82. A CONCEPT OF TURBULENCE L.N. Pyatnitsky Institute for High Temperatures of Russian Academy of Sciences, 13/19 Izhorskaya Str.

, 127412 Moscow, Russia

Abstract. The turbulence phenomenon is interpreted on the basis of linear theory of spherical wave layers. The flow hydrodynamic parameter pulsations form spatial-time structures resulted from superposition of the spherical waves, original and reflected from the flow boundaries. Such structures can be computed as deterministic, though they depend on many factors, and therefore look like chaotic. The simulation mechanism of turbulent processes are considered in the planar channel and tube of square cross section.

Introduction Pulsations of flow hydrodynamic parameters arise when a laminar flow transits into a turbulent one. Since the time of Reynolds' well known experiment with fine jet dyed the pulsations have being considered as chaotic. The word turbulent itself comes from Latin turbulentus which means disorder. This term has predetermined renouncing the phenomenon mechanism search of, and promoted its description by statistical methods. At the same time, to estimate exchange processes within the flow quantitatively, turbulent transport coefficients were introduced. These are represented by expressions for molecular transport coefficients where the molecule free pathlength used to be formally substituted with intermixing path, not quite adequately determined value. In the approach the pulsation origin is treated as the flow stability loss, or stability loss of the la-minar boundary layer, to be exact [1]. The conditions of the loss are defined by the method of weak perturbations. Even longitudinal pulsations of hydrodynamic parameters are employ as the perturbations. Now, here appears the contradiction in the approach to the turbulence phenomenon interpretation, by no means the only one: transverse pulsations are believed to be dominant in transport phenomena, however, their influence on the turbulence development is omitted. For all this, the problem of turbulence nature is left open. In the paper the mechanism of formation of pulsations and the model of their structure is offered. Processes accompanying gas flow in channels The fluid motion is set in motion by compression waves which then compensate the flow friction at channel walls to support the motion. The drag leads to disturbance of hydrodynamic parameters. On the average the disturbance level depends on dynamical equilibrium between two processes: the drag which increases the structure

non-uniformity, and wave emission which levels that. The disturbances propagate in space as spherical wave packets. The problem about the propagation is solved on the basis of linear wave equation for potential f of velocity disturbance u (u=grad f) [1]. Here is the solution for fluid at rest, V = 0:

P( r ct ) , r

(1)

(ctr) being Dirac-function, c - sound velocity, uc, = const. It describes wavelet spherical surface of radius r = ct with field which dies down while it runs away from the source point. If the fluid is moving, the sphere surface can change its shape. The wave velocity is given by the known formula of U = ( (k) /k), where (k) is the dispersion law which depends on the fluid velocity distribution, V(r). Let the fluid move along with x axis of some flat channel, the height being z=d. Then the sound dispersion simple relation =ck should include the movement:
= c k + V k.

(2)

Also, the wave surface propagation at the point of radius r is characterized by orientation in the direction of unit vector s, and this point trajectory changes in accordance with the equation [1]: ds 1 = [ rotV s] dl c (3)

where dl=c dt is an element of trajectory. When V=const, U= k/k+V, the flow carries away the wave as total, and any of the point trajectories keeps its own original orientation. Now, let the flow be profiled, V=V(z), so that V(z=0)=0 and dV/dz > 0. As it follows from (3) the field V(z) bends the point trajectory Total angle

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of the trajectory rotation can be found by integrating (3) that gives for z component of s vector (sz = cos ): sin sin0 2V ( z ) cos0 cos0, c (4)

where =/2, and are guiding angles, subscript 0 designates the initial vector s orientation. As equation (4) shows, the trajectory curvature depends on its orientation. For a wave point moving against the flow (|0 |</2) it recedes from the wall. otherwise (0 > /2) it comes nearer to the wall. Now, let us consider an example in Fig.1.
-0.5 Y 1 0.5 0

the vortices can not be successful shaped in limits of z~d, just as in the case of V=const. The formula (5) makes it possible to estimate the disturbances layer thickness, caused by vortex making process. Notice, the disturbances in the direction along the wall form rings flying off at the velocity c/sin. Superposition of these rings disturbs the drag field uniformity, and creates density local maxima of effective size a. When r>>a, each of them tends to get a real spherical layer, independent of original disturbance shape. Let the shape be a half of a ball of diameter 2a. Excessive density distribution within the half-ball is the product of constant factor P by function f, =Pf (ra). Then, in accordance with formula (1), the velocity u in arbitrary point rn will be [2]: if |rn t| > a, u = 0; if |rn t| a, u = B(1 )n f ( rn t rn t ) r a (6)

