controlled rats of strain tests. An additional controller permits loud to be applied at s constant race of stress which is set st the operators option. Size and weight is sane as S2213 end S2215. Standard voltage characteristics era 115 VAC. For 230 VAC, specify S2216-3. ACCESSORIES $2228 Outer Shear Box Housing The houstn8 Is machined from cast nays1 bronze and highly resistant to corrosion. It has 8reyes St bottom assist In drainage of saturation rater. This housing accommodate any Gsotest shesr box up to 4X4" (IOXIO cm). S2230 Shear Box 212" (5.04 X 5.04 ca) $2216 $2215
%__t
is to will
_-
LEVER MOTORIZED DIRECT/RESIDUAL SHEAR APPARATUS This apparatus, not nnnufactured by Geotest, offers a lover cost method to perform direct and residual shear tests then $2213, 15 end 16 previously described. Its features and quality compare very favorably to other foreisn manufactured shear apparatus mow boise sold in the U.S.A. Any size standard shear box up to 4x4" (100xl00 ms) can be ccommodated. The vertical load is pplled to the specimen by a lOs1 lever losdln8 system. The carriaae is mounted on low friction ball track. Shearln8 load is applied by an Inflnately variable electronic drive unit vlth cruel rate of strain diaitslly displayed. Speeds can be varied fro ,001 to 1.2 n per minute. The carria8e constructed of non-ferrous material con_ains the 2 halves of the brass shear box. Two dial indicator measure respectively consolidation and sheer strain. I provtn8 rim 8. 3 kN capacity, ensures shear stress. Four limit witches prevent overrun in my direction. Residual shear test re accomplished by reversins travel. Mxiuu horizontal travel is 40 mm. Ippsrtus includes 11 necessary cceoriee except shear box which usa be ordered eprstely. Standard vetaht set of 50 k s total ts included. Dtmenstos re 44x23x46" (l100xS80xl160 an). Stndard voltaae is 115 VlC. "For 230 VAC, specify S2208-3. Shtppin$ Yeiahts 570 lbs (259 ha)! 42 cu. ft. Accessories 52208-A into for $2208
52208
Shear Box 2.5" diameter. The shear box includes 2 porous tones and shear machine crriae. Sample i 1" hiah. Shear Shear Shear cutters Box Box Box and 60 nn 60z60 lOOxlO0 tempers diameter. an. am. for above size are 1o
adapter
to
flt
availhie.
POETABLE DIRECT SHEAR APPARATUS (LST) This ppsrtus makes it possible to study mechanism to initiate debris flows as undrained shear of loose sediment in sttu. LST refers to Land Slide Testina. Dr. KyoJi Sooa is the inventor of the LST. The complete apparatus is carried in ltsht, aluminum alloy, attache type carryia8 case. Means re provided to take an undisturbed sample esurin8 20x20x10 cue saturstin8 the ample and immediately perfornin8 the test. Normal load is applied by newts8 a weight ales8 s sraduated lever arm. Shesrins force is applied vlth hand screw Jack, The shear box has an upper and lover portion which ere free to eve durln8 test. A 200 ksf provin8 rims and ruler measure shesr stress and strain.
PRECEDING
PAGE BLANK
NOT
FILleTED
The coeplete apparatus supplied includes matched set of proving rings, 50 k 8 of welshs, consolidation dlal indicator, sample preparelee rlnss wlth hollow punch and porous stones. Overall dimensions are 70x70xl_5 ca. Voltage requirements ere 115/60/I. For 230/$0/I, specify $2350-3. Shipping Vetght: 500 lba (227 k8); 30 cu. ft. ,_ RING SHEAR TYPE DEBRIS FLOW APPARATUS This apparatus leo invented by Dr. KyoJt Sassa is now being used by the U.S. Geological Survey to study mechanism in liquified land slides including debris flov. in use a sample is placed in a ring type sheer box referred to as 8 sample box and saturated vith rater. The sample box consists of an upper half ring .and lover half ring and the sample sheers along the Junction of the tvo rings vhen a turning eveeat is applied to the lover half ring vhile the upper half ring resins stationary. A vrticl load is applied to the sample vhile the torque and/or turning anglo re being measured as the sample is sheared. O.D. of sample box is A8 ca; I.D. is 30 c and over 11 height of upper and lover halves is 9 ca. Shearing force is provided by errs motor. The high speed range using the motor driv is useful in performing liquefaction taste vhile the lov speed range is racemended for drained shear tests. Usia8 the serve drive provides a controlled rats of strsin test while using the serve drive with feedback allows testing to be dons under controlled rate of stress conditions. Vrtical (norms1 provdod from n air otire top surface of loading) compressor. sample. is dune pnouatlcally Load is applied vlth evenly air over $2360
Load calls measure vortical and shearing forces; turning an$1e is measured by potentioeter; volume change by a dial indicator and differentia1 transferor| vortical displaceeat is measured vith dial indicator. The following & properties are digitally displayed on electronic readouts with outputs that will Interface to data recording system or computer If desired ts vertical load, shearing torque, turning angle and volume change. Here copies request SIHPLE detailed of papers from Cosiest. information presented on by Dr. this Sassa apparatus as are available well upon ss
SHEAR APPARATUS
INTRODUCTION A simple shear test - 8 plane strain test in vhich the prlnclpal axes of stress and strain rotate-closely spproxleates the conditions likely to occur in 8 sell ass in any practical situations. There are seversl very interesting simple shear devices bein 8 sold throughout the vorld. Almost all are nov based on the Norvsgian Geotechntcal Institute (NGI) design vhtch
PRECEDING
PAGE BLANK
NOT
FILMED
/
5. The device can be controlled manually or by s computer.
readouts are standard items for normsl stresses, sheer pore water pressures, vertical and shear displacements change. For cyclic tests, a six channel high speed recorder s recommended and can be provided. SHEAR APPARATUS
BUDHU SIMPLE
Vertical load is mpplled pneunatlcally in a system similar to our direct shear apparatus ($2213, 15, 16). When placln8 the shear box in position, the vertical loading frame can be easily removed to provide emsy access to the sample and load cell. Vertical and shear displacements arm measured by speclally deimned LVDT'm end dimitslly displayed, Normal stress, hear stress and pore pressures arm measured by a special load cell in the center of the top platen 8nd di$itslly displayed with measured output for connection to s computer or recorder. Additionally the apparatus has an IEEE-488 interface. Nazimum vertical tress is 1500 kPa. However, a higher capacity can be provided If cyclic and closed loop control is not required, n lower cost drive system mtmilsr to that provided in our direct shear apparatus can be offered. The system provided in $2401 ts fully automated serve-controlled apparatus with capability of applying static or cyclic (up to 2 Hertz) simple shear loadin8 to the sample under drained or undrained conditions to s maximum applied shear aires of 1500 kPa. The system is capable of applying load under both strain-controlled and stress-controlled conditions. Loadln$ can be controlled manually or by a computer. To achieve sample uaturatlou, buck pressures to I000 kP8 can bm applied. Pore pressure can be msnsurod throumhout rill test phases. All components in contact with sample pore fluid ere of corrosion resistent materials. Soils ramming from loose sands, d/latent silts and soft to very stiff clays can be tested. A separate control panel, similar monitors and controls back pressure, pressure mad volume chasms. in appearance dimltally to S424. displays pore
Any size sample square (or circular if desired) can be provided up to 70x70 mm (or 2.8 w dlsmeter). Standard sizes now available are 45z45 and 65z65 am. The sample is enclosed within a rubber membrane and surrounded by square articulated teflon costed rings Apparatus Includes one size shear box and sample preparation accessories which permit both tube and stiffer trimmed nmples to be conveniently installed. The basic simple shear apparatus occuplostable space of 40z16". The control panel measures 23x12x40 1/2 w. Additional space should be provided for s 6 channel recorder, data lesser. printer etc. if needed. Computer software is being developed and viii be available in a short period of time.
