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ONE WARDE ANSWERS Normal size of Control room building is 40 *30mts Normal area required for the S/S

is 800 * 600mts D G set Capacity for substation is 250 KVA Substation Land level must be 300 mm above the Ground level (HFL) Space required for one bay 75 *27mts Substation bearing capacity is more than 10 ton / m^2 Width of single and double line road is 3.75mts and 7.0mts Height of boundary wall is 2.5 mts-3.5mts Width of bay is 27mts Gantry height of 400 kV is 15mts + 8.5mts peak Gantry height of 220kv is 10mts +5.5 mts peak Gantry to gantry 21mts Distance between bays 21mts 400kv ph: -ph clearance 7mts 22 0kv ph-ph clearance 4mts Clearance in S/S 400kv 220kv Ph to earth 3.5m Ph to ph 7m 4.5m Bus to Bus 10m Bus Bar height 8m Bus Bar ph to ph 7m Bus Bar size 4 inch IPS Creep age distance of 400kv AC bushing is 10500mm Dia of earth mat rod is 40mm (400, 220kv) Dia of earth mat rod is 32mm (132kv) Earth flat size is 75 *12mm Earth mat should buried 600mm below the ground level Station Earth resistance max 0.5 ohms Height of the lightning mask is 47mts spike length is 3mts Switching impulse is 250 microsecond / 250 m sec. Leakage of (GIS) SF6 of each compartment should be less than 1%. Mineral insulating oil-type-paraffinic Transformer oil must have minimum Flash point 140 Conservator air cell is made for Nitral rubber In ICT internal fault is make due to over heating and sudden switching surge NGR is Petersonl oil MVAR flow should not from one voltage level to the other voltage level TSE - thyristor switching capacitors TCR thyrestor controlled reactors VTS Voltage Transformer Supervision RLDC is doing only central sector scheduling ,

A B T : Availability Based Tariff : S R Introduced 01.01.03 A B T :- A B T has been so so effective in improving the Grid Discipline and operation. It is heartening to note that Commercial and Economic forces even in India shows that results can be obtained from Sensible and relatively simple measures . RELIABILITY 1. Two 220v Battery set 2. Two 48v Battery set 3. Main 1 , Main 2 protection 4. One and Half Breaker System 5. Bus 1 ,and Bus 2 6. Shunt Reactor 7. 400/220 kv Auto Transformer 8. Fault Locator Objectives of grid managements system frequency, voltage, loading, security system reliability, Grid discipline merit order of breakdown. EVENT LOGGER FAULT LOCATER To record the event in the system To measured the fault distance in the line

DISTURBANCE RECORDER To record the disturbance in the system To identify voltage current of pre or post condition Having 8 Analog channel and 16 Digital channel BUS BAR protection protection is Operated LBB or BFR relay) . LBB relay.186 . sec LBB operate. At . TAN DELTA the (Test purpose) CIRCUITE BREAKER . P I R ( 400 ohms ) In time of un balancing current or voltage the bus bar Any fault condition Breaker trip command via 186 (trip Breaker failure relay simultaneously command will not operate the breaker. after 200 ml the time BUSBAR section dead Indication of quality and healthiness of the insulation in bushing or Equipments (0.007 at 20c It is ON load device. Contact resistance end to end 150 . micro ohms Switching automatic interruption Are reduce the switching surge over voltage

to close 8 to 10 mille seconds before the main contact GRADING CAPACITOR S F- 6 ISOLATOR Uniform voltage distribution on service

Very ideal for Arc quenching 6kg/cm^2 It is electro negative and 5 times heavier than air Disconnect under no load condition for safety insulation and Maintenance work, center brake type, con.resistance max 300 ohms

EARTH SWITCH -To discharge the voltage on dead line. To earth contact resistance 300 micro ohms CVT control * Stepping down the voltage ,monitoring for metering, protection and *They consist of coupling capacitor Made from di-electric impregnated paper * Coupling capacitors are used for the PLCC C V T use CT LA . To measured the voltage Inputs to Relays / protection For of PLCC Step down the current for measurement, controls, and protection. Having 5 cores High voltage surge to ground without affect to substation equipments 1 Gapped L A, 2 Gapless L A Rated voltage 360kv,CGL 390KV Made for Zinc Oxide conductor

SURGE ARRESTER Diverting the high voltage surges to earth and protect the insulation Surge Monitor unit In between the LA and Earth WAVE TRAP substation Only allowed power frequency LCR 20 to 2000kz Carrier Frequency SHUNT REACTOR : -Will control the dynamic over voltage To compensate shunt capacitance of T/L either switched or un . switched Control over voltage under abnormal conditions of system Trapping Carrier frequency Wave trap are providing between the line and power station Is a inductive device, to avoid carrier frequency entering the

Take care of switching transients

SHUNT REACTOR . . lamination .

Rated power 50 MVAR (Mega Volt Reactive VAR) Gapped core construction, gapped core between air gaps are molded in Epoxy resin to prevent movement between individual Core segments are radial laminated configuration, to prevent fringing flux Five limbed core construction has been adopted Tan delta 0.00158, Capacitance 44680, IR value 1000 M ohms To limit the earth fault current it is connected neutral point of Established Current to trap at the Neutral Point of the N G R I R value primary to earth is 900m ohm Tan delta value 0.00310,capacitance 310 pf (Pico farode)

NGR S.R

SIL .

Surge impedance load to limit theTL at reactive VAR absorbed by Line equals the capacitive VAR supplied by the line

LIGHTNING MASK Lightning mask protect the substation area covered in 30 Height 45 mts Spike 3 mts BLOCKING OF AUTO RECLOSE . fail, . RTU (equipment) . . . . . PLCC HVDC link LBB, Reactor protection, over voltage, Bus bar protection, . Z2 to, Z3 of distance protection circuit breaker problem, carrier receipt of direct trip

Remote terminal unit-Analog (parameter) &Digital Datas From RTU is transmitted to the nearest sub LDC Trough Two different Generating station or to link with Asynchronous System Hydro + Thermal

Types of filter in HVDC: . 1. Single frequency tuned filter, . 2nd order broad bond damped filter 3rd order broad bond damped filter, C type broad bond damped filter Corona ring To make electrical field around the live part uniform resulting in electrical stress on insulators and hardware

Arcing horn Frantic effect due .. Objectives of Grid Management

Divert the arc under flash over away from insulator string In TL receiving end voltage is higher than sending end voltage, to the capacitive effect of line at lightly loaded on no load case : System frequency, System voltage, Line loading System security, System reliability, Grid discipline, Merit order of b

Advantages of Fiber Optic Cable : -Small size, flexibility, easy of handling, Immunity to Electromagnet . Interference, High bandwidth as the frequency, cross talks between Cables is . .. . impossible , Unaffected lightning and electric shock, . . Immunity To nuclear radiation, No frequency clearance is required, not easy to Tap, Direct digital . transmission is possible Touch potential other Step potential . Metal spread reason The potential difference between two points on ground surface. . Which Can be simultaneously touched by feet provide highly resistively for working person Minimize hazards of Reptiles To avoid surface area for muddy, and water storage The potential difference between two points. one on the ground Which can simultaneously touch by either end.

Communication advantage :- Highly reliable, Continuously availability, Less capital cost, less maintenance POWER FACTOR Power factor is the ratio of resistive current to that of total current COS Q =Ir / It COUBLING CAPACITOR For carrier communication SHUNT CAPACITOR power STATIC - V A R Power factor improvement during low voltage and low . factor Step less variation of shunt compensation

DISSIPATION FACTOR of . SURGE ARRESTER insulation RANZA

Dissipation Factor is the ratio of resistive current to that capacitive Current following in insulation materials. Tan Q = Ir / Ic Diverting the high voltage surges to earth and protect the

Ranza is first Generation of Numerical relay, it is accuracy memory In the last event ( Z ) Impedance V / I P 10 F A1 B1 L +2 F- fault , L Line length , P monitor digital reading Power factor improved by the Synchronous motor Synchronous admissible for 400kv +or 10% + or 0.5

Synchronous motor Metering Accuracy

Energy Meter Calibration Error Limit + or - 0.25 Line loss 2% Meter error 1% PPM Parts Per Millennium 1/1000000 =0.000001 P S I Power Grid Safety instruction P S I 02 Demarcation of work and testing Areas in substation SEM-Special Energy Meter Electronic Energy Meter with 10 days backup 15 minutes reading

ABT-Availability Based Tariff Grid Discipline start at Jan-2003 Modem Computer messages through the another computer to the way of modem Minimum Ground earth mat resistance should be less then 0.5 ohms Earth mat has been layed at a depth of 600 mm from ground Wave Trap Induction is 0.5 M H Coupling capacitor capacity 4400pf or 8800pf Impedance matching of line and HF filter is close by coupling device MVAR generated by 400kv line is 0.55 MVAR/km Capacity of tertiary winding is 105MVA ( 3rd Harmonic ) Impedance of shunt Reactor approx 3200 ohms SF6 Due point should be less then -15 SF 6 Arc quenching medium at a low and Auto pneumatically controlled pressure In 400kv switching surge without PIR is 4.6pu and with PIR is 2.3 Pu Breaker main contact material is silver coated copper Duty cycle of 400kv Breaker is O-0.3 CO (sec) 3 minute C Now a day up to 210 km P40, PIR is required Pole Discrepancy not more than 3.33 ms Between Two pole breaks should be less than 2.5ms Breaker impulse withstand 1425 + 245 kvp Rated breaking current 40KA Rated making current peak 100KA Voltage distribution 4% Operating rod of CB is made of polytetra fluro ethylene (PTFE) Operating rod of ABB CB is 200 mm, CGL-270MM Circuit Breaker (400kv) closing time maximum 150ms Circuit Breaker (220kv) closing time maximum 200ms Circuit Breaker (400kv) Tripping time maximum 25ms Circuit Breaker (220kv) Tripping time maximum 35ms 250 km PIR not necessary Bus Isolator All the Inter locks linked dont bypass The maximum fault level in 400kv System 40 kA / 1 sec The Dead Time of 400kv system is 0.3sec (300ms) Normal Rating current of 400kv Equipment 2000 / 3150 A The charging reactive power for 100km is about 120 MVAR Contact resistance of interrupter is 50 75 micro ohm Value of breaker grading capacitor is 500 PF LA non linear (zin.o) resistor is using when voltage increase resistance is decrease Silicon grease is applied on the busing to avoid flash over due to deposit old dust, other . Particles Value of PIR is 400 ohms (8 to 10 mille sec- before close the main contact) Maximum value of contact rsistance of breaker is 150 micro ohms (75 +75)