-1 1 Z 0

-1

-0.5

0 X

0.5

Fig.1. The disturbance wave shape in a flow

In Fig.1 the wave propagates in the flow with the velocity distribution V=1.15 [z(1-z)]1/g, where =V/ =0.1, g=5. The coordinates are expressed in the scale of height d, and the time scaled by d/ . Here is given the disturbance (1) at the moment t=1 after its onset on the upper wall. As it can be seen from Fig.1, the wave keeps the hemisphere form almost everywhere, with the exception of some small height z* nearby the wall. It corresponds to a ray direction cornered 0*, for which the wave front selvedge has horizontal s vector, and =0. At the angles <0 s vector bends to the wall. Accepting the equality =0 for criterion of a whirlpool formation, and substituting =0 into (4), we will have the condition of vortex generation: sin 2 * 0 2V ( x*) cos 0 cos 0 . c (5)

Condition (5) determines the ray inclination band, 0<0*, within which any ray moving off does not exceed the value z*. The effect depends on Mach number, M=V/c. When V/ ~(z*/d)1/2g and, for example, V/ 0.2, g=5, 0<2030, then value z*/d is confined to 0,050,07. Behold, with slowly growing function of V(z)

Here n is a number of the wave reflections from the channel walls, is coefficient of the wave reflection losses. The magnitudes scaled is used for the coordinate and time values. The factor =cP/20 is put equal to unity without generality breaking. The reflection of these waves excites additional disturbances in the fluid structure at the wall. Indeed, while z-component of the pulsation velocity vanishes at the wall surface, uz=0, the density fluctuations, accordingly, are growing. Moreover, as a result of interaction of falling and reflected waves the density pulsation amplitudes grow by two times together with simultaneous frequency twofold reduction [3]. The interaction creates the same ring disturbance moving with velocity c/sin. As well as above mentioned vortex formation the effects develop within the layer which height a is equal to half of the spherical wave thickness. The features of the spherical wave propagation within narrow band of function V(z) strong gradient let us interpret the region of height a nearby the wall as the boundary layer. Out of this region the function V(z) grows slowly, and the velocity gradient becomes small. Therefore evaluating of the wave superposition within the flow core can be based, as the fist approximation, on the simplifying condition V=const, and const may can equal zero.
Wave propagation in channels

Structure of the disturbances depends on channel configuration. In simple cases such a

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channel can be represented by free space above plane surface (the case of usual plate), or the planar gap confined by two plane surfaces, or internal cavity of a tube. The disturbance structure above the plate seems rather evident and can be easily computed with the help of (6). Somewhat more complicated problems happen to deal with when the reflected waves should be taken into account. Therefore we begins with the channel in the form of the gap with distance d between the two plane walls. Let x-y axes be placed at the lower wall, and z axis directed to the upper one. It is reasonable to take the channel height d as a scale value for outlining channel processes with non-dimensional parameters. Expressing position of some point within the channel volume in scaled units we will use the former designations for x, y, z coordinates. For the process chronology, t, we employ ratio d/c as the time unit for the scaling. Due to the accepted scale values the wave propagation can be written in the very simple form: r= t. With the non-dimensional parameters the place and time of the disturbance origin will be pointed out by the parameters pr={px,py,pz} and pt. In the case of many disturbances the values of pr and p represent sequences of parameters. The parameter pz can have only two meanings, 0 (at the lower wall) or 1 (at the upper wall). Without taking into account the reflections, and with z>0 a wave originating in a point pr should move in accordance with equation r=tpt in the coordinate system. In the channel, 0>z>1, the reflections deform the wave. As a result of n reflections the wave configuration {x,y,z} relatively to zero of coordinate system can be described with the following equations: t+pt<0: x=px y=py z=pz +pt>0: x=(tpt)sin cos+px y=(tpt)sin sin+py z={(tpt)cos n + 1 n+pz 2 IP }(-1) +pz 2