PRECEDING
PAGE
BLANK
NOT
FILMED
_r
The 8o11 specimen is a rlsht rectansular priam wlth dimensions IAOx4Oz80 mu. Two opposite faces are supported by walls enclosed between two rigid walls Inducln8 plane-straln conditions. The speclnen Is surrounded by a thln rubber membrane. The axial load Is klneaatlcally applied by an enlarsed upper plato sulded to Frevent any tllt or eccentricity. The bottom plate Is enlarsed and horizontally 8ulded by a linear besrln$ parallel to the plane of deformation. All the surfaces In contact wlth the specimen are glass lined end lubricated to minimize friction. The assemblase Is placed Into a conventlonel trlazlal ceil in loadln8 frame, in order to apply the conflnlu8 pressure and to drive the top plate vertically. Internally located 1osd-cells allow for accurate measurement of "the azlsl force, its eccentricity and the friction alone the side walls. LVDT displacement transducers monitor the axial and the lateral displacements of the specimen, and the horizontal movement of the bess plate. Additional modifications to the apparatus will permit measurement of pore pressure and intermediate principal stress. $2600 is the basic btaztsl apparatus less the various LVDTes. load calls, and transducers needed to completely instrument tht apparatus. The cell and instrumentation are listed separately. The load frame recommended is SS720, $5721, or $5722. OTHEE SHE&R TEST E-280 APPARATUS
POCKET PENETROHETER The pocket sotl penetronetor is 8 for clssstfytn8 soils. It is a sprin8 measure compressive strength of soil polished 1/4 a diameter loadtn8 piston of .25". The end ares is .OS square foot is available as an option for use Compressive load in tons per square is Indicated by resdin8 ,tale on piston reached Is shown by friction flus. L belt loop Is Included. Length 6 1/4". Shlppln 8 Waisht= 11b (.45 ks) | .I cu. E-281Penetroneter E-28S A_apter Foot 1"
frequently used instrument operated devtce used to by pushin8 s 8round and into sot1 to depth inch. I special adaptor in very sensitive 80118. foot or KS per square ca barrel. Haztmun rosdtn8 plastlc csrryln8 case wlth ft.
diameter.
TORSIONAL VANE SHEAR DEVICE This vane taster is used to rapidly detsrntne sheer etrenach of cohesive soils in the fie1# or laboratory. Xn use the vaned foot is inserted into a flat soil surface and the upper portion is turned davelopin8 tncressin8 torsional force until the soil shears. The maximum roadln8 retained by the pointer Is recorded and then manually returned to zero. The standard vane device has 8 medium vaned foot and a scale of 0 co 1TSF or Ka/sq. cm. in .05 units. A wrench is included to replace standard vane vlch sensitive (E-288S) or hlsh cspaclty (E-285HC) vaned foot. The
PRECEDING
PAGE BLANK
NOT
FILMED
Apollo 12: Penetrometer (Surveyor 11I) Apollo 12: Vacuum Direct Shear Apollo 12: Direct Shear (Surveyor III) Luna 16 & 20: Direct Shear and Coulomb Devtce
Hitche11 (1970) Jaffe (1971) Carrier et al. 1973c) Jaffe (1973) (1972b,
(1971)
-r_
U_ ":J'JVdUrlS I_IYI
NI Nld_O
I
I grlr_
ml_ immodistcbSoao_q
._
_f
tlll_l.lon
r---
j_
e=_
---,,,
",_,-_:_,_
the na _"
--,m==_
_,__.0,==. _,._,
c=,.._
---,-
.......................
.sh ro_s
e_r
ti
upon
wbJcu
=J-"
"
_ILIII_N
jiumpsbru
ywbcnthctbrustmlchJncgu_es
co_-
=-p
_'_
"
"
r_sudt =n
__
--
d _'-
_'_1_%
S_2
"
"
"
;_ -..,._ ,_
;; -" ;
._
_, "_ -_
_/t[_'_'
ORI(_NAL OF POOR
P#.GE
!_
QUALITY
//-
_:_
_..':
_.+_o_.'-_:_-__
_, ,_1:._ _,-
_--_-_.mP_.,,._;,s-_.,_,:_
.--
+"*
-'_=_-+_-:'+=_'-'-+
'_'-
_-v+_+_''
'
+ _-
"+'
"_'
--_i_
41.---An unknown
amoull
ot_de
_6ol
4.1.1
_tUpll_
I_rust
miCl_lllr+.__
r+sistaneetcstdata,
orcone
and
duce a si_ch
+4 IPflc6o_-Com
""_'+<" 4.,.2,o,. _F,'._:_ __.,,<o,+ o,y tho,e th:,,,-.--- +.<,.".into Penetrometer--Pqp rate ofdepth penetrat|oo of 2 to 4 n;_--_._ 4v'+_'_cur ,+ well.defined point clurmi cw=n .me F ,_o., ,_e*,+,, _.d._o. oro_ 2O m.*)-el+ -heno_,_,+;,;',._+'_.'_,,r+ ,,,oveme,,t _ orthetopo,,,,+. _,o_._,.+ m_
f.ricdon-<one part of th_ lpeae tip, mdata. Other rates o1'Imm=Irldon l_tweeo tests. _t'v+_._llll W __s in reladon -_/II I_ ua ---, m l_,_r. _:'stJ_ of the " i I_ _-(me to the top of the push " lls,c omprss.mn,.of pusn roas w: " Up. _ er Nm I.--'i'bt rail d: IVmm (10 ml&,_ t_ ti_ t_ _,_P-l_._h--_'_l_tb.._l_ff_ rmdslmcevdu4_*lumusinllbe_|il_l_--,.fiv
ll_l_l) II Wll.ll_llll 101" I,I_ _. 91Je _. $UilICl
11 a mlnde to which the cone attaches, g_ Pu_t unto the Olnle enlales tbe ulleevelodlhenbolhlclvaoce
...................
effect hi _ to _
:; -,_- _.-<_._._:_
il_'U+c Im_'_mrs.