In 400kv BIL (lightning impulse) is 1425 kvp, Switching impulse 1050kvp Surge impedance loading for 420 kv system is 550 MW Power Frequency with stand voltage 630kv rms Switching impulse level for 400kv equipment 1050kv peak Insulation level of Transformer 1300kv Insulation level of Breaker and other Equipment 1425kvp Lighting with standing capacity 1550kvp Condition monitoring of transformers DGA, C+TAN DELTA, FRA, Exciting magnetization, Current test, IR value, Ratio test, winding resistance Basic impedance level in 400kv is 1425kvp Switching impedance in 400kv is1050kvp Lightning impulse with stand voltage 1550 kv peak Transformer Bushing insulation level 1050kv peak Power frequency 630kv rms Rating of surge arrestor in 400kv is 390 kV for 10 sec NGR is petersonl oil Power line impedance is 0.3-0.4 ohm /km Normal flux density transformer is less than< 1.2 web Accuracy of fault locator is 3% Operating time of bus bar protection is 1 cycle Conservator air cell is made for neutral rubber Transformer oil has minimum flash point 140 dig. Transformer oil is mainly used for 1-insulation , 2-coolent. Transformer oil - Paraffinic and Nephthenic. Transformer oil is undergoes Electrical and Thermal Stresses inside Transformer oil In case of problem in the transformer, Insulating Oil gets decomposed . and various gases like Hydrogen , Hydro carbon are Generated and Solid . Insulation Generate Co,& Co2 Transformer Bushing for 400kv 245kv Rated current 1250 A Insulation level 1050 kvp Power frequency 460 Value of the damping resistance in CVTis 13 ohms and 23 ohms EHV grade transformer oil having minimum BDV 60kv with 2.5mm electrode gape Line matching unit is part of the PLCC equipment PIR are reduce the switching surge over voltage Breaker puffer pressure is 17 kg /cm Normal life of on transformer is 25years Condition monitoring of C B: --DCRM, Breaker timings, Capacitance &Tan delta of grading Capacitors, Due point of SF6 gas PIR closing is 8 to 10 mille sec In ICT-OLTC tap changer is change in voltage; 1.25 % of voltage 17 steps

Auto Transformer Tapping - +10% tapping HV Transformer Territory winding for suppressing the Third Harmonic PRD pressure 10 psi alarm (Pound per square inch) Normal insulating oil drum capacity 209 lit Before filling oil in transformer under the vacuum pressure <1m bar for 36 hours Temperature of oil during filling to transformer is 70c through bottom Bucholz relay ( Gas operated relay ) will operate if oil flow is more than 1m / sec Capacity of territory transformer (33kv / 440 v). 1 MVA Smoke detector are ionization type and photoelectric type Fault current in 132kv is 31ka In switchyard during erecting CT-P2 must be towards bus bar Life span of S/S is 30 years Current setting of stub protection is 1 Amps / 0.3 sec Generation in Neyveli is 210 x 7= 1470MW Total plan of fiber optic cable is 14000km connecting 56 cities Communication systems available in power grid PLCC, Microwave, fiber optic cable Router is using to communicate to the other station Digital signal cant transmit for long distance therefore repeaters are provided TCP / IP transmission control protocol / Internet protocol HVDC 500MW conversion 300 MVAR will consume at both ends H V D C Power Loss = 4 % only D.C Line :Regulate have much of power sent to use TSC-Thyrestor Switching Capacitor, TCR-Thyrestor Controlled Reactor Synchronizing is 90% of system voltage in both sides Current carrying of Bersimis conductor is 950A MVAR Generated by 400kv line is 0.55MVAR / KM MVAR flow should not from one voltage to the other voltage level 100 MW generators can generate 60 MVAR and it can absorb 50 MVAR No Reactor 110km to 130km long T / L is Generated only 60 to 70 MVAR 50 MVAR Reactor will be provided at receiving end if the line length is 150km to200km 2 Nos of 50 MVAR Reactor will be provided at both end if the line length is 200km to250km 2 Nos of 63 MVAR Reactor will be provided at both end if the line length is 300km long Shunt reactor will reduced voltage and reduce arcing across Breaker during Auto Reclosing. Reactor Capacitance 446.80PF,Tan delta 0.00158,I.R value 1000M.ohms Shunt reactor Vibration level 200 Microns Peak to Peak Shunt reactor Noise Level 81 lb Shunt reactor Bushing 420kv-/ 1000 Amps Shunt reactor Tan delta of Bushing Should not be more than 0.007 The Resistance of the Shunt reactor in normally Less than 1 ohms

NGR rated power 3.0 MVAR NGR System voltage 145kv class NGR Rated Impedance 561 ohms NGR HV bushing 145kv NGR Neutral bushing 36kv NGR To Limit the Earth Fault current Capacitance 310 PF,Tan delta 0.00310,I.R value Primary to Earth 900M.ohms Nuclear power station will trip at a frequency of 51.5 Hz N G R Tan delta 0.00310, Capacitance 310 PF Conservator Bladder Material Mitrile Rubber C V T-Each stag 132 kV C V T-Rated secondary voltage 110 V 3 Brea down voltage (KV) 60 KV for 2.5mm gap Water content PPM = 30 PPM Short time thermal current 40 KA/ 1Sec Dynamic peak current 100 KA C T un used secondary core (terminals) should be short C T secondary winding resistance minimum (500v megger) 50 M ohms Dew point limit of SF6 IN -35 at normal -26 during O&M. Dissipation Factor = Reactive current (To detect weakness in HV insulation) Capacitive current Dissipation Factor - Ratio of resistive current to that of Capacitive current Tan Delta = Ir / Ic (Ir-resistive current) (Ic-capacitive current) Power factor = COS 0 = Ir / It Power factor - The Ratio of Resistive current that of Total current Tan Delta should not be more than 0.007 at 20c OPGW- Maintenance-SRLDC, NRLDC, ULDC, CC-Engineering , CC-OS Size of Copper Earth 95 sq mm copper main Earth 35 sq mm copper Additional Earth Safety Clearance Ladder & Stick 400kv 230kv MVAR 3.1 meters 2.4 meters = Active power Reactive power

VRM Voltage Recording Meter FRM Frequency Recording Meter P P M Parts per millennium 1 / 1000000 =0.000001 Availability calculation Total NO of Lines in operation 40 Total NO of Days in month (January) 31days Total NO of Hours in a Day 24 hours Total Actual Time = No of line X No of days X No of Hours Total Outage Attributable to Power Grid Include AMP + Fault tripping + Mal operation + Breakdown (71.63hrs) Percentage of Availability -% of ABT = Total Actual Time Outages X 100 Total Actual Time UST GST Ungrounded Specimen Test Grounded Specimen Test Generally measured using sharing bridge (or) Ratio Arm Bridge Thalcher Kolar Line length is 1400 Commissioning on 14.12.03 A C PLANT Chennai, Selam centralized compressor capacity 50 tone each Trichy 3.75 tone x 2 9 (Freon gas-R 22 ,R 12 ) O&M Expenses 1% on capital cost SOS As and When Required Voltage Control 400 kv system 220kv system Frequency Control 360---400---420 200---220---245 49.0 Hz---50.5 Hz

Gateway of Telecom 3 places ,Mumbai ,Channai ,Kochi R L D C has 5 centers. E-W-Mumbai, N-Delhi ,S-Bangalur, NE-Shillong Grid code: -Standard List of Element Outage Categories PUNCOM :-Every 10 second DATA updated Microwave Tower :- Receive and Repeated station SCADA :- Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition OPGC :- Optic fiber Geopical Cabling

Kudankulam Atomic Power station:- Aim AT 2000mw by Russian collaboration Each Reactor consist of 1000 MW :-Thrunelveli,Udumelpet,Kochi,Edaman,Thruvandr um If the Neutral is not Grounded 1. The Capacitance current in the healthy phase increases to V3 Times the normal value 2. The Capacitance current in the faulty phase become 3 times the normal value 3. Healthy feeders are taken to Line to Line Need for Grounding the Neutral is 1. Protective scheme can be used to disconnect the fault 2. Arching Ground is eliminated

FIRE FIGHTING PUMP HOUSE Jacky pump ,Compressor Auto start and Auto stop Hydrant pump , Emulsifier pump Auto start and Manual stop FFP house water storage tank capacity 300M^3 Storage tank capacity 450 M^3 Hydropnematic tank capacity 18 M^3 Hydrant points must be at a distance of 60Mts Diesel Engine - Kirlosker Cummins Rated - BHP 155 / 2100rpm Pump Capacity - 410 m^3 / hour (Becon) Emulsifier pump B&C/L make - Delta Star connection ,132 kw / 180 HP, 213 A ,2960rpm Becon make - BHP 410 m^3 / hour Hydrant pump B&C / L make - Delta connection ,37 kw / 50 HP, 63 A ,2920rpm Becon make - BHP 80 m^3 / hour Jockey pump - B&C / L make - Delta connection ,11 kw / 15 HP, 20 A ,2900rpm Becon make - BHP 32 m^3 / hour Compressor Star connection 1.5kw / 2 HP , 3.4 A 1405rpm

Non-Return Valve KOLES 250mm inlet Hydrant point - 16 points having Co2 - 15 nos Dry Chemical Powder (DCP) 40 nos Heat detector (Quartozoid bulb) burst at above 79c A C PLANT Freon gas F22 Grade Compressor oil grade Freezol 68 USV Un loading Solenoid Valve A C Plant Compressor 3.5 ton

LIGHTNINIG ARRESTER To safe yard Equipment for Lightning Surges Incase of High Voltage Resistance will decrease Gapped L A Gapless LA Silver Carbide Mare ELPRO Ratting Current 10 KA Ratting Voltage 360 KV Maximum Spark Voltage 870 kv / 1.25 micro sec Maximum Spark Voltage 1125 kv / 1.25 micro sec

CIRCUIT BREAKER Automatic Switching during normal or abnormal condition 1 Breaker System Three Breaker used in Two Feeder Advantage 1 Fault one Breaker or Bus or Line will not Interruption to the System 2 Addition of Circuits to the System is possible. Grading Capacitors : Uniform voltage Distribution on service P I R : 400 ohms before closing 8 to 10 mille second from Main contacts Hydraulic operated : N2 Gas Accumulator is used for Arc Interruption : 1 High Resistance 2 Current Zero Resistance

CB Annual maintenance Timing test pole to pole difference 3.5 ms Grading Capacitor Tan delta (UST) I R value 5kv megger Insulation Resistance 500v megger Operating Times Static Contact Resistance Dynamic Contact Resistance Measurement (DCRM) Tan delta & Capacitance of Grading Capacitance Due point of SF6

DCRM Dynamic Contact Resistance Measurement test - Current , Resistance ,Traveling speed - Open , Close , Close open time - Set Amplitude 36 for opening - In this test identify Main Contact if any damage - Current inject 100 A - 400KV breaker 2000 micro ohms set - sampling speed set 10kilo cycle - check for stroke length of CB - check for over travel or over shut - check for default travel - check for Travel measurement - check for Velocity measurement - velocity = Distance Time