(7)

IP operation means taking integer value of the number in the brackets, n is the quantity of wave reflections from wall (integer positive number): n=IP[(tpt) cos]. (8)

We will find the surface of wave front, a sort of snapshot, which it takes through time of t=6.5 after onset. The channel volume explored are limited by dimensions: x2-x1=y2-y1=8, and initial parameters have meanings: pt=0, px=1.2, py=3, pz=1 (the initial point is on the upper wall).

Equations (7) and (8) are computed for angle in the range from 0 to 2 , and for the angle from 0 to /2. The configuration under calculation is shown in Fig.2a where z values has been multiplied by factor 2 for convenience of perception. The front has corrugating surface with variable distance between the edges and changing orientation of normal to the surface of folds. As it can be seen from Fig.2, the propagation in the channel of the only wave creates such a structure in which the its origin simple law can not be realized at once. Still more clearly the structure formation process is seen in Fig.2b, where two waves propagate in the same channel volume. One of them corresponds to conditions of Fig.2a, the other to the parameters: pt=0, px=6, py=7.3, pz=1, t=7.5. Finally, Fig.2c demonstrates the superposition structure of eight waves which initial parameters change by chance in the ranges: px[0.2,15.9], py[0.1,9.9], pz={0,1}, pt[0,3.1]. In order to descry the structure details, Fig.2c shows not the whole studied channel volume, but only a strip of width x[4.5,5.5] (the diagram scale value is increased twice). It is already possible to conceive structure nature of disturbances looking at the superposition picture of eight waves. Fig.2 displays the wave configurations in the tube of square cross-section 11 (nondimensional values) as well to compare structures in channels of different profiles. Fig.2d hows the wave tconfiguration in t=2 after its onset at the bottom wall at the point {px,py,pz}={2,0.6,0}.As expected, the spherical wavefront is deformed in tube much faster than in the planar gap. So that the structure in Fig.2d looks irregular as a result of only two reflection cycles of a mere wave. It is impossible to distinguish any details in 3D image configuration with eight waves included into the process. Therefore, in Fig.2e the configuration is shown for shot time and small initiation period(t=0.3, pt1). As to developed stage of superposition, it is shown in Fig.2f only in tube cross-section of x=4. In these examples of one and two waves, k=1 or k=2, the initial parameters of the perturbations are chosen simply from visual clearness, whereas with k=8 these are set by the law of random numbers. It is seen from Fig.2, how transient structure appears, and that size and shape of its cells have rather complex distributions. This explains, why the picture of pulsations looks chaotic. Also, there can get full explanation on the basis the intermittence phenomenon which usually is put down to boundary layer instabilities.

409

x 4

z 0 2 x 4 2 6 80

8 6 4y

z 0 2 x 4 2 6 80

8 6 4y

6 8 z y

a)
y z 0 2 x 4 6 y z 0

b)

c)
0 0.5 1 1 0.75 0.5 0.25 6 y 0

2 x 4

d)

e)

f)

Fig.2. Wave configurations in the channels: plane channel one wave ( ), two (b) and eight (c) waves; tube one wave, t=2.1 (d); eight waves: t=0.3 (e) and t=3 (f)

Parameter fluctuations in flow core

a= 0.1; = 0.1; f=cos(

The parameter disturbances can be presented as consecutive passages of spherical waves through imaginary points which are lookingglass reflections of the observation real point in the walls. The transition from one such an image to the next occurs just after each reflection at one of the walls. That is accompanied by the image coordinate, z, increase which equal double altitude of the channel, 2d. Let rn (,, n) be the distance from wave onset pr to nth imaginary point. Therein pulsations arise under the condition |rnr| < a, where r is the current radius of the spherical wave in free space. Coordinates , , can be represented as functions of observation point position, x, y, z, in its associated reference system: =x px ; = y py ; n + 1 pz n n=2 IP (1) + (zpz)(1) ; 2
rn = 2 + 2 + 2 . n

r (t pt ) ); 2 a

{x1,x2; y1,y2; z1/z2}= {0,20; 0,20; 0/1]; {x,y,z}={10, 10, 0.7}; N=2000;
k=100; =10; n=10; T=50; t [30,50].