N_nt II-..'1"_
_iote 3), this i_c_nt ordmmly at not less than I.O in. (2_ ram) movement of the inner
*."he ,""
-.
o_ _
days. .........
dm_l<kr. |IV
duc_r_l,
'--
,. _ "_
""_l
" --_.A _l_F'uture _ snows one euml_e 141 _ "." -drluU Iold ten cml lu_tmth]_Y
u_, ....
"_"."
""
v,or_n- ego
,., _"_m,_i_ "" .':"--Imc_hnllOft .S.3 Drift exceedlnl v'_'.'_
_"
..nlxl6oa mSiSULm:_S) It the suffsc_ by able device such Is hydraulic or e1m.. c__ .r. w''ml nl_" " -
nine(s) olx_ned _ dlt sUmdazd _"ql l_, IAr-.-,ll4m_4/Pe_tmm_trL. 4.2 1 Co_ P_IPo_Pt+P--(#) /_lw_
| _ll"_ple pressure wnc* ml con+ naples _ _+IP_I'.. - .......... -'"s friction l __.-_tain._soonuspossibieafterthe
ds " _n
:"
.
,6
I_ J. Uil_
---din + ,_--r+_ ......
.I
,++, ..... -
-,
P-_ ......
" "- --_e_cu_ -able + v_th
"
.+;_,.,
push rods
; .... "" -, +i -d "-'0 an _a-
............
....
,.m
........ ,_ n_..--
,. _
._ _-r
:_. _-usum._ i
I_
rls_su_ce is Cmml_l -
........ ooso'_u
.=-...k;. w...,--..,.. ,.,,
ransm,ts u_ crusmmlr
,.4mull d ..n
........
,--+ .............
each
" " "
-lures to om
pout
--"
(see
u+_u_ u. _ umu=__._,+ s_;muv_ ._ im _ ..&l IO_t_ rentwomergr+: _..L _++_ . . -._,,_ .._..,.Jw----:, . It,/_ .+,me. m_'al step tO- _ III li 413.1 I uSml continuous
_"-
.2..I) _
rill dow_llll_
mT_asr
n.
nl
_ m+
+.
thelush m<h..
"
......
Note
by
any
""
r,g over
Id_anc+
it to
" " " +
Ittco_d
tl_
+
U
on
" _. _
"" "
4 shows- one desil_ for an eke! aul+'mne sou _.e._.. ^_.. v. ..... : .........
_,41
up..
,w
"
..
re+m), r.i,_ce,
.r..+.,.A;.. _ ill uI. t_uj m
coot,,,of
obl_a
s4 w, "
i_n
Cb I_ of
_+._s
e,
.---
+-+
m.mll_
v--.
-+-l-.o(
e_
Li3_
U_
_.;cr._-.
1_34_g
a.r;..
I_ III!
at...
no_
exce_rl_
_.
Jr.
.--
r--
exte_lion
I! *--
..r--.,: ............
1- 412
lso
.... _ .......... ....... " . >Ti .t--D_p _. _ .mUnip....Im_. JrellUU1L_(_f_llllst:llosst431_). modem a_hiMs me kylkluMc pisto_l _
oblam second measuRm_l mw qkmd ren_P o_ reegl_e the tip if" this check " . .--r'- Iotai r_stanee of thl cone plus dll ikll | |IiI sedsfletov/ fo_ d_ iccuracy des_ _ +..,..___,,.'-_ ._,.._ .L_., ..... "-,o-_ ; (Ira," ...... _im+-_uou ipvc_ tag s.ccv_ _g_+_------" ::.. II _ n_sUL_ce ompooellllsJ.
IiJrs
1,0. ,,+_
_,,
. macmne --_+'+-d re-
I m_
+.._.._
.., e,,<.,o,-
+-_,;_.t "+
_, l,lined th_ .'el a re . . o,
m mo-gm_m m urn=up ._q_,--,. ++ m hlcSo_ meism_alenl (_ No_ 14)..,,d,_Pl Neon.. iI--TI_ soil kictioe &k)_l ml %-'..:,._ il ,.l_l_n_o_edmmt_loldo_tl_ +__.j.,_l_ II _+ml _ql_ I_ _ i_ll_l_| .:. OO_" _'I[
__, +tO_tlO4 OJ Ffifioq _ionl r._,, lmlll+,-,TS,t,,m .... t',h;_ frictiOn reduction Ib'---- t-.r-. ......... = ...... _._ +.. _mmascmepe_etrometero.epm_a_,u_,_ n_sllm:e ompoa+n. determmed
by
ri._o,
+e he )bhi ed on
_ roll'reliSh
m 1.3. iouo-
1_ pc l:_tmeer
.l Ge_Pr_:
uora--lO
i
+ _
_
"---: _:-"_'-.-:."._-_-.,+.,.._,,.__._._._.---_-_,_,:_-_
"_1.'' "--
,ce . IL id-
_"
_-
+ :_:::" :_: ++?=i_ ","--_-:- '-+.:-:";,= ._;" +, .-: ._..,i.-. "T,: " -.,-Z .
_+- "
.-
....
., . .+ :..+ .
_ . +. ,
..
-" ..:.;..
+_+_:+
:-'-1:
paw6cles
|l
resuhb_l _,, _l_ficunt errors in the measuremeat of the resistance _mponeot(s). C3esn
and lubricate the inner rods. .5.1.2 Weig4t of l.aer Rods_For ira. proved accuracy at low values o(co_e resistawe. correct the thrust data to h_cbde the accumulated v,e[ght c_ the inner g6cls from the tip to d_e topmost rod.
_.8.3 Jammqg--Sofl
s_cUn8 surfaces or bcn_q
parities
bctween
Cbe mechamsm dural d_e many extemk)es and co, apses of the telescopingmechanical tip. Stop the s_ndi_ as soonusuncu'recta-
---
._
/f /"
-.
/
.o/
+ +-.,+
ORIGII_AL
PAGE
_$
OF POOR QUALITY
CONTENTS
+ r =
Back_ud
_o,._,_..."
Apps_tck
".'..:"
.'..."
"." "."
...........................
9 9 10 12
,
12 12 1: 14 14 :4 14 16 IS IS 17 2O 22
PROCEDURES
DISCLq_OM
PRESrNTATION
Prelimtnmr7 Tern l.kmti_ Effects On SLmulmst ................... Pump Down ud OutpsstnE T._ ................ Nltrotms Overlay Tests ..................... Thooreticsl _tiou ..................... PART V: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..........
23 24
REFERENCES
............................
[ sod I-M
A - DIFFUSION
OF GAS THROUGH
A POROUS
MEDIUM
_J
mp...._
..