Operating rod ABB 200mm Operating rod CGL 270mm Pole Discrepancy Test difference 2.5 ms Trip coil 1 , Trip coil 2 15 to 20 ohm Difference between Main contact and PIR contact Ducter value (contact Resistance) Dew point test (-35) press two time for purging and test last value ABB SF 6 Circuit Breaker Breaker has supporting insulators,PIR , main contact, Grading Capacitors. Operating pressure - Fully Pneumatic system Pressure maintain 31.5 kg /cm 2 Closing time 100 to 120ms Tripping time 18 to 22ms SF-6 General Lock out 5.6 bar SF-6 Alarm 5.8 bar SF-6 Operating Pressure 7.5 / bar 20 c PIR Pre Insertion Resistance 400 ohms ,it is contact 8 to 10 ms before the main contact Grading Capacitors 500 Uniformly distributed the voltage operation Due point (SF-6) -27 Duty cycle O 0.3sec CO ABB Closing & Tripping coil Resistance 15 to 20 ohms Trip & Closing coil - 15 to 20 ohms

Breaker Contact Resistance 150 micro ohms end to end Operating Rod - 200mm 63A 63T 63C 63S PD 27.6 - Annunciation - Trip - Close - Start and Stop - Pole Discrepancy SF 6 Pressure

Pressure setting AIR Pressure

Dynamic Contact Resistance Three Years Once Tan delta & Capacitance Three Years Once In ABB Breaker occur problem in Trichy Magnetic ventle fail, Drive mechanism Oring fail , actuated ring damage

220 KV BREAKER TCO TOC ABB BHEL CGL NGEL BHEL BREAKER Accumulator oil Operating Hydraulic pressure ON OFF Air Lock out Closing lock out General Lock out SF6 Opening time Closing time Pole discrepancy Between pole PIR Closing coil

- 50 ms - 200 ms -35 -36 -35 -36 Aero shell fluid 4 / 21 lit Electro magnetic, Hydraulic pressure 32.5 normal 31.3 32.5 30.5 27.3 25.3 6.0Kg / cm2 <20ms <150ms 2.5ms 3.3ms 8 to 12ms 126 ohms

Opening coil Opening Closing CGL BREAKER Opening Closing Operating pressure SF-6 Pressure Operating time Closing time Between pole Auto re close lock out Air pressure low alarm Low pressure lock out Resistance of closing coil Resistance of closing coil PIR time A B C B Breaker Operating pressure SF-6 Pressure Operating time Closing time Between pole Auto re close lock out Air pressure low alarm Closing lock out Tripping lock out Resistance of closing coil Resistance of closing coil

80 ohms Pneumatic Spring system pneumatic pressure spring system 15.5 kg / cm2 6.0 kg / cm2 < 20 milli sec. <150milli sec. 3.5-milli sec 13.5 kg / cm2 13.2 kg cm2 13.0 kg / cm2 126 ohms 80 ohms 8 to 12 ms - Operation fully Pneumatic System 31 kg / cm2 6.0 kg / cm2 < 20 milli sec. <53milli sec. 3.5-milli sec 31 kg / cm2 28 kg cm2 27.8 kg / cm2 27.0kg / cm2 56 ohms 56 ohms

WT = = LMU BT PLCC

BATTERY Momenting current withstands the long period. Used for protection, PLCC, Auxiliary supplies, triping & closing coil supplies Emergency lighting Safety Materials Soda Solution Apron , Gaggle , Fresh water arrangement Purpose for Neutralization of Acid Acid proof Black paint coated Acid proof Floor Tails Acid and De Mineralized water marked and keep it separate . room

. CELLS

Station Batteries are Led Acid Cells No of positive plates ( Anode ) = X No of Negative plates( Cathode) = X+1 Charged plates Positive ( Anode ) Brown Negative plates Negative( Cathode) Gray

Charging is Discharging is Electrolysis chemical . Compelled Charging . Station Batteries are +Ve plate --Ve plate Separators Electrolyte

Electrolysis. Galanism Electrolysis is the conversion of Electric energy in to Energy in Electrolysis Where by reaction are DC potential is applied the positive electrode attracts the . . negative sulphate Iron LED ACID CELL Led peroxide Spongy Led

Micro process P V C / Sintered Sulphuric Acid H2SO4 35%Acid 65% D. M. Water Specific Gravity (Normal) 1200 Fully charged condition 1210

IN 220 V Battery Capacity Boost voltage Fully charged Float voltage Discharge cell Curative discharge Discharge current Boost +ve terminal IN 48 V Battery Capacity Float voltage Boost voltage Boost +ve terminal % Of Battery Capacity

300 AH 283.0v 2.65 v each 2.16 v each 235.5v 2.16v each 1.8 v each ones in year 30A X 10 hours 88th cell 300 AH 51.8 v 2.16 v each 63.5 v 2.65 v each 20th cell

Discharge current X Hour X 100 Ampere Hour (300 AH) E.g. 29 A X 9 Hours X 100 = 87 % = 300 AH

Half Yearly - Earth Fault Relay check Yearly - All Battery check Charger Transformer winding 50 M.ohm Curative Discharge Maintanance Three years once To discharge at 1.8v CELLS 1. Series current I : n E R + nr 2. Parallel current I : E R+r/n 3. Series & Parallel I : nE
R+ nr / m

amps amps amps

LINES Cost of variation Tower 30 35 % Cost of variation conductor 35 40 % Cost of variation Installation, Earthing 25 30 % Cost of variation Insulator 45% Cost of variation Hardware 23% Moose conductor Moose sectional area Moose mass per 1Mts length DC resistance Moose minimum tensile strength All aluminum alloy conductor (AAAC) ACSR . AAAC Diameter of conductor AAAC approx. Wt 61---54 / 3.53 + 7 / 3.53 31.77mm 2.004kg 0.05552 ohms / km 161.2Kn 61 / 3.53mm Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced 75 54 Al-3.53mm / 7 Steel-3.53mm 31.95mm 1.666kg per mts

Earth wire Copper bond IEC IN 400 KV No of insulator in V string No of insulator in Pilot string Double Single suspension Suspension Single tension Double tension ACSR Moos conductor impudence DC resistance Double tension insulator Long rod insulator are made of Railway crossing, river crossing IN 220 KV Single suspension Pilot Double suspension Single tension Double tension Insulator creepage distance

7 / 3.66mm steel Dia 10.98mm suspension 1, tension - 2 Industrial electro technical commission 2 x 23 (120kn) HVDC 38 23 1 x 23 (120kn)(3.85mts-length) 2 x 24 1 x 24 2 x 23 (160 kn)(4.11mts-length) 0.345 ohms / km 2.5 ohms / km 2*23 no 160kn electro porcelain 24 insulators 13 or 14 / 70kn 13 or 14 / 70kn 2 x 14 / 70kn 14 or 15 /120kn 2 x 15 / 120kn 292mm

Distance between subs conductor (spacer) 450mm (45cm) Maximum load on the conductor is 70 % of UTS ACSR PANTHER 110 / 132kv 30stans / 3mm+ 7 / 3mm ACSR ZEEBRA 220 / 220kv 54 /3.18mm+ 7 / 3.18mm ACSR MOOSE 400kv-54 / 3.53mm + 7 / 3.53mm ACSR BUSIMIS 800 KV-AC, 500 KV-HVDC EARTH wire 7 / 3.66mm INSULATOR Disc 255 mm dia 120 KN mechanical strength Typical corona extinction level in 400kv is 320kv Shielding angle Shielding angle Shielding angle Shielding angle Shielding angle Shielding angle for river crossing tower Pollution level minimum creepage light 132kv / 30 220kv / 30 400kv / 20 500kv HVDC 10 800KV 20 10 16mm / kV

Pollution level minimum creepage medium 20mm / kV Pollution level minimum creepage heavy 25mm / kV Pollution level minimum creepage very heavy 31mm /kV AC line insulator standard disc DC line insulator antifog disc type Tower earthing Pipe earthing Pipe earthing (in soft soil) Counter pies earthing for radial direction Earth value (max) Railway crossing, river crossing Self supporting tower Transposition tower Height of tower single circuit Height of tower double circuit Max sag allowed Railway clearance Telecom clearance Mid span joint G S pipe 25mm dia and 3060 mm length G S pipe 25mm dia and 2.50mts length 15-meter earth wire buried 1meter depth 8 to 10 ohms double earthing D type tower C type tower 30mts 45mts 12.47mts 19.3mts, 18mts(220kv) 4.5mts 30 meter away from the tower

TOWER A - Self supporting towers B Conventional guyed towers C Chaintle guyed towers Type of Tower S/C D/C A DA Type Tower 0 to 2 degree B DB Type Tower 2 to 15 degree C DC Type Tower 15 to 30 degree (Transposition Tower) D DD Type Tower 30 to 60 degree Transposition tower Single circuit C type Double circuit DC type Tension tower

0 degree - Sectional tower 2 to 15 degree 15 to 30 degree 30 to 60 degree - Dead end tower Dead end , River end - Anchor Tower - DD type 45 Single Pilot Above 45 Double Pilot Foundation Foundation Depth 3.01 meter 1. Normal dry 2. Wet 3. Partially submerged 4. Fully submerged 5. Dry fissured rock 6. Wet fissured rock 7. Hard rock foundation 8. Block cotton soil Required Squire Area A type 36 Sq m B type 56 Sq m C type 84 Sq m D type 126 Sq m Special Tower Is used at location such as those involving long spans for River crossing ,Valley crossing, Creek crossing , Power line crossing falling on the line route. No of insulators 400kv Dia 255mm Single suspension Pilot V string Double suspension Disc 220 kv 400 kv 800 kv UPSEB -

1 x 23nos 120 KN (255 x 145 mm) 1 x 23 nos 120 kn 2 x 23 nos 90 KN 2 x 24 nos 160 KN (280 x 145 mm)

120kn - 255 X 145 mm 120kn 255 x 145 mm (1 x 23) 160kn 280 x 145 mm (2 x 24) 210kn 280 x 170 mm (2 x 40) , (2 x 35) 300kn - 320 x 195 mm (2 x 29) , (2 x 31)both for suspension & tension

220kv Dia 255mm Single suspension, Pilot Double suspension Single tension Double tension Shielding Angle

13 or 14 / 70 KN 2 x 14 / 70kn 14 or 15 / 120kn 2 x 15 / 160kn

110kv-30 ,220kv-30 ,400kv-20 ,800kv-20 ,+ - 500kv 10 Span Normal 800kv 400kv 220kv Spacer Clearance In EHV lines the clearance above ground shall not be less than 5.2 m + 0.3 m for every 33 KV Single circuit Ph to ph 11mts Double circuit ph to ph 8mts Mid span clearance ph to earth wire 9mts Clearance for 400kv with any other line 6.1mts Tele communication clearance 6.1mts Earth wire to conductor 9.0 mts Railway clearance minimum (400kv) 19.3mts Railway clearance minimum (220kv) 15.4mts Railway clearance minimum (132kv) 14.6mts Railway clearance minimum (66kv) 14.1mts Road Crossing (High Way) 12.7mts Railway crossing must be at an angle of 65*to 90* National High way, State High way 12.70mts 500kv HVDC earth clearance 12.5mts Circuit-To-Circuit 16mts 800kv 15.0 mts 800kv conductor to conductor 15.0 mts Live part to nearest part 400kv 3.1mts 220kv 2.8mts 110kv 1.4mts Minimum ground clearance P & T clearance 8.84 mts 4.88 mts 7.01mts 3.05 mts 6.10mts (132kv) 2.74mts 400mts, 450mts 400mts 335, 350, 375mts 45 centimeters