(10)

(9)

Formula (9) together with (6) and (8) just give the desired dependence of u(x,y,z,t) for alone wave. But it is necessary to set still inceptive conditions. As an example, the original parameters are given in the following list.

It includes: the original disturbane radius a, losses coefficient , kind of function f(r,t), point of observation {x,y,z}, number of resolved elements N, number of waves k, a wave lifetime , number of reflections considered n, process duration T, and the time interval t during which the searching is on, in our case it is state of dynamic equilibrium. Time dependence of the pulsations in the field of many waves is computed by artless summing up the contributions of individual waves. But thereto the order of their arising should be set, in other words, the parameters px, py, pz, pt. are needed for that. Sequences pr with random and fixed distributions make real practical meaning [3]. In its turn, time moments pt can be represented by random and periodical (or quasi-periodical) sequences for various series of pr. The pulsation spatial characteristics are found out in a similar way, however, with somewhat different entry conditions. Some parameters for determining spatial characteristics are given in the list: {x1, x2; y1,y2; z1/z2}= {0,40; 0,40; 0/1];

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x [10,30]; {y,z}={10, 10, 0.7}; N=2000; k=200; =10; n=10; T=50; t=50.

(11)

To obtain the comparable circs, in (11) the effects at the ends should be taken into account. Each of the techniques have its own peculiarities which follow. In the first of them we do fix observation place, {x,y,z}, and the parameter t varies within chosen limits in one way or another. Vice verca, to get spatial characteristics along some line or contour it is the time moment t that is fixed, and vector r stands as a variable parameter which follows the path (line or counter) of interest. In this case spatial frequency becomes an argument of the spectrum, and it is expressed in pulsation number per non-dimensional length in given direction. Dependence u(t) at the conditions (10), its spectrum being ( ), and dependence u(x) at the conditions (11), the spectrum being (), are presented accordingly in Fig.3 and Fig.4. The graphics show functions u and spectra A for three various kinds of the disturbance sequences given by parameter set {px,py,pz,pt}. In Fig.3 , 4a sequences {pr,pt} are entirely based on random distributions for intervals {r1,r2}, {0, }. In graphics Fig.3b, 4b series pr has five fixed periodical points, whereas values pt are random. In Fig.3c, 4c series pr and pt are fixed and periodical. In examined frequency band up to ==50 the spectra contain harmonic progression depending on distribution f(r). As their amplitudes decreases quickly, the spectra are shown only in the frequencies range up to =~15, where the first and second harmonics are situated. The first is analysed here. Note, that the spectral density of oscillations depends on the sequence features of the initial parameters pr and pt.

When disturbances are of random distribution, one can distinguish several bands in the spectra, which contain sharp maxima [3]. The first such appreciable maximum has frequency 2 that corresponds to mean rate of the disturbance origins. One more maximum of large amplitude at frequency 3.5 coincides with the spatial mean frequency of the disturbances placing. But the outline of spectra A[u(t)] falls to frequency 5 which is immediately associated with the breadth of the spherical layer, 1/2a, above accepted. This frequency is present in spectra A[u(x)] as well, though sometimes not so evidently owing to their specific [4]. For the sequences regulated partly (fig.3b, 4b) the harmonics half-width gets more narrow, and contrast of of individual lines grows. In the case of waves being well ordered (Fig.3c, 4c) spectra consist practically only of separate lines. There are 23 lines in the spectra in all. Mean frequency difference between the neighbouring is 0.4. It seems to be equal to the frequency with which the set of 5 disturbances arises. It is seen from the plots of Fig.3, 4 that as far the disturbance sequence is ordering, the spectral lines are getting sharper, and contrast is growing. These consequences might be useful for preliminary estimation of the pulsation field development and in its structure modeling, as well as for express analysis of turbulent processes. It is worth to emphasize, that the developed approach to the problem of the turbulence nature allows to extend pulsation mechanism to structure exploration of disturbances arising in some other conditions. For example, the disturbances might appear not due to friction at the wall, but as a result of laser radiation absorption by targets like gases, liquids, solids, or plasmas.