LUNAR PART
STUDY,
PKASE B
CHARACTERISTIC8
PART
INTNODUCTION
Bac_ud I. earth's A st_17 frsvity to develop finl4 lunar soft stmuls_t whose of hear physlcsl IM_vior r_ced in the _vtty
spprozfmatse
the behavior
soil in UI
field of the moon was tniUatod in Pineal Year I_M. Tha first phase of the study which was completed and reported(l)" in April 1966. m to dmlop a mstorinL dostpsteal Type A Lunar Soil Stmulmst. _hich. in su sevtromnnt vtuTts_ frum stmospharie to 10 tort. would have certain ptucribod properties. Tbs material developed under this phase _u 8prmmlsr sad m composed o ummthered _ rock, cruslhmd msd procmse_! to fall within ths i_lulatlon hand showu on FI/psrl i. Othsr pertine_ properUu tnoluded the foUowb_ a. _b c. __ n_dk cJm_ Particle _ rrse fatt _ specific reflecUvtty jTsvlty (sibodo) ........... ............. ............ t.W0-liS0 $. 02-3,16 0.0";-0.0S 2. S-5 cm (I-| more severe kz/mS0JS-S0
StnhaZe under simulated estromuts _ISht of 0.3S2 Iq_cm 2 (6 [bs/In. 2) ........... study requires
In.)
S.
euvlronmnt
for the testing. The Typ4 A slmuhmt was uded in the PhaD B invesUl_t(ou, study varies from the roul_ng z.aup
developod durinl the inlthd phase of the study The required vacuum level for the PhaN B to 81pproxJ.m, atoiy bd0 -5 tort. Should tim
Type A stmuhmt prove unacceptable in the Phase B euv/roumeut, it will be modified to approxin_to certain outgass/ng end thermal properties establtabed from _trilor sthdtoe. The Phace B tnvesusntlon is broken into two part_: (1) outlnssinl_ chavacteristice and _) thermal properties. Phase C of tbs overtU study will test th_ lunar soil stmulant in u envtrmunent of l0 "8 tort and below. This vacuum level s_roncbss test of the ability of the itmar that of th@ lunar surface Dd will provide severe soil slmuLtnt to meet prsecrtbed properties. and Scc_ cbarscterlstics of' Is limited to dlqcuson the crushed
Purpoge
$. Tbs purpo_ of th/s report is to presee_ the out4_usin| the i_mulAn_ produced under the first phaJ4 study. The report sion o( the rnult_ o( cenditJoninlG out4ptssfniG and overlay
experiment8
RsISe_J I_mbers
In psrlmthesls//_ore_cPs.
. o .........
IIIII I
o-
dlabaso material Problem stets that should be overcome so that rash-rated vacuum chambers may be evscuatod to specific pressuro with a minimum of delay due to sfmulant outpsstng sro discussed. The results reported herein consUtute the first part o_ Lunsr SoU 8imuhmt Study, Phsse B. described sbovo.
Annroech
"o
4. The ldifh vacuum factlity svslhd)le at then Laborttories wss used to detarmine tin outpsstn_ clnrtcterlstlcs of the stmul_nt. Tits tuta tncluded the toUowt_: Kk. _ _ time required to pomp down to spoctfic snd under repeated pump prossu:o,
"
. The oetpsstnS chsrulntiaUcs oyr.les cl pump down sad represmrl_tJoe. IS. "the espertmemml spproub _Biderstloe of tiM, follovtnl; boksvlor envlrmment:
of tlm slmulnt
in sccompltsh characteristics
ollminsto,
A- Becsnss water vapor is the most dlfftcult soerce of og_tsstng the simulant should be stored so as to ezcludo moislnre.
to
b_. CoedNoatng of tho stmul_t should be so desllpmd ss to remove much edoorbod wster from tho h_torlor of tho matorlal u possiblo prior to placement ia tim _ cimmber. 8. The toctmlquos employed tncluded couslderstioo o_ the tollowlnl:
_. Coedlt/onlnt tltlu _r the matlrisl In sir. ovah_tod by set/as ot plots provide valuable iaslSht '-to
of the matsr/sls m accompl/sbed by heaU_ all quanThe effocthreness of tb4 _ of precoadit/o_ml wts rohtUng p_ksure to time. Analysis or this data should ps losds In be ant/ctpatsd for larp quantities of me"
exam/nod st/ons.
b_. Tho _ ot nitrogen overlays between successive pump down was to evaluats overall systlm charscterlsUcs under simulated day to day ope.r-
-_.c 8poclal e:n_pbasls wss placed on describing pump dov_ tn the rc_i_htng so that ccmpleto piclztre of ps loed ts function of time could be obtained.
10
obtatn4_ of admulut
d_ A closed form ooluUoa d tho one-d[monslonli and tim tboorotlcal rolstlonaddp betwo_ pro88_ro wss plottod.
ll
j-
II
"b
-i"
"i
PART
H:
EQUIPMENT
AND MATER_L8
Vs_
Tacl11_
V. .:
i paun_J:
_s
h_h v8_
dtffuiae 10 -2 tOrro
forq_nnp,
rs_d
at 7.1 liters
of adM_
Jsl_tl or rm_t
pumpt_
don
to
Is tnL
pressure
"\
lS-e_ (_-ts.) e41 _ pump vinh s Nmt_l pumpln8 speed of 1440 Iltero por seooed fJ06o.c_) provides the eq_blll_ o(s_ ttR JdSh v_ rues. Tits pumpi_r speed d the sys_n is sftocted by coaductsace IosNs(s_ at tbsent_ m 1hotnesS, b) tntbolb_Md, (_ Jatbep_ovslro, rod(d0 tntbseb_befflo. The ioeses eamb4w to Mdue tbs sot ImmpIM speed to spproxlmstsly 111 II_ Imr (M_dm). 'rbs working ebsmb_ eouises d a _ 46-4m (lS-k.) 8ttlsless tee!
foodtbrouSb ooUar _ _ bsll _r. A butyl rubber by a 44J-era ftS-b_) hofor f_skst pTovJdu tbs prfncfpb by 46-cm (l|-fL) bs/l fltr soel. bfSh
8.
tin _
Prtsmt_
l_s
phtood in
to
prairie
prettily
Inndk:_o _dn,m_ dlffuloa lpamp _ be a_lvsled. Aee, ld uffnods _ p_qp_ pr_ddoau 8)tlssu_nz__ eqablll_ dam'n_ _ m_ 10"/W_'r rsnq_. Tbs Imnle Is mo_mted in tbs tbro_ _ beU_Mm tbo u_-kt_g dmmber sn_ tbo _ Bed _IU tbondoro Jndtcsto preesuro samovhst iouer tbn 0m prem in t_ _ork_g ares. A dual dumber los/sstlm gstJSs is mounts! la 8hs foed_-uq_h ooLhu, and pr_vldss
preen x_ltnss In tbs _oridsg r.bamber from 8tmospbsro doun b ths mid 10 -4 Iorr
8_ro_ _Jrsus
to t strip chart reor6sr _dltch ylalds a tbne _ tmospbsro don Io ths ultlmsto pn_-
Soft 8tmul_t uNd in tbs hdtlal phase d this study aed _ss
st_red tn polyot_l_o 11nod tool d_um. Tbo qunt_ty to bo _sted .as dro,_n fr_ tills s_ocJgtlO. The moisturo ooetut of tbs stored 81muisnt was loss tlnn 1% dry
Test catabors
10.