63kv 33kv

1.0mts 0.8mts

5.49mts 3.70mts

Line to Line 400kv 6.2mts 220kv 4.58mts 132kv 3.05mts vertical clearance for 400kv / 220kv 5.2 mts Right of way ROW Ph to earth

800kv 85mts 12.0mts 500kv HVD 51mts 12.5mts 400kv 52mts 8.842mts 400kv single circuit 48mts 220kv 35mts 7.015mts 132k 27mts 6.1mts 110k 22mts 66k 18mts 5.5mts wind span :- In between two center point of the span either sides of the tower A B C c d Wind span of the tower B = a / 2 + b / 2 a b Weight span of the tower B = c + d Transposition tower :Changing position of the phase conductor at every 1/3 of the line length To equalize Impedance per phase Normally C type DC type tower with 0 degree Wind zone 1=33, 2=39, 3 =44(normal), 4 =47, 5 =50, 6 =55 Wind zone standardization = 35, 45, 50 mt / sec Composite insulators (very light):-Fiber glass rod as core+ silicone ashed material Vibration damper (4R) is damping 4 resonant frequencies Basic wind speed is 44 m / sec Life of tower normal 50 years, HVDC tower 150 years, River crossing 500 years Types of survey Walk our survey, preliminary survey, Detail survey, Check survey Topographical map is 1: 50,000

Line survey 1 cm = 5km Height of the single circuit Tower is 30 mts Height of the double circuit Tower is 45mts Shielding angle of the tower is 20 Maximum height of the tower is 135 meter (N.Sagar-Gooty) Standard tower extension 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 25 mts Tower extension will be fixing at bottom Lug extension 1.5mts, 2.5mts, 3.5mts In normal soil-soil investigation is doing up to 7 mts depth In river crossing soil investigation is doing up to 40 mts depth Tack welding below wrist level in S/ circuit Tack welding below Bottom crass arm level in D/ circuit Maintain sub conductor spacing 6 per 400 mts Repair sleeve more then two stands broken in outer layer Copper bond length 500 mm in length Spacer rod ( retaining rod ) 4 rods for each side Vibration Damper 1) stock bridge Vibration Damper, 2) spacer damper In ERS polymer insulator are used Absorption index megger value of 15sec to 60sec Hot line stick is Fibre Epoxy Insulator materials Alumina, feldspar, Silica Maximum height of tree bellow line 5.5mts Depth of foundation 3.1mts Chimney 1: 1.5 :3 Maximum sag allowed 12.87 mts Power line crossing clearance 6.10mts 500 kv HVDC earth clearance is 12.5mts First HVDC project at AP to MP HVDC 500MW conversion 300 MVAR will consume at both ends H V D C Power Loss = 4 % only D.C Line :Regulate have much of power sent to use TSC-Thyrestor Switching Capacitor, TCR-Thyrestor Controlled Reactor Synchronizing is 90% of system voltage in both sides Current carrying of Bersimis conductor is 950A Thalcher to Kolar line length 1400 km Break even distance in HVDC is 650 700km (Repeated station) HVDC 500MW conversion 300 MVAR will consume at both ends

Dead time of HVDC is 200 msec Right of way (ROW) of HVDC is 46mts 500 kv HVDC Earth clearance 12.5mts Chandrapur HVDC 500 MW Back to Back HVDC Transmission Advantages Required only two conductors Less transmission voltage drop , Better voltage regulation Less Corona loss Less Interference with communication lines and no insatiability of power transmission In HVDC Frequency meter not required Regulate have much of power sent use HVDC use as Assynchronizing G R Ground Return M R Metallic Return Basic wind speed is 44km / sec In ERS polymer insulators or used ERS erection, power grid adopt GINPOLF method ERS supplied by LINPSEY manufacturing company Canada F type towers where angle is >60 in 800kv Maximum height of ERS tower is 78 mts

If the joined of fiber OPGW at 600c OPGW Inter portion consist of Aluminum tube which houses the optical fiber and outer . . portion is Ordinary G I wire and act as Earth wire With out shutdown PID , OPGW , Put non Auto mode Hot line maintenance is hot stick method and bare hand method Hot stick method - Line man work with an insulated stick on the live conductor Bare hand method Line man who does the maintenance job is at the same potential of the . conductor And is totally insulated from the ground by using insulated ladder Bare hand method Clearance for 400kv 7 feet , Clearance for 220kv 5 feet , Tools Glass based Epoxy Resin

Hot line maintenance Change of insulators, Hot line maintenance shunting is doing after 3rd insulator Hot man should not wear any ring, chain, watch, which make cause circulating current Hot line stick EPOXY GLASS 100kv / ft / 5minutes Hot line Insulation Resistance 100kv / ft / 5 minutes Hot line leakage current 14 micro amp / ft Hot line suit Faraday Cage FIBRE 25%,NOMEX 75% (Metaly cotton cloths) Hot line Ladder EPOXY GLASS RESIN Hot stick tester :- Leakage current not less than 30 micro ampere Hot line work should taken Auto recloser shell be in OFF for the line at both end First Hotline bare hand method First Hotline bare hand technique in power Grid and in ... India was Carried out on Salem Bangalure 400kv in 1990 Dress - Mentally Cotton Cloths P P Rope-Poly Propylene Rope Midspan joint should be 30mts away from tower Polymer insulators are using in ERS ERS supplied by LINPSEY manufacturing company in Canada ERS errection, power grid adopt GINPOLE method LILO:- For existing Line divert to connect another substation Thrunelveli: -Multicircuit substation Kanpur :-Unique Sub station Kayankulam :-Unique power substation GAS Insulated substation Thermal power :- Coal ,Fuel , Gas Wind power :-Air Hydro power :-Water Nuclear power :-Uranium Solar Power :-Sun Light Ramagundam , Singarolli :-500 MW Lightning :- 2 x 10*8 volts and : 4 x 10*4 current , 10 5 second Trichy Trichy Trichy Trichy Selam Neyveli II Ney-TS-I Ex Madurai I Madurai II Neyveli I 164.17km 172.26km 130.37km 130.37km 174.9km

Selam Selam Selam Selam Selam

Neyveli II Bangalore Hosur Udumelpet I Udumelpet II

178.7km 181.357km 127.7km 150.5KM 147.6KM

MRT FSK VDU VTS PSB SOTF REF P40 PUR POR J1 , J2, K E Frequency Shift Key Visual Display Unit Voltage Transformer Supervision Power Swing Block Sw bus bar protection scheme itch On Fault Restricted Earth Fault YTG 33 phase selector Permissive Under Reach Permissive Over reach D C Supply C V T Volt

H A L B C D U

A C Supply C T Terminals Event Logger , Annunciation Bus bar protection circuit metering potential free contact

Meter Calibration Error Limit - 0.25 + or Line loss - 2% Meter Error - 1% Considerable Allowed Error - 3% Monitor Equipment DR , EL , Recording Instruments , Fault Locator Ranza Fault Locator Ranza is a Numerical Relay (Digital) Sorel Disturbance Recorder Analog channel 8 ,Digital channel 12 -16 Analog channel C T-1R,2Y,3B,4N CVT 5R,6Y,7B,8N Horizontal line 100ms apart printed Voltage 2 cm - 480v peak to peak Current 2 cm - 10,000 Amp peak to peak 20 db Transmission loss BPL exchange 24 subscriber , 16 Trunk The capital investment of the protective relaying may be order of 3 5 % of the total Cost of substation equipment. Modern static relay capable of sensing fault with in 20ms The dead time of 400kv system is 0.3sec The recline time depends on operation of breaker which is 2.5 sec Station protection Bus Bar, Stub, TEED Type of relay 1)Disc type 2) Magnetic type 3)Digital type -Electromagnetic Digital Electromagnetic static Current operated relay-Normal current flow 180 (over line) Burden of the ct metering core is 40va accuracy 0.5 LBB operating current is 200mA after 200m sec Fault current 130kv is 31kA

Coupling device does impedance matching of line and HF filter Wave trap Available 0.5 Mh , 1.0 Mh , 2 Mh (0.5 Mh) Power swing blocking time for 40m.sec Current setting of stub protection is 2500 MVAR generated by 400kv line is 0.55MVAR / km The transformer differential relay production operate in harmonics exceeds 20% Over fluxing relay (k=V/F) < 2.35 alarm. >2.35 trip 1.25 setting time 50 sec Impedances of shunt reactor is opprox 3200 ohms Shunt reactor backup protection relay set for 70% impedance, time delay 1.5sec P 40 stability angle varies from 30 to 90, depends up on the line length SF 6 due point should be less than - 15 degree C Power equation V1 V2 x sin Q Sin Q is the load angle depends up on X X Bushing C T used for R E F relay CT super vision relay dial setting 1.4 volts Operating time of Bus bar protection is 1 cycle Accuracy of Fault locater is 3% P S B Power Swing Block relay Carrier aided signal through NSD 40 RAZFEE relay tripping time 3ms Auto re close 80% to 90% of the fault in power system or transient in nature Auto re close are employed to successfully restore the system stability Dead time 1 phase auto re close 0.6 sec 3 phase auto re close 0.5 sec Reclaim time = 25 sec Delayed time = 51 sec Rasfee relay tripping time - 3 ms SOTF relay is in service only for 200 m sec at the time of charging Loss in coupling capacitor should be with in 0.5db LMU is for maximum power transfer from carrier equipment to line Zero sequence Impedance of the line = Z Q = 1.064 ohms / km Positive sequence impedance of the line = Z1= 0.0275+0.331 ohms / km

Breaker failure protection 20%of the full load current expected by the CB is not cleared by set time relay operate 50 Hz 100 Hz 150 Hz 1 Harmonic II Harmonic III Harmonic