) pr, pt-random

b) pr-5 waves, pt-random

) pr-5 waves, pt-period T/20

Fig.3. Velocity pulsations at x = y = 10, z = 0.7 within t[30,60]

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) pr, pt-random

b) pr-5 waves, pt-random

) pr-5 waves, pt-period T/20

Fig.4. Velocity pulsation distributions along x

[10,20] at y = 10, z = 0.7, t = 50

Pulsation structure in a plasma channel

The plasma channel was created by laser impulse (=1.06m, =0.6J, =100ps [5]) in the beam with Besselian as the radial profile [6]. The beam had the length 1.5cm and diameter of Besselian central part 2rb~2.7m. The channel interferogram (probe radiation =0.53m [5]) made at the middle of the beam along the length 512m is shown in Fig.5 where figures mark the numbers of CCD-camera pixels, each of 1.6m. The channel is obtained with target of N2O (pressure 500Torr) in 250ps after the heating pulse starts. By the moment of the snapshot the channel diameter has reached 2R=41.0m. The power source of the channel formation is the field of Bessel beam which has a structure [6]. is specified by rings of Bessel function in the radial direction. The zeroes of the function divide the beam into coaxial cylinders which radii ri are set by the criteria: kri sin=2.40; 5.52; 8.65; . Here k is wave number, - the angle at which the heating radiation rays fall onto symmetry axis . With the scaling factor R these radii i=ri/R equal =0.063, 0.145, 0.227,:.. . Along with axis the field can be characterized by periodic sequence of maxima separated by interval l=2/sin [6]. For the channel shown in Fig.5 l21m. It is rather difficult to get information on the data in immediate measurement. At the same time, it is possible to suggest that the gas breakdown in Bessel beam is dispersed among these maxima. Then, therein optical microdischarges beget nascent centers of the disturbances which quantity k should be about not more than 2425. In the beam cross section such disturbances might be confined by Bessel function

zeroes have, e.g. radius of the function central part, a0, or of one of mentioned above rings, a1, a2, etc. The interferograms in Fig.5 has strips (fringes) of equal inclination. A shift of a strip is proportional to plasma density change . In the window sight of CCD-camera falls 56 strips. Accepting them for the elements of resolution gives 56 values of distribution (x) which, in its turn, describes discrete distribution of function (x) and, in the end, the structure of disturbances in the channel. On bottom left diagram in Fig.5 the bold curve (marked Experiment) presents distribution (x). It has been measured along the line collinear with axis x, but r*/R=1/2 distant from it. Values of x and are scaled by h, the distance between the neighbouring strips, and N=x/h is the strip number. The spectrum (bold curve on right bottom diagram of Fig.5.) is given as ratio to its maximum, just the same as all the other functions in Fig.5, frequency is in pulsations per the strip step. The problem consists in determination of dimensions of the microdischarges and their location along the axis . Developed model can be used for the purpose. However, it is necessary to look for initial parameters of using properties of pulsations known from experimental measurements. This implies the inverse problem which can be solved, in this case, by means of sorting out answers with varying initial parameter sets for the disturbances. In addition to that, there are some distinctions in conditions of process development. In searching the plasma channel we deal with the process at unsteady stage, when the very first waves are just creating the channel. It means