Jusdsro dsscrtbed
more
r
!
t
t
!
!
$ fully fa Isbulsr tom below. ptpo cut to _ sad _ pr_ two Stoups d oatsl_rs Each eyBa_r ooufm ot s _ ot studArd sluml_sa to u sb_ _ plats. Tim four cyUndsrs _nbased on nominal volume. The tailor voluzne A ored _sta. bssls T_ larpr tor estfmaUq volmu _ _t_t_rl ps _ bas_! were oo either uaod \ ++ tsar m used tot _ m_ority for uoparatl_ tom to provS_ _iume or surtaos
l
i
[
i i
F Test C_rs
Ok:nmary
C_tst_r
Dim_ee_W
CN
WeiSht d
D/sm_sr m I_ m Am m s olsme m s 8/muhust t !
A B1 Bz B3
_3.87 I(L_.X3
I. 18 3.82
|784.41
3. 82
_eversloa
Fsetor
em x O. _104 ,, incbu cut 2 x O. 166 - squsre bschos cm3 x O. OSl - cubic inches
_ xZ.So3,
pounds
13
_L
PART
m:
BPECIMEN
PREPARAT/OH
AND TEST
PROCEDb'RE8
_,t st_c_m
11. The 1_Tpe A stmulant tskm directly from the stoc1_ wu losdod Into the _st container throush a c_ne-shspedbopper suppiledwtthaqulckqMmJ_ valve. The d/staace h_m tbs valve totlM_bot_m _a_ts/ser Is :_-m (l_-In.). The slm.lsnt was allou_ to fall frooly into oach em_nor, _t so _ _t _ms i W assets uniformity d placement denstt_.
p r.
S_mplo,
8111.us_madoo_(xxtdttkmodum_
IvOr_St,
b/tin
eoe_, i__ly_'=___. __wzss_ __y oo the _ mama. _ _ omt_ m ma_ _ roam tsm_rUn_. ooadltJon sppros_su_i_ '..i 1_sso.t wu dsvelop0d. IS.
t brojd _ CorporaUou(2) c_ tho ordor off _lc snd N_soe_ _r _nd co_positJo,
_ve
The temperatures to i
_ i
were _
provide
d b d_'t d prohttJq u shmllM k_t/f_d water vspor as cbo prtmsry of I x 104 tort. Tbs prtmary obJocflve
edju_tq. Tire Aero Vac caiEued_ product at pressL es d the ovm boattn_ was to drive
moisture as veil s_ ale more ti851d_ adsorbed _nttsr molKulos. Vey lnvuUsa_sd _hs compe_tl_ d the ps dssorbed durb_ tin o_tSssstn8 of Ix.dsrs _I m.ds u t Itnctke d tsapert_mr_. 1"oq _ 'k-t _ d b l_J wls q_ro:i_t_/! b ns_ br ill ,.,i _ _ t_/t
predam/ns_(xx_t/tmmtpsmltsrvspor, hrtlurmore. _stotalq.anUt_ofSu e,_Ived b,c_ued wlth tsmperat_re to s mui_ st shout 400 C. Tts proport/on _
tb/s i _ tompers_n_. __ Fl_m th/s to ur_tor vspor also _ ovldm_, it rosy be inferred to mazhnum at this that bssthq the 8fmul_nt Ix)
in ez_ss o_ _ C ,dll be _ t_ ee_ustnS by supply_c enerl_y to remove the more t/Oily boundwater moleculu sdsorbed on the shnul_t pert/cles sur_tCe8.
Co._.r
14. IniU_ly, ;be aontslners were placed in the vscuum chsmber o_ stsLnless steel ptsto that measured 40.6-c:n (16-1=.) in clbune_r. Tho pht_o Nned as a positive
14
i
!
prou_U_ for the j_n_p should say fW,_u'fnf oc_tr u4dch u_ould spill tim s/mul_t aut of the coatnlner. _ it _ts verified that pyserb_ does not present problem uhm pumping occurs _ hotrod matorls], the plato was repltcod wl(b stainless stoel mesh c_ts_tnf0.e4-cm (0._ln.)openin_. JWoftbs 160OCrasweremsdeontbo mesh. Altbo_h s_mo red_cttce tn pumping speed m snttcJ_ted when the plato vms used, tlm e/_at _ not appear to Im too _t.
15
ORIGINAL
PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALITY
PART IV:
DISC_SION
AND PRESENTATION
OF _
RZSULq_J
PreUmtnary
Tern
IS. Beforo start/n8 tim rut seriss, several prol_lnary pump dons were completod oe uncm_t/omd materiel to develop tscbniqun for control of l_m-'_qr_ if modod. Geyser_r _ts observod repeetsdly, bet was surly eoetrolled by bleedl_ dry ultrosmb_to tbouptoslrvsl_s. TIUstsclm_esrslmdtbspressurefJlbsckamber to t level above the crtUctl pysertnf presmre (4_J tort), and permtttod the ps to eoeepo frem tlm 8hnulmt ud Im lmmped amty Jn s nas-vlol_t mmm6r. Tim up to air valve muld thee be loood gra&mlly and Immp don pmmeded wi_mtt 8eymrtng. Goymrl_. wbmuaeoatrolled, eeeblbequltovtolent. In mmeeam8, p_eredmato_lal was found s_bstqaC to tim inside tep mnq_ee d am bell Jar. u well u tbrmqbma tbo warSdq ebsmber sad thrmt. 8ubmquaet tosts oa emditkeed mstorlad thst did mot p3mer _ro _ bscam of errs_ bebsvior tram tbs odd osUnds 8mSm. Tlds behavior ues s_ to stein8 bsmma tbs estbodo sad tbs snodo ef tbs 8su_. It t8 bolleve_ tkat omno d tim tim dust emittod durl_ lge_i_nd_ was oloetroetatlesll 7 8_ Jo an eleetrod_ amJ _ the dtm_ _ 8m_e _ ud en_ permature d_oebax_. After tboru_ _ wttb pumJ_ ebmJeal m_.vmt. and _trama_ teelmiq_l, tim _ opemUoe m_wed to mrmal mid m dmermal Imlmv_r wat dmorv_l tlmrmft_.