Fault locator % of fault location = Fault impedance X 100 Line impedance Zone I 80% of the line length and instaneous Trip (<100 ms) Zone II 100% of the protected line + 50% of the Shortest line or - 120% of the protected line length - and tripping time 0.5 sec Zone III-200% of the line length and tripping time 1.5 sec Zone III R-reverse 20% of zone-1 setting Zone I instantaneous tripping Zone II-500milli second time delay Zone III-1500 mille second time delay Zone III R-1500 mille second time delay Characteristic impedance of Line 400 to 600 ohms Surge impedance = V L / V C T burden VA Over fluxing relay working at HV and LV Transformer over load alarm at 110% of full load In differential relay biasing is 30% during through fault operating voltage in line LBB current set is 200mA and time set 200m sec SOTF is issued where primary earthing is not necessary VLCC bandwidth is fore KHz Resolution of SOE is 1m sec(sequence of events) RTU memory 1000 SOE (sequence of events) Voltage transducer input / output 0-132v = 4 20mA Current transducer input / output 0 1.2A = 4 20mA

Analog data transmission is every 10 sec Digital data by exemption every 4 sec RTU is synchronized with GPS (Global positioning system) time and every 15 minutes it . will check and correct RTU Terminal units :-Analog (parameters)&Digital (equipment) Datas from RTU is transmitted to the Nearest sub LDC through PLCC Class I data (digital data) status indication of CB, Isolator Class II data (analog data) V, I, P, Q, F Normally scads scan class II data. If any events occur in class I data will over come and transmit every 4 sec System operation means system monitoring and management During auto reclose NGR reduces secondary arcing current SIL (surge impedance load) it is the theoretical loading limit of TL at reactive VAR absorbed by the line Equals the capacitive VAR supplied by the line 100 MW generators can generate 60 MVAR and it can absorb 50 MVAR For REFbushing C T is using In steady static stability safe load angle is 30 To down load SEM data 486 computers is sufficient (Dos based) Burden of SEM is 0.5 VA / phase Current setting of stub protection is 2500A 0ver fluxing is creating- voltage increasing = voltage Frequency decreasing frequency Over fluxing relay working at HV , LV, Frequency Auto re close is set at 600ms to 1sec Reactor Backup timing 1 sec from 0.5 sec Restraint bias 50% and 30% k>1.11

Instantaneous Tripping relay time is less then 100ms Differential (87R) DTH-31 setting bias 15 Circulating current 400kv main CT+ 400 Tie CT+ 400kv Neutral CT+ .. 87 (all are 1000/1A) REF Is circulated relay VTS Voltage Transformer Supervision Synchronizing - 90% of system voltage &Frequency in both side Carrier Aided signal though NSD 40 PLCC STUB Line protection - 51 ST Over Current Protection STUB LINE PROTECTION- 51 ST (current relay) Normal dial setting current in 1 amp. Timer set 0.3sec. Stub line protection used during the bus shutdown. Fuse Failure Relay 97 RANZA (Fault Locator)- % of the faulty line length will be displayed Fault Locator (Madurai feeder) Type- XTF Ph fault-57P, Earth fault 57N 230kv CT

Transformer Differential Circulating current Differential over current Over load Over fluxing Differential (Bus bar) Shunt reactor Differential Restricted Earth fault Back up Reactor Backup Protection

DTH 31 CAG 34 CDD 41 voltage /frequency =k>1.11 CAG 39 GTTM 22 SBNH 163 CAG 34 CAG 14 YTG 33 87 RC ,RB

Transformer & Reactor Test Transformer , Reactor , Bushing , & Breaker also tested UST mode Transformer , Reactor Winding , ABB - CVT , also tested GST mode Measurement of winding resistance All three phase Jumper removed Magnetic Balance test Magnetizing current test Measurement of polarity and phase relationship Floating Neutral voltage measurement Short circuit test Bucholze relay test IR value Insulation test Tan delta & Capacitance measurement Dissipation Factor COS Q / SIN Q = Tan delta Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Tan delta test.UST mode Tan delta Dissipation Factor 0.007 The rate of change of Dissipation Factor (Tan delta ) 0.001 / year The rate of change of Capacitance value max + or 1% WTI and OTI calibration Auto Reclose 186A,152X,186B 186L / O RYB Auto Reclose Reclaim time 25 sec Dead time 1 sec Dead timer 0.5 sec Timer for Delayed Auto reclose 2.5sec L B B protection 50 zx , 50 zy (2 / 50z Timer) 50 Z L B B protection Timer 2/50z time (plug) setting 0.2 sec Circuit Breaker - Trip Circuit supervision (TC-1) 195RYB Circuit Breaker - Trip Circuit supervision (TC-2) 295RYB Phase Selector 21 RYB VT Fuse Failure Relay 97 STUB Line Blind Zone protection 51-ST STUB Line Blind Zone protection 0.3 sec Carrier Lock Out 85 LO

Reactor Differential protection 87R Reactor Differential protection Setting Bias 30% Reactor Restricted Earth Fault protection 64R Reactor Back up protection 21R (YTG 33) 98R (Timer) Reactor Back up protection - 60% of the Reactor Impedance - Zone 3 = 1.25 sec Differential Over Current Protection (67 AX,BX,CX,NX) Differential Over Current Setting 0.2 Amps Over Fluxing Protection 99 Circulating Current Differential Protection (87) Circulating Current Differential Protection Current setting 0.1 Amps Over Load Protection Current Setting 1Amps Dial Setting - 10 Amps Disturbance recorder Having 8 Analog channels 4 in current & 4 in voltage Having 16 Digital channels-logic-Protection Digital signal cannot transmit for a long distance therefore repeaters are provided Digital signal is faster then Analog signal Minimum 20-25 second time will take to reach a data from RTU station to RLDC Router is using to communicate to the other station TCP / IP-Transmission control protocol ,Internal protocol

PROTECTIVE RELAYING Protective relaying is one of the several features of system design with minimizing damage to the equipments. And interruptions to services when electrical features occur It is sensitively, selectively speed and reliability . Protective relaying is design as minimizing damage to equipment interruptions when electrical features occurs . 1.Over current relay 2.Over voltage relay 100ms 3.Impidance relay - increase 10 %. Current and time relay 10 sec - 110 % for 5 sec (Trichy 4 sec) , 140 % Instantaneous <

4.Frequency relay -49-51.5 5.Diffrential relay - connected between 400KV CT and 220 KV CT 6.REF relay - connected between main stand neutral CT 7.LBB relay 8.Bus Bar relay 9.Over flux relay 10.Distance relay 11.Phase comparison protecting relaying as three group 1.primary relaying =>first line of the defense 2.back up relaying =>functions only when primary relay fail Primary relaying may fail because of failure in any of the following 1. 2. 3. 3. 4. Current or voltage supply to the relays DC tripping voltage supply Protective relaying Tripping circuit Circuit beaker

Protective layers operate 1. Magnetitude voltage, current or both 2. Frequency 3. Phase angle 4. Duration 5. Rate of change of 6. Direction of order of change 7. Harmonies or wave shape

Zone of protection the section that is protected by a set of relays is called the zone of protection Inputs current, voltage, frequency, power input supply carrier input PLCC System voltages are usually transformed from 400kv to 110 volt by CVT Feeder protections 1. Lightning strokes 2. Phase / earth fault 3. Over voltage Representative value of a lightning stroke Voltage =2*10^8 volts Current =4*10^4 amps

Duration 10^-5 sec LAS are provided on the both side of transformer. The mainly used scheme 400kv systems are 1. Distance scheme 2. Phase comparison scheme Distance relay scheme The relay system is made to operate only when the distance of fault point from the Relaying point is with in the relay setting. The relay compares the ratio of voltage and current in the protected feeder. Distance protection (impedance protection)\basically of three types of distance relay 1.Impedence relay, 2. Reactance relay, 3. Admittance mho relay Micro mho typ distance relays have been employed generally on medium And long lines. The relays capable of looking in one direction only towards the fault On the protected feeder section. Micro mho Protection (Main I) distance protection (impedance protection) Fault locator circuit Micro mho protection Line V T Supply ^ To operation depends upon voltage to current ratio. It is compares the fault current seen by the relay and the voltage at the relaying point to drive the distance of the fault . It is designed to operate only for fault Occurring between the fault location and selected reach point . Micro mho (21)-Main-1 protection 186 RYB 186 T (3 Phase) Main I micro mho Main II phase comparison P40 + ZTCM Micro mho relay tripping time - 8ms ZONE OF PROTECTION zone 1 80% of protected length . time delay instantaneous zone 2 100%protected line length + 50% of the shortest time delay 500m. zone 3 200% of protected line =>1500ms zone 4 20% of protected line =>1500ms V.T. SUPERVISION. The voltage transformer Supervision uses drive the NPS components of the line Voltage and line current. An unbalanced fault in the voltage transformer circuit causes NPS voltage above setting without detectable NPS current and cause VTS to operate.

SYNCHRONIZING SCHEME The differences in phase voltage and frequency are with in selected limit before closing - Up two section of a power system. Distance relay by remote end this means slow and un selective tripping and wide spread block out PERMISSIVE UNDER REACH SCHEME For protection of 21 the relay is permissive command to other end On receiving permissive trip command + operation of zone 2 will lead to immediate tripping called aided trip PERMISSIVE OVER REACH In fault on zone 2 at the remote end zone comparator operation along with carrier receive signal give instant tripping with aided trip indication. Code 1 direct trip signal Hand trip, over voltage, Shunt reactor, LBB. Code - 2 Permissive Inter trip signal zone 2 relay operation causes Breaker tripping CARRIER lock Out relay for tripping of an receipt of inter trip signal and at the same time It Lock out carrier SWITCH ON TO FAULT For SOTF action at least one of zone comparator operation is needed additionally SOTF:- Need 3 phases Trip SOTF system detection is activated by using on External breaker closing signal. Time 220 m / s Instantaneous This features is available only when all three pole dead signal is present for a period of 200ms or 110ms under this condition when any of the low set current detector pickup with out voltage detector operation . Three phase tripping with SOTF indication will be initiated. (P- 40) Phase comparison relays schemes (principle relay) Main II Protection Current Operated Relay (current in put relay) Minimum Operating time 10 ms Average Operating time 20 ms Main CT (2000A) + Tie CT (2000A) 78 21 ABC (phase selector relay) This method provides high speed and selective unit type protection.