412

Fig.5. Density pulsations in plasma channel

there is no need to take into account reflected waves, and hence the structure can be characterized by parameter T=1. In former model parameters pr were placed at the walls, whereas in plasma channel the disturbances arise at the axis of cylinder. So, the process geometry can generally be described with two parameters - axial, x, and radial, r, (scaled by channel radius R). On the other hand, the picture of the strip shifts appear as a achordwise average of the cylindrical channel. For the chord at the level of r*=1/2 a point y of integration runs the path from r*tg to r*tg, where is azimuthal angle. The summing over the length y of the chord has to include all the disturbances that arise at points px [x1,x2] during laser radiation pulse, t0, in the moments of pt. The properties of Bessel beam allow to compile alternative conditions for initial parameters. One of the alternatives is given in list (12). Therein equable sequence px and three versions of radius a meaning are assumed.. Also, it is accepted that the disturbances appear in random sequence pt within halfwidth of laser pulse of t0=0.4, which is expressed in scale of the channel lifetime, 250ps.

= 0.063, 0.145, 0.227 f(r)=1; k=25;

{x1,x2; y1,y2}={1;56;0;0.5tan[ /3]};

T=1; t0=0.4; =1; m=11; Q=1; q=0; =0

(12)

Apart from previously mentioned data, there are indicated in the list: function kind of parameter distribution in microdischarge f(r), total quantity of disturbances k (taking into account effects at the channel ends for T=1), dimensions of the channel under investigation {x1,x2; y1,y2}, duration of structure development T, duration t0 of heating radiation, the radiation active part , quantity of elements of summing up along half of the chord m, displacement Q of sequence px as a whole system, range q of random deviations of coordinates px in the case of breaking their strong periodicity, and the range of delay difference in moments pt at different parts of sequence px. Results of the calculations for density fluctuations are shown in graphics of Fig.5 on the left, and the related spectra are on the right. Comparison of experimental and theoretical data on the pulsation structures reveals, it is only the case of

413

=0.145 which ratings look like the measured ones. Indeed, the structure scale of pulsations for =0.063 is too small to outline the data measured, whereas in case of =0.227 the scale is found to be too large. In connection with the result new computations have been made for =0.145 model to define more precisely some parameters in list (12). There were varied this time: kind of function total f(r), total quantity of disturbances k, duration of heating radiation being effective , the displacement Q of the whole sequence px with regard to CCDcamera matrix, the range of random deviation q at various point of sequence px. Bessel beam wave front runs all the channel length during about t=0.01 (less than 2ps), that is why delay was not available. As a result the best accordance with measurements was achieved with the parameter values that follow: =0.145; k=25; t=0.2; Q=0,17; q=0; f(r)=1. As the data say, the disturbances appear within second ring of Bessel function(radius 3m) during laser pulse which real efficiency is restricted by =0.2 (i.e. 50ps instead of 100ps). Microdischarges situate regularly, the period being equal 21m , and deviations from the periodicity do not exceed several percents.

Conclusion

For steady turbulent flow the hydrodynamic parameters are integral values which magnitudes do not depend on time. So that their distributions correspond to the solution of stationary hydrodynamic equation system. On the contrary, pulsations remain explicit functions of time in any case. In relation to the pulsations the steady state of turbulent flow denotes only the dynamic equilibrium. As it has been shown, that parameter pulsations can be interpreted on the basis of linear propagation of spherical wave layers and their superposition. The waves origin as disturbances at a channel walls in the process of vortex formation and the wave reflections as well.
References

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Landau L.D., Lifsjitz E.M. Course of Theor. Physics. V.6. Pergamon Press, N-Y. 1987. Pyatnitsky L.N. Sov.Phys. JETF. (Am. Inst. of Phys.). V.86, pp.107-114 (1998)]. Pyatnitsky L.N. Sov.Phys. JETF. (Am. Inst. of Phys.). V.92, pp.576-593 (2001). Pyatnitsky L.N., Physics of Vibrations (Moscow). V.8, pp.185-207 (2000)] Clark R.,. Milchberg H.M. Phys. Rev. E. V.57, pp.3417-3423 (1998). Andreev N.E., Aristov Yu.A., Polonsky L.Ya., Pyatnitsky L.N. Sov.Phys. JETF. (Am.Inst. of Phys.). V.73 (6), pp.969-975 (1991).

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