Boathz
Effect8 oe Jtta_Jant
11. A color chmq_/n tl_ stmulat boesme sptMursnt after tbo matsrtal wss bmtsd D _So C. X-ray d/ffncUoa ssslysh, on ssmpl_s o( baksd ud uabs]md s/mulsnt _ essmstlally no oa_pos/t/oml dlflhrrlee. It lsbeltmmd dmt tbs but csused Fo l_s comslnod Is ths feldspsr msd ir_om_ to tinge from mmbtnod forra_ 8rid forrio lr_ Io elUmr adl forrous Irm or all for3_ troL 8ac_ a chup _11_ners//y muse s mlmrsl to _ UKhtor ht coSor. _ ordsr _n ms/utto Ute ms4_ni_de o( color ebmq_s, rumples _uncondlUoaod, IS0o Cces_tioeodssd:_So coodldoeod matorlsl were subJoctod to Munu_ color ebsrt ualysis, la sddlU_e to tin color ov81ustl_, _ reflec_vit7 mesJure_ents _re ts_s ee ssmples e_ uncou_tSmod sad 5_$o C eosdlUomd stmulat. Tbsre _ms no meeeurs/_ d_erm_s tn slbedo withl_ the s_cumcy of _ pbo_metsr esed. Tbe remdts tre mnmrl_ u tollm_:
16
.-
/
/ // /
Optical Property
Chuo
Due to Heatins
CondtUoabs 8sepia
History
Albodo
UncondSUosod
sY 4/2
1'.0
1s0 C
Dark Broqm
Yellowish
10YR S/2
325 C
10YR 4/4
7.0
pump Down ud
OUtlFtntnc Tests
have repe(4r_<l pump down times measured ) sad JstYet s. smoog others, required
17. G4me_. Previous JnvesUptors in bouts for their etudlee. Vey And Nelsc_tt, pumping cvacustkm. times to mtnlmlse Pump down times
the posalt_llt7 d disturbinz the soil structure during were Ioq partly because o[ the cuq_asaing ot the fine
used and partly becsuea tssUng wee to be accomplished at a Tscuum that o( the lunar surface. Other invesUipttors expanded a great deml
surfaces
prior to teatinS.
CondIUcob_ o( szuupins
prior to tostLuK bev_incindsd chemical baths(5), bekocut in vscuum(6).).(7)(_ zrindfnz in an inert atmospberoOJ), sad cleavalpt o( sp_imns in wun_nua_P. Although these t_hnlques are necoeaary for test/rig in be r_! vac_mm, for tests to be accomplished at 1 10 "u tort. they are not believed to be osuential
18.
Flpres
2 thresh
9 are m series
of pressure
versus
time curves showing pump down times and for the two qusntttles o( elmulant. sfter roqhbq; for the 1. S.Iq (2.64-1b)
for the two temperatures used for comllUcuing Flip,tea 2 and 3 show the pump down curves sample for difforlnE _ of eucposure to each
o( the condlUoed_ temperst,-'el. Yk;ures 4 and S repeat these curves for the 3. 8-kK _. 38-1b) samples placed in the 61 container. Fi_res 6 and 7 are of the same type for the 3. 8-_ (8.38-1b) sample placed in the B2 container. Fil_re 8 compares the pump
down thnes Fibres between abe 1.2-I_ for 7 are (2.64-Ib) and 3.8-kg (8.38-U)J In Figure samples embracing baked at the from of IS0 C temperature 2 through 24 hours abstracted and for 64 hours. 8 the curves
the rsrq_
exposure
Umea.
Fil_tre 9 presents
a comparison
bet_en
the
17
two q_nUtioe
I
.o
II. C_ttttoninE Period. The l_sults of tits outpsstnt esperimmsts sre shown Ist Fl_ros 2 thrmq_S sndfnTsbloL Zschof tbsflpros sbov tlmt, bsseMr81, u the pertod o( ozpoeure to the b_tod emir_.ment tnc_sees, the time ruqulred to sttzin 8tyro pressure decreues. For each sot d ms, bove_r, tbs relsttve Jmprovemmt for oscb J_ont o( ezpomro time docruMe. This sulEosts tbo posslbtllty ar apUmizinf exposure Un_ rehdive to elspsed time nscesury to resch tin vu_m hn_ldeslre_ F_ the v_m system ued md for Ibe quutflloo d simulsnt _t_ tim _um 4NJM_[tJOtt_ tJaO W ogtlmlJod Jo b4JJ4 ]NJ_Fs. SO. C_oadJt_ul_ Tmnnersture. The _ effect d bsstt_ the s_tsnt Jo _o ts spVarut from s compsrism _ pefn of f_uree (FlSzre Z with 3; 4 with s_ sad S u_tlt 7) _ _ s stplttmnt _ tn pmnp dram Ume rupdrml to resck sty selected prsmre. Tbs idsbsr tsmperslure evtdsat/y tnU_du_e 8Tester smt d gm'ms/emrly into the mus ems_ tits mm tisktly bored 8ss _ to deso_ mm rmdfly Id be pumpod oet mm qul_dT. Those mm ffSbfly brand ue sot s_Uvs_ toss 8zut mt marne by the lover tseqwrn_re _est,
ssd _
s Imgu" per_
ot m_.
21. Reduct_utnP_inE'Ftm_Due_H_tb_. FIstreSmmuurl_the e_ect d cmdtticelz_ t_npertt_ at _e apUm_m |4-boer e.zposm period for the threequ_s_t_ofs_elznt. IssUcues, pu_ln_Umerequlredtormchlzl0 -s terr ws redeced for mmplos eugead _o _UO C relst_ to staples espoeed to lSOO C. q'bo sevt_ la ttme rosy bo espreseed tn tbs form of a perceata_ re6sctim tn time bssedo_atsioeserperto_ lnsUmuJu, pempt_tmerequtredto_er.hlzl04 tort ms reduced by sppz_tm_oly 7S5 for _ qmmttlos esposed to the htSS_ tempers_re. A slmfl_ _ rosy be msds botNen uscoud_tSoeed sUnub_t md hosed stmuhntt. la tbsso euu. Uto esvt_s In ttme smant to X. 65 fo_ ssmplos bN_d _n _LS_ C snd J_ forssmplesbse_tol_0C. Gb,_dy. evmtbsionr _mpersture oedmcet_
ts ef_
ts tmprov_
o_ersU pe:Y_
_t. RedueUoutnPumntn_TtmoD_etoCoudittoeb_Pe.-tod. FlsureSccmo paros pemp down curvoa for tbo dtf_rmt quuUtios o( stm_dant mqpoeod to sn estlroamemt d 1S0o C for 14 bouts msd _or b6 _. Reforuce to tbi8 fl_re 8rid to Tsblo I shows some tmps_suet In requtred pump don time for osr_h quutity. Tbs percmtsSe reductim in ttme for tin ,q 8rid lJ_ qmumttes sre respectively S 8rid S_. However, IRe percentile roductl_ for tbs B1 quntit7 Is 14_. Tbs wider coetstner. B1, sppls_atly permits more ef_clmst removsl o( Ins bocsuu of tl_ fr_tor cross sectSm_ aru ssposed to the vsctnms uvirmsment. However, the reductice of time obUtl_d duo to tbs lot_r period of bs_t_ is not believed to be slSnttlc_nt. J3. 4_Mly_ds o( Pump Dos_ Curves. AnsJys/8 of the sh_pos o( the pu_p down emrves 8bo_n an Ftsure 8 bslps to dsflne tbs chsrsctsr o( m_t_ssln_. Tbs b_tUa] poL_t
18
ORiGiNAL OF POOR
PAGE
iS
QUALITY
fJ
f f_ o
- /
,!