Comparison of phase angle between two sides communicated to any time phase angle 30 If phase3 angle to change to high so trip command will come The phase comparison relay schemes are generally recommended below 300 KM long line Because the effective of line charging current and alteration of carrier signals. This relay schemes the phase radiation ship between current entering and leaving the protected feeds sections employing the power line carrier communication 1. Comparison of phase angles between two sides communicated to any time phase angle 30 2 .If phase angle to change to high so trip command will be come. When the difference between the phase angle of currents at both end crosses a preset value the line trips To take maintenance inform CPCC for test and also inform other end Put both end to out of service C T wire short and check current ZERO Protection operated test apply current 5,6 7,8 9,10 I 1 - Positive phase sequence Low set , High set I 2 -Negative phase sequence Low set , High set Put dummy Load 75 ohms P 40 (78) Main-2 protection 86 RYB 86 T (3 Phase) Over voltage protection 59RYB (2 / 59 Timer) 86 OV T V / I = Z (Z Distance )

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION RELAY Transformer Differential relay is Unit protection Primary 1000 / 1 for 400kv Secondary 800 / 1 for 220kv The Differential protection provides complete protection for winding and terminal faults The system operate on circulating current principle in CT at each side balance each other An internal fault creates an un balance and operation of relays

DTH 31 used for Two winding transformer used as 0.33 VA phase at rated current 1A DTH 32 used for 3 phase 3 winding transformer used as 0.39 VA per phase at rated currant 1A The relay operates when differential current exceeds 15% relay rated current (fixed ) The bias setting is (adjusting) 30% High set current 10 times of the normal current (normal 1A) Second harmonic content of the differential current exceeds 20% Interposing C Ts are used for ratio correction when ever necessary should be adopted on the -Inter posting CT by connecting them in star / delta. Type of differential relay is used in our substation DTH 31 Harmonic Restraint of Differential relay is turned for 2 nd Harmonic In Transformer Differential relay 400kv main CT and Tie CT 5 th core as used For Through fault Differential relay has to restrain Transformer Differential relay in our substation is Group A protection Differential relay is one that operates when the Vector difference of two or more similar Electrical quantities exceeds a pre determine values PHASE SELECTOR RELAY ( 21 ) Phase Selector Relay is also provided with P-40 for identification faulty phase and also for Auto re close OVER VOLTAGE ( 86 ov ) , (86 ovx) 86 OV Main & Tie Breaker TC-1& TC-2 also LBB of Main & Tie Breaker 86 OVX Remote end trip CH-1,CH-2 ,Auto re close Lock Out of Main & Tie Breaker Time delay 110% for 5 sec Vn 69.85 = 440v (Trichy-4 sec) Instantaneous 140 % < 100 ms instantaneous Vn 88.90v = 560v POWER SWING BLOCK Power swing black will be detected out side of operating zone. More than 40 m/s Power swing block. Less than 40 m / s as fault. Time to enter operating zone from outer zone. BUS BAR PROTECTION Incoming current and out going current are balanced maintain in Bus Bar Protection If any Bus fault the current will be high that time That time Bus Bar Protection operated zone A & zone B

VS = IF (RCT+ 2RL ^2) 86.6V setting = 100v RCT Resistance across CT , RL Load Resistance of conductor All Bus Bar protection are Differential protection, Fast acting Differential relay, Bus Bar protection scheme for 400 kv system is high impedance Circulating Current relay scheme . Bus bar protection relay scheme is the vector sum of the currents Entering and leaving the bus zone is compared. This relay discriminate internal and external faults. Current flowing through Secondaries will be balanced Current will become unbalanced and will cause voltage rise at relay point Then Bus Bar protection operated Fault level in Bus Bar is higher then lines or Transformer High set current which distinguishes between CT open condition or Bus fault condition 2000/1 setting 75v Bus bar protection is stable and free from thro faults. High Impedance un biased differential protection is used for the protection of bus bar. Bus bar main lone and Bus bar check Zone is connected to separate current transformer (C.T)- Cores on all connected breakers accept the bus bar breaker. CT wire supervision VT X 31 CTR 2000 /1 setting 10v Plug setting 75 volts BUS WIRE SUPERVISION Bus wire supervision is provided for alarm and tripping in case of CT wire open Setting 14 v and delay 3 seconds Zone A - All CTs connected Bus I Zone B - All CTs connected Bus II Zone C - All CTs connected Bus I or Bus II Bus wire supervision 14 and delay of 3 seconds LOCAL BREAKER BACK UB PROTECTION (L B B) Line Main CT core 4 (1000 / 1A) 50z Line Tie CT core 4 (1000 / 1A) 2/50z Reactor Bushing CT core 2 (1000 / 1A) Fault Locator

This relay is provided for protection ,in case of Breaker failed 0 Trip during a fault condition the operation of LBB will initiate tripping of other feeder. And Bus feeding to the faulty Breaker There by isolating the faulty Breaker Current (plug) setting 20% of 1Amps Relay with stand twice the rated current continuously 100 times rated current for 1 sec Accuracy + or 10% of the current setting for any fault condition For Feeder Phase 1.2 amps Neutral 0.4 amps Time delay 200 ms For Transformer Phase 0.2 amps Neutral 0.2 amps Time delay 200 ms REACTOR PROTECTION DIFFERENTIAL RPOTECTION Differential protection is working at circulating current principle . The Differential protection relay provide complete protection for winding and terminal fault RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT 64 R Group - B Restricted Earth fault protection is complete winding for Earth fault The Differential protection will not provide protection for fault near the Neutral side Of the winding. If the Earthing in done through Impedance LINE REACTOR BACK UP 21R Group A It may pick up due to non-availability of 110-v supply of CVT and it can be checked operation of this protection IEEE NOTATIONS FOR VARIOUS RELAYS IEEE DEVICE NUMBER TYPES OF RELAY

21 R - Reactor Distance Back Up Relay 21- Phase selector relay 24 - Volts / Hertz relay 25 - Check Synchronize Relay 25 SK 27 - Under Voltage relay 30 - Annunciator relay DTH-31 - Directional protection relay 32 - Directional power relay 37 - Under current relay 40 - Field failure relay P-40 - Phase comparison relay 46N - Negative sequence over current relay 49 machine or transformer thermal relay 50 - Instantaneous over current relay 50Z - LBB Local Breaker Back up relay 51 ST - Stub line protection relay (current test) 51 - AC time over current relay 52A - Circuit Breaker auxiliary switch (normally open) 52B - Circuit Breaker auxiliary switch (normally close) 55 - Power factor relay 59 - Over voltage relay 60 Voltage or current balance relay 64 - Restricted earth fault protective relay 67 - Directional over current relay 67N - Ground directional over current relay 68 - Blocking relay 74 - Alarm relay 76 - DC over current relay 79 - Auto re close relay 81 - Frequency relay 85 - Lock out relay 86 over voltage relay 87 - Differential relay 87 - Circulating current relay 94 - Tripping relay 95 Supervision Relay 95x Zone Bus Wire Shorting Realy 97 - VT fuses fail relay 99 - Over fluxing relay TRANSFORMER PRODUCTION

Transformer : Transforming electrical voltage one stage to another stage for self induction or mutual induction with do not power change Efficiency : 98% DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION RELAY Transformer Differential relay is Unit protection Connected between Main Bushing CT and 220kv CT When differential current exceeds 0.35 amps The Differential protection provides complete protection for winding and terminal faults The system operate on circulating current principle in CT at each side balance each other An internal fault creates an un balance and operation of relays DTH 31 used for Two winding transformer used as 0.33 VA phase at rated current 1A DTH 32 used for 3 phase 3 winding transformer used as 0.39 VA per phase at rated . . . . currant 1A The relay operates when differential current exceeds 15% relay rated current (fixed ) The bias setting is (adjusting) 30% High set current 10 times of the normal current (normal 1A) Second harmonic content of the differential current exceeds 20% Interposing CTs used for ratio correction when ever necessary should be adopted on the -Inter posting CT by connecting them in star / delta. Type of differential relay is used in our substation DTH 31 Harmonic Restraint of Differential relay is turned for 2 nd Harmonic In Transformer Differential relay 400kv main CT and Tie CT 5 th core as used For Through fault Differential relay has to restrain Transformer Differential relay in our substation is Group A protection Differential relay is one that operates when the Vector difference of two or more similar Electrical quantities exceeds a pre determine values TRANSFORMER 400KV BUSHING CT Core 1 500 / 1A - O / C , O / L ,& E / F

Core 2 Core 3

1000 / 1A - Spare 505 / 1.5 - WDG . Temp

TRANSFORMER 220KV BUSHING CT Core 1 Spare Core 2 Differential Over Current , Over Load Protection CIRCULATING CURRENT- CAG 34 Circulating current relay is a unit production working on the circulating current principle Normal condition current flowing through the relay is 0. For any fault zero current will flow through the relay causing instantaneous tripping This relay will operate for phase to phase and phase to earth. Normal setting 0.1amps. OVER FLUX RELAY GTT21 0ver fluxing is creating- voltage increasing = voltage Frequency decreasing frequency k>1.11

Power frequency and voltage causes both an increase in stress on insulation. And working Magnetic flux proportionate increase. System voltage and frequency maintain under 360 to 420, 49 to 51.5. Transformer is applied to the over flux relay which operates if the E / F ratio crosses the setting. When Voltage increase 10% rated value at 50 Hz Setting 2.5v / Hz Alarm 2.25 v / Hx Alarm 3.5 sec RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION Connected between main CT and Neutral CT DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT OIL TEMPERATURE WINDING TEMPERATURE OLTC,&PRD

DISTURBANCE RECORDER Disturbance Recorder is a vital component of EHV feeder protection system. Disturbance Recorder is monitor various system parameters like Voltage, line . Current, System frequency, Various Relay contacts, states the records the parameters in . case of fault Soral has 8 Analog Channels, 16 logic Channels. Normal recording 1 sec post fault, and 0.3 sec free fault It Connected to a Time synchronizing system of getting accurate timing of fault and relay operation EVENT LOGGER (PERM200) Event Logger helps an analyzing a Disturbance by providing the events like Relay operation, Tripping, Healthiness of relay, Auxiliary system etc. And also record of various switching operations carried out. Event Logger - plant status and Alarm status in every 4.00 hours SUBSTATION PROTECTION Bus Bar Protection , L B B , Differential Protection, Circulating Current Lightning Arrester , Lightning Mask Stub Line protection 51 ST (External resistance 3.3 k ohm) Voltage Increasing - Frequency Decreasing Over flux is Creating Fuse failure relay 97

PLCC

PLCC- Frequency allotted by international authorities from 30kHz to 500kHz PLCC Used for communication purpose ,and also used tele metering , tele signaling , tele control , Tele printer , tele protection Data transferring signals etc. - In modern power system communication between Load Dispatching Centers to Generating station - And substation PLCC -Ph to Ph coupling used in PLCC (0 4 kHz) -Channel 1-Speech channels -Channel 2-Protection channel 1 instant telephone speech, protection coupler NSD-60,NSD-61 - Channel 3-Protection channel2 used for CPCC, and all substations for instant communication AF Multi fluxer used for transmitting Voice, Fax, telemetering, Teleprotection signals Speech Channels not used for Telemetering Speech Channels bandwidth can be increased to 300 to 3400 Hz PLCC level adjustment for speech O3EE 12 & 13 Level adjust with Level Oscillator and Level Generator Receive level O3EH10&11 measured and Adjust pot O3EH6 Protection as will as telemetering both can not be used in same channels Protection coupler / modem Level adjustment NSD 60-R 126 available on mother board of NSD 60 Level adjustment NSD 61- pot 11 of G3EP Telemetering :- For transmission of real time Data from different substation, Generating station to LDC,through- Modem Such as NSK 3 & NSK 4 Parameters such as MW,MVAR,V,F Transmitted to LDC by using Transducer LMU Line Matching Unit Used for matching for line impedance and impedance of the PLCC equipment 320 ohms per phase ETI 21 Single channel

ETI 22 PLCC Make PLCC E P O B supply unit speech & protection AGC PLCC PTCC GDT DTMF FSK RF RTU AGC

Double channel ABB-ETI 21,BPL-9505,WS-WSP 100 & PUNCOM E filter-TF&RF, O-Audio frequency level, B Power 1st-speech & Data (ETI-21) 2nd speech & protection 3rd Data available only speech panel Automatic Gain Control Power Line Carrier Communication (Band width 4 KHz) Power tele communication Gas Discharge Tube Dual Tone Multi Frequency Frequency Shift Key Radio Frequency 0 to 4 KHz Remote Terminal Unit Automatic Gain Control (AGC volt 5 +1v 30 to 500 KHz

Adopted PLCC carrier frequency range

Protection channels in PLCC NSD 4,NSD 41, NSD 60,NSD 61(Trichy), of ABB Carrier Aided signal though NSD 40 PLCC NSD 40 NSD 60 (4codes) Code 1 Direct trip Code 1 Direct trip Code 2 & 3 Permissive trip in conjunction with M1, M2 Code 4 Check loop test code Code 1 & 2 Permissive trip in conjunction with M1, M2 Code - 3 Direct trip (3codes)

NSD 61

Modem (Tele metering) NSK3, NSK4, NSK5 Modem (Tele protection Signal protection) NSD-40, NSD-41,NSD-60, NSD-61 By employing Modem Telephone NSD-60, NSD-61 EPAX 200.3 MDX50 of BPL

Balancing Transformer should .

