Ch.

1
Area- L W= units Volume-L W H= units Boiling point 212 F, 100 C Freezing point 32 F, 0 C Speed of light-186,000 Mps

Ch. 2
Pure substance- Matter that always has the same composition. Ex: elements and compounds, Mercury. Element- a substance that can t be broken down at all and still have that substance. Ex: Gold, Silver, Mercury, Nitrogen. Atom- smallest particle of an element. Ex:
Protons Neutrons

Electrons

Compound- made from 2 or more elements in fixed proportions. Ex: H2O, CO2 Heterogeneous Mixture- Parts are noticeably from one another. Ex: Salsa, Soup Homogeneous Mixture- are evenly distributed can t distinguish different parts. Solution- Substance dissolved in another substance to form a homogeneous mixture won t separate. Ex: Sugar water, tap water, windex.

Ch. 2
Suspension- A heterogeneous mixture that separates over time. (can filter it.) Ex: muddy water, dust in the air. Colloid- a mixture where particles remain sustained in a fluid, can t see through it. Ex: fog, milk, gelatin. Viscosity- The tendency of a liquid to keep from flowing. Ex: Honey has a high viscosity. Conductivity- A material ability to allow heat to flow. Ex: Metal heats fast. Malleability- the ability of a solid to be hammered without shattering. Ex: gold can be shaped. Ductile- can be made into wires. Melting point- The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid. Boiling point- The temperature at which a substance boils.

Ch. 2
Distillation- to separate by boiling point Physical property- any characteristic of a material that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substances in the material. Ex: melting point, density, hardness. Physical change- occurs when some of the properties of a material change, but the substances in the material stay the same. Chemical property- any ability to produce a change in the composition of matter. Ex: metal rusting Chemical change- occurs when a substance reacts and forms one or more new substances. Ex: vinegar to milk. Precipitate- Any solid that forms and separates from a liquid mixture.

Ch. 3
Solid- the state of matter in which materials have definite shape and definite volume. Ex: ice Liquid- the state of matter in which a material has a definite volume but not a definite shape. Ex: water Gas- the state of matter in which a material has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. Ex: oxygen. Kinetic energy- the energy an object has due to its motion. Ex: a person running. Potential energy- the energy an object has because of its position. Pressure- The result of a force distributed over an area. Ex: a car being crushed. Absolute zero- A temperature of 0oK(-273 oF) Charles s Law- describes how a volume of a gas is affected by a change in pressure. Ex: P1V1=P2V2

Ch .3
Boyle s Law- describes how a volume of a gas is affected by a change in pressure. Ex: P1V1=P2V2 Phase change- the reversible physical change that occurs when a substance changes from one state of matter to another. Ex: gas to liquid. Endothermic- the system absorbs energy from its surroundings. Exothermic- the system releases energy to its surroundings. Vaporization- the phase change in which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas. Evaporation- liquid to gas at temperatures below the substances boiling point. Condensation- the phase change in which a substance changes from a gas vapor to a liquid. Sublimation- a substance changes from a solid to a gas without changing to a liquid first. Deposition- a gas changes to a solid without first changing to a liquid.

Ch. 4
Nucleus- a dense, positively charged mass located in the center of the atom. Proton- Positively charged subatomic particle that is found in the nucleus of an atom. Electron- negatively charged subatomic particle that is found in the nucleus of an atom. Neutron- Neutral subatomic particle that is found in the nucleus of an atom. Atomic #- an element equals the # of protons in an atom of that element. Mass#- atom is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of that atom. Isotope- atoms of the same element that have different # s of neutrons and different mass#. Energy levels- Possible energies that electrons in an atom can have. Electron cloud- visual model of the most likely locations for electrons in an atom. Orbital- a region of space around the nucleus where an electron is likely to be found. Electron Configuration- The arrangement of electrons in the orbital s of an atom.

Ch. 4
Ion- an atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge. Cation- an ion with a positive charge. Anion- an ion with a negative charge.

Ch. 5
Periodic table- an arrangement of elements in columns, based on a set of properties that repeat from row to row. Mendeleev- invented the modern periodic table. Period- Each row in the table of elements. Group- Each column on the periodic table.

Ch. 5
Atomic Mass Unit- Defined as one twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom. Metals- elements that are good, conductors of electric current and heat. Characteristics: malleable, ductile. Non-Metals- elements that are poor conductors of heat and electric current. Characteristics: brittle if solid. Metalloids- elements with properties that fall between those of metals and non-metals. Valence Electrons- an electron that is in the highest occupied energy level of an atom. Alkali Metals- The elements in group 1A. Alkaline Earth metals- The elements in the group 2A. Halogens- The elements in group 7A. Noble gases- The elements in group 8A.

Ch. 9
Organic- Contains carbon and hydrogen, often combined with a few other elements such as oxygen and nitrogen. Hydrocarbon- An organic compound that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon. Saturated hydrocarbon- All of the bonds are single bonds. Unsaturated hydrocarbon- A hydrocarbon that contains 1 or more double or triple bonds. Isomer- Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. Aromatic- Hydrocarbons that contain similar ring structures. Fossil fuels- Are the mixtures of hydrocarbons that formed from the remains of plants or animals. Ex: oil, methane, coal. Functional Group- The substituted atom or group of atoms.

Ch. 9
Distillation- Process where crude oil is separated into different components by boiling Temp Polymer- A large molecule that forms when many smaller molecules are linked together by covalent bonds. Coal- Formed from the remains of dead plant material that have accumulated over time and changed due to heat and pressure. Stages in order: Peat, Lignite(Brown coal), Bituminous(soft coal), Anthracite(metamorphic). Petroleum- liquid fossil fuel also called crude oil. Formed from the remains of plankton, plants and animals that lived in shallow seas millions of years ago. Edwin Drake- Drilled the first oil well in Titusville, Pa in 1859. Natural Gas- Usually methane that is trapped on top of oil deposits. Formed from the decomposition of organic matter. Ex: methane, propane.