m_ each curve octl_Ltod. ,-ted, given is the first pressure rspreseats resdl_ recorded after the diffusion when esch test pump ,mas was tarm_-
fillips
pressure of tim system for the iinusr through most of t]Mlr lengths. rata Is are nonstaedy 8ystsm
The fact that the slopes are spproxinmtsly parallel 8hews tbst the pumplqt couianl into the low iO$ tort rule for all qusnUflus tasSeL Tbe curves
so
linetr
st the start
(lndicstJqr
bust7
lu
load which
must
be removed
before
sins pumpin z ca,, proceed), sad at tbo sad (indicating thst both virtual leekslp is sppr_eldnqr tbe pmping espscity of the system). Z4. I_ rrise d tbe diffusion The I_gth of Ume rqulr_ll to reulh in an lmportnt indicator of the torsi
slid reel
./
.f
pump
reach the specified pressure level Tsbin I Usta the Umss required to mch each of fear pressure isvols from aumespborin pressure. Tbo pressure level "Rm_dnll" refers to the Urns t which tbe ronghlng pump was _lvod _ and the dlfluslon pump m8 _ In gesersL, mostbeordsroflorZxM period pursU_ the correepondlnl presmum tn ths clmmber t th/s "2 tort. it ts sppereat from tim table t]mt tim Umo
hJ stone funcfloa (4 tbo qum_ty elf simuisat pmnp dram Umus Is the raq0d_ reices
used. lqlptre J0 presents comfor four quusUtiss of simuisnt. betumm tbe B ! re8 iLtld/or
Tbe fect that tbs roul0_ing period for tbo B 2 rumples is lntermedinte end A qlmt|litle8 guglesl8 further reiaflollshJp wits cross 8oct/ram|
depths of material. In order to lnvestJpte this reiaUoushfp, thfrd B qmtnttty Lntermedinte in depth betweon B 1 nd B2 wss pumped down. The B3 pump down curve sppesrs to be incomdsteat in thst it does not fall botweea the carves for tbo eztromo B c_emJaer8. Time did not permit sa evslusUoQ of factors other than |_otrle and _ However fe_ qualitative obesrvstinas may be mede despite tin sppsrm_ incm,dstaecy. All qusnt/tlu pumped down to 200 micros in essoutinlly Lbo esmo period of Ume. Therefief, the A sad B2 ssmple8 pumped don to 80 mlermm in spproxtmataly tl_ muno time. Ou tbo other hand, the BI sad B3 esmpiss diverlrnd and required bent me and a bslf times as loag to resch the iN} micr_m presum'e level. From 80 Jerome dram to the pressure at whinh thu dlffusloa p_.mp 1ms acUvsted, sUB qusnUUos required substanOslly greater periods of pumping than the A qusntity. An auseesme=t of the effect of the container on outgssstng in the roul0dng reap wP.8 not possible at this Ume. Hoverer. the results Indicate that simuhmt outpselng is primarily reuthing problem, and tbst say slips taken to sulpuest roughln_ especinlly In the redes from 100 micro8 on down should improve overall s_ performance. 25. Effect or (_utntlty of S|muiant 5m Pumvlnr Ttmo_ Curves showtn_ the reistJomdflp bet_eeu quantity of simulant and roughing time. time to 5 l0"_ torr. time ta I 10-S tot.s" and time to 5 x 10"6 ton- are shown in Ficure 15. it should be noted thet the curve for tbe roughing ,ins is timer. This indicates that the pumping Cspsclty required to pump do_s chsmber _l,al_i_ the slmulant in gtvec time should be proportloaal to the quantity of slmuisnt. The curves for the time to resch lover pressures sresot |lnesrt_t appear to sppr_tch linear behsvlor asymptotlcail.v inrllor quSalittss of slmulsaL Consequently. 8n estimate of the pumping time required for uch given qu_ntity of 8tmutsnt csa he 88tlmlted If information concern|nil the size oZ the chamber in wklch It Is to be use_. pumping system for the chamber and 19
for
ORIGINAL
. .
PAGE
IS
OF POOR QUALITY.
_o
ulUmato _uum
Z6. Cl/tostnIRiti. 11_resul_dtboeelpN_LtocslcuhJt/onsars mbo_ oa Tibll I and lndicato C14d_1ytli ilio OUtSUSl_ sate dspond8 strm_Sy m ttw smelt d mai_ since _ oe_ rate for _i-_ p.H _ _ _i i__ N _ _u i _for S._ _.8 _ __t (_rs Bi _ _.
An empbmtim tor thls bebavior Js bued on tbe dbm_doa d _ dg_dm d Sauee _-aeqOt poroes medl8 8tyro k Appmdtz A. Frem 8bo turves it mn bo ua tlutt the is eouidsrsbly Id_tar at a dsp4bd _J-em _.U-_) 6.... _ e. ata _d
..
lemovid at shy liveil prusurl limn does the sllorisr cmilnsr sad thozilo_ biihsroulpssinllrsl. Tlmiht, r6oi.oSisIsilmli_tzimilisldm_dsntllbsn
bu
a I
Wrtsod b_ vJolma q_b_val d martial md ooc_.od at _ I and 10 tort prosing. A _ _ _ pyser/_ ws observed frequem_ ca oced/tSmodmaterial _lsced tn tho ]_t _. TbomsetofpyNrlM_v'_mtlebember b_dboonev_c_ttod koibm_lO0 tolO0 _or_. 'r___k_Lmt,. a_lwum,wlf_dby _/ qqxm,nm_ d mwnl em_ilbio_ Imh_ _ w _mm _m,,o tl_ _l_mn_ vte_ e_qk
lqiliolen
Ovlrhty
Tellil
ltl.
Tll
ovlirbly
llplrimltltll
rllmhl
U through 14.
l0
ORIGrI'_'AL OF POOR
PAGE
!_
QUALITY
_o. ./
.u
Those fisures sbev the compeer h/story d pressure s,, functJou ot t/me Jut include pertde durinj which the ohtuber I0 let up to stspheric pressure with dr), nitrojsu, 'J'ho pressure vfrsu0 Wme eurv| for JJmiJJr staples pumped don wJNllgmm_D';Jy iN pJoJedd N N fJpJ'8 be, eoDpoFJ_, 'Jr_ _ d f_pdto84d
:!