One circuit dead or earth fault, in other circuit signal affected

Protection coupler 4 codes, Rx frequency Tx Rx difference

code1-Direct, code2-Permisive, code3spare, code4 - Supervision more than TX frequency 4 Khz

Prot ch 1 to Prot ch 2 Rx diff 12Khz Prot ch 1 to Prot ch 2 Tx diff 8 khz Audio frequency Speech frequency IF frequency ETI-21 power output ETI 21S power output D B- Level VDU COUPLING 0-4 Khz 300 to 2.2 Khz 16 Khz 20W ( 3 tier P7EA, P7EB, P7EG ) 40w ( 4 tier P7EA, P7EB, P7EG,P7ES ) Tx +15db, Rx -20db max Visual Display Unit 1,ph to ground, 2. Ph to ph, 3.line to line

Speech 300 Hz to 2000 Hz Tele protection ,tele metering 2000 Hz 3400 Hz Protection 2830 Hz, in fault 2580 Hz Pilot 3631 Hz Data 2520 Approximate Carrier Aided signal through NSD.40 POP Point of Presales DTMF Dual Tone Multi Frequency BPEL E3EB P5EA N5EA P3EO BPEL Exchange generally for inter phasing with PLCC RF pre amplifier Power amplifier-20 W Power amplifier- 40 W Will be connect to PLCC outdoor equipment

AUTO TRANSFORMER (400 / 230 / 33 kv ) TELK / Kerala

Transportation filled N2 Gas to a pressure slightly greater then 0.15kg/cm2 WINDING connection symbol YnaOd 11 Victor Diagram (HV , LV ) Star , IV Delta Territory winding 33 kv Capacity 315 KVA Transformer Bushing insulation level - 1050kv peak Volt / Current 400V / 455A , 230V / 791A PRD : - Make M/S Sokrut Udyog Pune (or) QUALITROL make Operating Pressure 0.5 to 0.7 kg/cm2 Operating Time Instantaneous at any temperature Operating valve resetting - Automatic SPR - Sudden Pressure Relay COOLING FAN - Make G E C 36 - 3 Phase , 740w, 1.5A , Rpm 570 OIL PUMP - Axial flow 5 HP / 3400 lit / minute Volume of Oil - 68800 / lit Oil circulation - 3400 x 4 lit/m ON LOAD TAPE CHANGER Make - BHEL - 415V , 1.1KW , 2.75A , 1500rpm control voltage - 110v switching operation 33 No of steps - 17 taps of 1.25% Steps for Tolerance - + or 10% OLTC oil minimum BDV 50KV , Moisture content 20ppm Due point - 40 c Positive pressure - 0.04 to 0.07 bar Mercury Filled Vacuum pressure Gage PIRANI type or MELEOD type Supply of dry N2 gas is ( -40c) BUCHHOLZ RELAY Gas operated relay Transformer such as arcing, , partial discharge or local over heating Normally Resulting generation of gas .this gas is collected in the relay housing and actuate an alarm contact.

DRYING OUT PROSES When the equipment is opened (T/F or S/R) and the winding insulation is exposed To atmosphere with draining of oil . it is a must that it should be taken in drying out 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Conservator should be isolate from the transformer rubber hose should not use in the process Do all the procedures and drying out start Raise the oil temperature above 60c study increase of IR value of the winding To check BDV of the oil is the value of more than 60kv Check moisture content of the oil is less than 10ppm Insert N2 (-40) to the positive pressure of 0.1cc and it is stopped and kept 12 hours 9. Then the nitrogen pressure is released and let due point is measured . 10.The due point is about 20 or below then the dryness of transformer is achived 11.Oil BDV is 60kv 12. moisture content < 10 ppm 13. Due point Nitrogen out let -20 Testing for Bushing Current Transformer (or) Turret Polarity check Apply DC voltage (1.5 v DC) to primary ,the secondary side MA . . . . . Meter deflected Ratio Test : - Apply AC current from variyac S1 & S2 , to measured primary volts Insulation Resistance Test To remove Neutral Bushing connection Check from the neutral to other three phase Transformer Bushing Voltage Current Insulation Level HV bushing 420 kv 800 A 1425 kvp IV bushing 245 kv 1250A 1050 kvp LV bushing 52 kv 2000A 250 kvp , 105 kvp / f Neutral bushing 36 kv 630A 170 kvp Rated Line Earth voltage 21 kv Insulation level 1050 kvp Main insulation oil impregnated paper Short time current rating 3125 kA / sec Minimum Greepage 6125mm Transformer Air Cell Never exceeded 0.07kg/cm2 at 1.00psi Transformer fan start 67c and pump start at 76c

Transformer Bushing C T (400 KV ) Core 1 500/1A over current, Over load, Earth fault Core 2 1000/1A Spare Core 3 505/1.5 Winding Temperature Transformer Bushing C T (230 KV ) Core 1 1000/1A Spare Core 2 1000/1A Differential over current , Over load protection Transformer Neutral Bushing C T Core 1 Circulating current Core 2 Over load protection Transformer Protection
1

Differential Protection 87T 400kv side 500/1A , 220kv side 1000/1A (Group B) It is connected between 400kv CT and 220kv CT Current setting :0.35A restrained ,and 8A for un restrained

REF -64T 1000/1A , Voltage setting : 40v (Group A) It is connect ed between 400kv Bushing CT and 220kv Bushing CT and Neutral CT .
2

Circulating current 400kv main CT+ 400 Tie CT+ 400kv Neutral CT + 230kv CT 87 . (all are 1000/1A) 3 Differential over current 67RYB-500/1A-PMS-1.5 ,TMS-0.15sec 4 Differential Earth fault 67N-500/1A,TMS-0.4sec 5 Over load 500/1A,time-10 sec -110% Alarm (Group A) 6 Over flux(Group A) 7 Buchholz(Group A) 8 Pressure Relief Device Operating pressure-8 PSI (Group A) 9 Sudden pressure 10 Oil temperature (Group A) 11 OLTC Buchholz (Group B) 12 Winding temperature (Group B) 13 Fire protection (Group B) 14 MOG-Magnetic Oil Gauge Basic Insulation Level ( BIL ) 220KV LA 198kv Transformer 900kv 400KV 336kv 1300kv

Other Equipments Supporting insulator SHUNT REACTOR .. .

1050kv

1425kv - - 1425kv

Will control the dynamic over voltage To compensate shunt capacitance of T / L either switched or un switched Control over voltage under abnormal conditions of system Take care of switching transients Rated power 50 MVAR (Mega Volt Reactive VAR) Gapped core construction, gapped core between air gaps are Epoxy resin to prevent movement between individual Core segments are radial laminated configuration, to prevent fringing flux Five limbed core construction has been adopted Sending Voltage Z Receiving Voltage ER > ES V^2 Z (impedance) - 6.6 ohms for each winding ER ES

SHUNT REACTOR . . lamination . ES ER Impedance

Reactor winding Resistance PXI R60 sec = 1.88 R600sec

Capacitance of Leading MVR or Lagging MVR Neutralized ,and control over voltage, Neutral current and fault current by inductive coil Active power V1 cos 0 Reactive power V1 sin 0 Apparent power = Active power / Reactive power Basic Insulation Level SI-1050kvp ,LI-1300 kvp Neutral Bushing 550kvp Vibration level 200microns peak to peak (Half yearly maintenance) Measure with Transducers or optical detector -10% of the 2nd Harmonic Noise level OIL Tan delta 81db BDV-60-145kv,15ppm 0.00158

Capacitance IR Value Oil Shunt Reactor Core I PS Core II PS Core III PS Core IV 1.0

446.80 pf 1000 m.ohms 36,000 lit for BHEL ,38,000 lit for CGL

Differential protection 87R 200 / 1A Restricted Earth Fault protection 64R - 200 / 1A Back up protection 21R - 200 / 1A metering - 200 / 1A - 200 / 1A - 1000 / 1A - 1000 / 1A

Turret CT cores Core I PS Differential protection Core II PS Main 1 protection ,LBB Core III PS Main 2 protection ,DR , FL Core VI PS winding Temperature

Reactor Protection 400 kv Bushing CT having 4 core core 1 = 200/ 1A class PS - Differential Protection circuit core 2 = 200/ 1A class PS - Restricted Earth Fault Protection core 3 = 200/ 1A class PS - Back Up Protection circuit core 4 = 200/ 1A class 1.0 - Metering circuit Turret CT having 4 core core 1 = 200/1A class PS - Differential Protection circuit core 2 = 2000/1000/500/1A class PS Adopted 2000/1A Main-II-Protection core 3 = 2000/1000/500/1A class PS Adopted 1000/1A Main-II-Protection, LBB . . . core 4 = 69/1 class 5 Winding Temperature Indicator(WTI) only B phase NGR 3 MVAR NGR IR Value test with 5kv megger
P X I = R15 sec / R60 sec = Giga ohms

Under fault condition current flow from Neutral to Ground is limited by NGR . To limit the Earth fault current. It is connected Neutral point of Shunt Reactor. Disconnect Jumper and Earth connection take winding resistance with 5kv megger IR Measurement winding to earth, take 15 seconds and 60 seconds value is ratio called Absorption co efficient should be more then 1.3 IR value primary to Earth 900 m ohms Tan Delta 8.00310