_arbls
m_l
_ Je _
of beralld_l
_J
_. The verity exp6rbemis were or_bmlly dulpmd to provide Informlice as to bow tim sbnulant mmld bebsve under editions uppre_met_ K dsy to dry q_rsUoem In mu-retod chsmber. T_ drsmatfc improveu in system performnee wits brutus. Tins toclmlquo of n/tr_u overlsy _t8 limply to pump dome to 8fveu pressure level. lose _ pto vstvs sad them Ja_redn,oo atTSttope _ _ werldsf :_udJer dmm_ Ib8 _.,Io-slr u|ve, Ja if emmJ 868 pregsm, e k8 JIMN_4dsK ebsmbet uog smeephetje for tits dersUea d abe oveflsy poth, d. Yad_ ff summarises Ill dsts for ofeb_ overlay uprimms. Vsrlablas tested Iscludo; duzsuine o(overhty, cumber o( overlay periods, dureUoa of pre-ooedlt/oein_ st IS0 y sad ads d conesnor. pumpla_ period bepn at atmospberin prouure. The colams bsadsd "Pump Dew" Isddi_to the _ o( time to re_eh each m_ed pressure ssd _8 mered from the tJme be mocbenlcsl pump _ms curried. 'l"se cotumns batded "To_i Time Elapsed" re sccmnulaflve Ume periods sad laeinde both previor, s ov_y the8 sad provkms pemping b/story. In Ip_ersl, o_mcustl_ (Mrhe chamber at',_,_ overlay prot ceedod so rep/dly thst the first reliable pressure rsedfn_ could not be _Xelnod unUI p_ro of about ] x 10-S tort htd b44a _Ncbod. Figures U through 14 8x'e pregguro versus einpNd tJme curves or aU test nma except A-2401. Tim _ indJc_le U_ pressure rand Ume 8t which the chsmber m let up to dry alt_'ol_u for eer.h everiay. Ffl_m !1 through 13 preseuz compsrisou or 64 hour couditineing versus Z4 hour ditimdn_ for mch qutnUty of slmulan_ t_ed. Ffpre 14 ohm thst the time required to rmch given preset level ms)- be sll_iflclntly rsduc,xJ by Intuq_ the c]mmber up to dry nttrolpm in the rmshlq; sia_ ud repettl_ ,i,,, overlay proc=ss at frequent Intervets. It Is sppete_ from these results thm pump down
Urn to _Jve_ pl"eel_re |evol 18 'educed after p4_tod of overlay, lid t]_t
pressure level ausinod for jtveu elapsed time Is lower thss tJmt which would have occurred bsd there beeu no creaky. R foUo_s thst Improven In system performance cen be obmJnod by repeat_J overlays begun after templelee of snd that dry nitroBe overlays tin be used s ts_'.haiquo of outSuslN_ quasLtUos d simuls_ _=storlaL These cc, ecl,uslou are empbulzed by soUn_ thst normal pump dram ca A-24 umples requires spprox/nuUdy 140 mlnstn to sck preJstru lo_tl of ! x 10.6 ton. "me rq_etod overJtp on Ju_ple A-|4..3 (lrlK, 14) show thst t_sl einpa4d Ltme of oel._ 122micro Including the two l0 mhmt4 overbty periods Is requital to reich the prenurs 5 z 10"$ tore. Thus, stvh_ of shout 40 minutes pumpfnK t/me oc_xrs when usfng repated overlays as pump dos technique. Time did no( permit more thorough 4w'uaUcm of the po4Lem_lity of overlay as u aid to cuqptsslng. 31. A possible ezplamtlon of this beerier Is thst the dry sitrOl_m I_tS acts 8s dehydr=tting sl_mL This folbw8 flu, the fact thst 8beorbed weter is the most difficult source of m_LKnse_qC elllest to in v_cuum system. Small glass wtc_mm syeum_s are baked out at temp4retureo in excess of _00C to
2i
1-t
in ....
j-
**
t rsmm _
J
tlm wsl_r sdsorbsd m the lllSs* wsUs. Tbs balsm_ Imhmm the surfsce d ml, oeb,d nl, r mobcul# nd b d*ul_ or m=b,r d noble l_ msr OJm surt,_ Is dlst, rmlmMl by *b, ,ff, ctlv, _ n,fly ot tlm wst, r h _ plllmlillll _ lmslllsUv*ly I_. II01 precisely _ llmtr
-o
t !
i !
)
*
i
i
1_or_dc_
__
|
t
tho Umo _
stole st dq_J_ Is ms
d _-m
I_0-I_.
II
_I
"
ORIGINAL
PAOE
!$
_:'
OF POOR QUALITY
I I
El
Z3
ORiGiNAL OF POOR
PAGE iS QUALITY
TABLE 7.2.7-1.
Compresstb|l|ty
Parameters
Range
- 0.11 - 0.013
Haxtmum Past Presure Coeff|ctent of Lateral Stress, Normally consolidated Over-consolidated Recompacted
,\
Ko
0.4
- 0.5
ec o,c' l eq
t-I
v-I
i-I
i_
J I
__
I I
i_e I
w-I
I
PI
I
.. I ____I _ o
! I I
I I I
o N
TABLE 7.2.8-1.
Estimates of Lunar Soti Cohesion and Friction (after Httche11 et al.. |972d, 1974) Fr|ctton Angle, (deqrees)
Angle
Source
Re_erences
EARLY INFERRED:
0 _28 _25
INFERRED:
BOULDERTRACKS 0.35 O.l, O.S 33 10-30 21-5S 26-50 Nordmyer (1967) Hoore(1970) Hovland and Httchell (19711 Httche11 et al. (1973a)
(39 ) (37_)
_ollo 17 - North, East and South masstfs SURVEYOR |: TY& Landing Data TVI Landtn9 Data TV & Land|ng Data 111: 5o11 Mechanics Surface Sampler W& Landing Data VI: Yernter Att|tude Engtne Jets
Hala.11an (1966) Jaffe (1967) Chrtstensen et al. (1967) Scott and Roberson(1968a) Chrtstensen Chr]stensen Chrtstensen et al. et al. et al. (1968a) (1968b) (1968b)
SURVEYORHODEL III & Vl1: Sotl Hechantcs Surface Smpler 0.35-0.70 35-37 Scott and Roberson (19691
APOLLO 11 LH Landing, Bootprtnts, Crater Slope Stab|ltty Core Tube, Flag Pole, SIR Shaft Penetration APOLLO 12 IJI Landing, Bootprints, Crater Slope Stability
Costes et al.
(1969)
Costes et al.
(19711
Scott
et al.
(1970)
0.56-0.75
38-44
Costes et al.
(19711
" .ode .
_.onovfch -HJtchell
><.
Cone Penetrometer - Crater lall (Inner) -'Crater Slope (outer) - Horizontal Ground APOLLO 14 5oll Mechanics Trench Apollo Simple Penetrometer HET Tracks APOLLO)S SRPData and Stmulattbn Studies SRP Data and So11 Mechanics Trench APOLLO 16 SRP: -Statton 4 -(10-20 on depth) SRP: Statton 10 SRP: Station )0 i)r411CoreopenHole APOLLO 17 0r111 Core Open Hole (Neutron Flux Probe) LRV
Hitche11
et al.
(1972d);
47.5-5].5 1.0 SO
Hitche11 Hltche11
et al. et al.
(1972a) (1972a)
1.1-1.8 0.17
Httche11 Httche11
et al. et al.
(1973a) (1973a)
0.1-].0
et al.
(1972d,
L_
I & 11 (ave.)
O.4 s
40 s
et al.
(1974,
)975)
R_URH(D LUHAR SAJ4PL(S Apollo )]: Penetromter 0.25-0.85 42-38 Costes et al. (1969, 1970a, b); Costes and
ORIG!!_AL OF POOR
PAGE
IS
QUALITY
;i j'