Capacitance 310 pf Key Diagram for Reactor 400kv Feeder Reactor Bushing CT (400kv ) Reactor Turret CT NGR Bushing CTNeutral CT NGR Bushing Core 1 = 200/ 1A class PS - spare Core 2 = 200/ 1A class PS - Restricted Earth Fault Protection 1 High Impedance Differential Protection (87R) 200/1A, Setting Voltage 15v This relay offers high impedance to external faults and less impedance to internal faults It is connected between 400kv bushing CT and Neutral CT 87R (Differential) 2. Restricted Earth Fault (64R) 200/1A (CAG) Group B It is connected between SR-400kv bushing CT and Neutral CT for Bus Reactor . 64R (REF) It is connected between SR-400kv bushing CT and NGR- CT for Line Reactor 3. Reactor Differential Protection (87RR) DTH-31 1000/1A (Group-A) C T Ratio 200/1 Class PS Burden 10VA It is connected between 400kv bushing CT and Reactor CT Current setting : 0.25A restrained ,and 8A for un restrained 4. Over load 5. Reactor Backup impedance Protection (21R) YTG 33- 500/1A It is connected between Reactor CT and line CVT or Bus I / Bus II CVT, Time delay for Bus reactor ;1 sec Time delay for Line reactor ;1.2 sec 6 Over flux plug setting -1.25, time setting 50 sec 7 Buchholz 8 Pressure Relief Device 0.6kg cm^2 9 Sudden pressure 10 Oil temperature

11 OLTC Buchholz 12 Winding temperature (Reactor CT core 4 13 Fire protection 14 MOG-Magnetic Oil Gauge CAPASITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER ( C V T ) Steping down the Voltage for measuring voltage, Protection, and Control, and also PLCC 400 kv CVT 400 / V 3 , 22KV 110 v / V 3 Consist of Core 1 Core 2 . Core 3 1) Capacitor part, 2) EMU Electro Magnetic Unit (3PS) Main 1 protection, Fault Locator circuit, Even Logger (3PS) Main 2 protections, Disturbance Recorder, Reactor Back Up protection, O/ V protection (0.5) Metering Circuit ,Synchronizing Circuit ,Auto Reclose scheme 200/1)

Burden 200 , 200 , 200 VA Class 3p 3p 0.5 Breaking current 600 KA

Tan delta - 0.007KA Dissipation Factor (Capacitance) 4400PF Secondary Capacitance 88000pf Insulation class A 220kv C V T Core 1 (3PS) Over current, Metering, Synchronizing ckt Core 2 (0.5) Earth fault protection Measure Capacitance in GST,UST mode UST - Top and Bottom of HF point GST Top and Earth Primary Winding test - 5kv or 10kv megger

Secondary Winding test - 500v megger Insulation value Primary Winding Secondary Winding - 400Mego ohms 5kv megger - 100Mego ohms 500v megger

In case of line CVT fail - The Distance relay may be pick up

CURRENT TRANSFORMER Stepping Down the current for measurements, protection and control . Load current which can be 1000ds of amperes are reduced by the C TS to just a few amperes under normal condition CT Make W/S accuracy 0.5 % Tank oil capacity 840 lit N2 Gas 0.2 to 0.5 bar Annual maintenance IR value Secondary to secondary Secondary to Earth Primary to secondary 5kv megger Secondary to Earth 500v Secondary Winding Core to core resistance check Polarity Check Apply 1.5v at Primary in secondary some deflection will come Current Injection test use Primary Injection Kit 2000 / 1A Un used secondary core should be short Tan Delta measurement Top and Common point (Only UST mode) Primary Injection (current) test Nitrogen pressure (test 0.3 positive pressure) I R value Carried out on dry & Sunny day Primary to D3 ,Secondary ,Earth (5kv megger)- > 1000 Mega ohms Secondary to Secondary ,Earth (500kv megger ) - >100 Mega ohms Short the secondary terminals (core) which are not used Core 1 2000 / 1000 / 1A ACTR 2000 / 1A Bus Bar protection check zone

Core 2 2000 / 1000 / 1A Core 3 2000 / 1000 / 500 / 1A Core 4 2000 / 1000 / 500 / 1 A Fault . Core 5 2000 / 1000 / 500 / 1 A Recorder

ACTR 2000 / 1A Bus Bar protection main zone ACTR 1000 / 1A (class 0.5) Metering ACTR 1000 / 1A Main 1 prot Micro mho, LBB, Locator, Cir. current ACTR 2000 / 1A Main 2 prot (P-40) Disturbance

Metering Main CT+ Tie CT Meter Line VT supply ( 63.5/ph ) Export main export check iport main import chek ICT primary bushing CT ICT secondary bushing CT VARH export VARH import main Transformer Protection Differential Protection 87T 400kv side 500/1A , 220kv side 1000/1A(Group B) It is connected between 400kv CT and 220kv CT Current setting :0.35A restrained ,and 8A for un restrained Circulating current 400kv main CT+ 400 Tie CT+ 400kv Neutral CT + 230kv CT .. 87 (all are 1000/1A) REF -64T 1000/1A , Voltage setting : 40v(Group A)

It is connect ed between 400kv Bushing CT and 220kv Bushing CT and Neutral CT . Differential over current 67RYB-500/1A-PMS-1.5 ,TMS-0.15sec Differential Earth fault 67N-500/1A,TMS-0.4sec Over load Over flux(Group A) 500/1A,time-10 sec(Group A)

Buchholz(Group A) Pressure Relief Device Operating pressure-8 PSI(Group A)

Sudden pressure Oil temperature(Group A) OLTC Buchholz(Group B) Winding temperature(Group B) Fire protection(Group B) MOG-Magnetic Oil Gauge Reactor Protection High Impedance Differential Protection (87R) 200/1A, Setting Voltage 15v This relay offers high impedance to external faults and less impedance to internal faults It is connected between 400kv bushing CT and Neutral CT Restricted Earth Fault Protection (64R) 200/1A(Group B) It is connected between 400kv bushing CT and Neutral CT for Bus Reactor It is connected between 400kv bushing CT and NGR- CT for Line Reactor Reactor Differential Protection (87RR) 1000/1A It is connected between 400kv bushing CT and Reactor CT Current setting : 0.25A restrained ,and 8A for un restrained Over load Reactor Backup impedance Protection (21R) YTG-33 - 500/1A (Group-A) It is connected between Reactor CT and line CVT or Bus I / Bus IICVT, 60% of Reactor impedance Reactor Backup Protection Timer 98R (VTT) Time delay for Bus reactor ;1 sec Time delay for Line reactor ;1.2 sec Bushing CT Line end 200/1A Differential REF Back up Metering Neutral end ratio 200/1A Differential REF WTI/ Power Swing Block Timer 40ms Over flux Buchholz trip (Group B) Pressure Relief Device(Group B) Sudden pressure

Oil temperature(Group B) OLTC Buchholz Winding temperature(Group B) Fire protection MOG-Magnetic Oil Gauge NGR(Group B) LINE PROTECTION Main 1 protection-Micromho 21 Main 1 protection trip relay-186R,186Y,186B (VAJ) Main 2 protection Phase Comparison (P-40) Prot-78 Main 2 protection trip relay- 86R, 86Y, 86B (VAJ) P-40 operating time minimum 10ms, max 20ms Phase Selector- 21R,21Y,21B YTG-33 Reactor Back up YTG-31 Main 2 Over Voltage protection 59 R Y B 140% -Instantaneous, -110% for 4 sec Over Voltage protection 86OV- Main & Tie - 59R,59Y,59B (VTU) 86-OVX remote end trip via CH-1,CH2 Circuit Breaker Trip coil 1- CKT Supervision 195A,195B,195C Circuit Breaker Trip coil 2- CKT Supervision 295A,295B,295C Auto reclose 186A,152X,186B (VARM) Auto reclose Lock out 186x,186y,186z (VAJ) V T fuse fail -97 LBB Protection main 50Z (CTIG) dial setting 1.4 / 0.2 amps LBB Protection Tie 50ZT (CTIG) LBB Timer 2/50Z ZONE 0 ZONE I 1.064 ohms 80% of protected line impedance Time delay Instantaneous (< 100ms ) ZONE II 120% of protected line impedance (or) 100% of protected line impedance + 60% of the A/ T (or) 50% of the shortest line impedance Time delay 500ms ZONE III 100% of protected line impedance + 100% of A/T impedance (or) 100% of protected line impedance + Remote longest line impedance Time delay 1500 ms

Over fluxing relay working at HV and LV Bus Bar protection: Bus Bar protection is stable and free from Thro fault All Bus Bar protection are Differential protection, Fast acting Differential relay, Fault level in Bus Bar is higher then Lines or Transformer Plug setting 75 volts Micro mho relay tripping time - 8ms Rasfee relay tripping time - 3 ms

PROBLEMS CVTS Failure of capacitor stacks Error in secondary voltage Failure of stack bellow Failure of damping resister Increase in Tan delta value Oil leakage from secondary terminal box Current Transformer Leakages of Nitrogen Gas Violation of DGA value of oil Oil leakage from P1 & P2 terminals Isolator (Hivelam) Burning of moving contact Assemblies Breaking of gear box Failure of mechanical stoppers Alignment of male & female contacts Transformer & Reactor Oil leakage Mal operation of PRD, SP device Failure of expansion Bellows Execs vibration in (reactor) RFBD Violation of DGA Circuit Breakers in ABB make Magnetic ventils fail Failure of Actuated rind & closing interlock Failure of Actuated heads Failure of link and Bifurcation Housing

Failure of PIR links and Guide carrier Failure of Pneumatic valves, failure of Dynamic seal (AEG) Failure of N2 Accumulators, pilot valves, Dynamic seals, PIR Teflon rod (BHEL) Failure of operating rod, control valves Burning of close and trip coils (CGL)

IN CASE OF LINE TRIPPING Inform to CPCC Note the all relay Flags Check the EL and DRE panels. Printout. Check the PLCC Counter reading for direct trip on channel &II for advancement. Fault locator Reading for location of the fault. The cause for receipt of direct trip code is to be verified. In cause of fault O / V, LBB, Protection, Teed, stub, Hand Tripping circuit breaker of both end are will trip. If the above the flanges No respond. The line should remain charged from remote end. Checks for advancement at direct trip (code III) transmit counter at remote end. Advanced the code check PLCC NSD 61 an account of DC Earthling Check the relay Indication for zone type of fault. Transmitter and receiver counter advancement for codes of permissive trip (code I) Zone of fault shown at local and remote end may be compared with fault locator reading.

LINE CHARGING Check Synchronize Relay 25 SKD T S II Charged from Neyveli end Synchronized at Trichy end T S I Ex Charged from Trichy end Synchronized at Neyveli TS I Ex end MADURAI LINE Madurai I & II - Charged from Trichy end Synchronized at Madurai end TRANSFORMER First charge from 230kv side and after charge 400kv side

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