Matrix Algebra

Matrices
Types of matrices
Matrix addition
Matrix scalar multiplication
Matrix multiplication
Transpose of a matrix
Symmetric and skew symmetric matrices
| |
matrix. an is
1 , 1 ,
general, In
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
n m
a a a
a a a
a a a
n j m i a A
mn m m
n
n
ij

(
(
(
(

=
s s s s =

Matrices
An mn matrix A is a rectangular array of mn real numbers
arranged in m horizontal rows and n vertical columns. The matrix
A has size mn. The element in the row i and column j of the
matrix A is written as a
ij
.
Types of matrices
(
(
(

=
6 5 1
0 4 2
3 1 3
columns) # rows # ( : matrix Square ) 1 (
(
(
(

6 0 0
7 4 0
3 1 3
: matrix ngular Upper tria ) 2 (
(
(
(

6 7 2
0 4 2
0 0 3
: matrix ngular Lower tria ) 3 (
(
(
(

6 0 0
0 4 0
0 0 3
: matrix Diagonal ) 5 (
(
(
(

=
(

=
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
,
1 0
0 1
: matrix Identity ) 6 (
3 2
I I
| | vector - 3 a is 3 7 1
: vector) - ( matrix Row ) 8 (

n
vector - 3 a is
4
2
3
: vector) ( matrix Column ) 9 (
(
(
(

n
(

=
(

=

0 0 0
0 0 0
,
0 0
0 0
: matrix Zero ) 7 (
3 2 2 2
O O
. 1 , 1 , by defined ] [ matrix
an is ] [ and ] [ matrices two of sum The
n j m i b a c c C n m
b B a A n m
ij ij ij ij
ij ij
s s s s + = =
= =
Matrix addition
O A A A A
A A O O A
C B A C B A
A B B A
= + = -
= + = + -
+ + = + + -
+ = + -
) ( ) (
: Note
5B 3B) - 2(A (iii)
3A - C (ii)
3B - 2A (i)
possible if Find,
+
Matrix scalar multiplication
. 1 , 1 , as obtained ] [ matrix
an is scalar real a by ] [ matrix an of product The
n j m i ra b b B n m
r a A n m
ij ij ij
ij
s s s s = =
=
A A
A rs sA r
rB rA B A r
sA rA A s r
R s r
= -
= -
+ = + -
+ = + -
e
1
) ( ) (
) (
) (
, , For : Note
Matrix multiplication
| |
.
by defined is and
vectors - two of product inner) or (scalar dot The
2 2 1 1
2
1
2 1
n n
n
n
v u v u v u V U
v
v
v
V u u u U
n
+ + + =
(
(
(
(

= =

| |
. 10 ) 5 )( 3 ( ) 1 )( 4 ( ) 3 )( 3 ( ) 4 )( 2 (
then ,
5
1
3
4
, 3 4 3 2 If e.g.
= + + + =
(
(
(
(

= =
V U
V U
Matrix multiplication
pj ip j i j i
j i ij
ij
ij ij
b a b a b a
n j m i B A c
c C n m
b B n p a A p m
+ + + =
s s s s =
=
= =

2 2 1 1
1 , 1 ), ( Col ) ( Row
by defined ] [ matrix
an is ] [ matrix and ] [ matrix an of product The

n m
C
ij
n p
B
pj
j
j
p m
A
ip i i
c
c
b
b
b
a a a

(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

11
2
1
2 1
. ) ( Col ) ( Row e.g.
1 1 21 12 11 11 1 1 11 p p
b a b a b a B A c + + + = =
Matrix multiplication

n times
matrix an is ,
matrix an is ,
) (
) (
) ( ) (
: Note
A AA A
n m A A A I
n m A A AI
BC AC C B A
AC AB C B A
C AB BC A
n
m
n
= -
= -
= -
+ = + -
+ = + -
= -
Matrix multiplication
. such that
matrices all find ,
1 0
1 1
Let
: problem
BA AB B
A
=
(

=
Transpose of a matrix
. of column the and rows the ing interchang by obtained ] [
matrix an is ] [ matrix an of transpose The
A a A
m n a A n m
T
ij
T
ij
=
=
(

=
(

=
5 4
2 3
then ,
5 2
4 3
If
T
A A
| |
(
(
(

= =
5
2
3
then , 5 2 3 If
T
B B
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

=
0 2 6 1
9 2 5 1
8 2 4 1
7 2 3 1
,
0 9 8 7
2 2 2 2
6 5 4 3
1 1 1 1
T
C
C
T T
T T T
T T T
T T
rA rA
A B AB
B A B A
A A
= -
= -
+ = + -
= -
) (
) (
) (
) (
: Note
Symmetric and skew symmetric matrices
). 1 , 1 , (
if symmetric be to said is ] [ matrix square A
n j n i a a A A
a A
ji ij
T
ij
s s s s = =
=
symmetric. is
0 2 6 4
2 9 5 3
6 5 8 1
4 3 1 1
,
0 2 6 4
2 9 5 3
6 5 8 1
4 3 1 1
C C C
C
C
T
T
=
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

=
. ) ( ) (
, ) ( ) (
: symmetric are
and then matrix, an is If
T T T T T T
T T T T T T T
T T
AA A A AA
A A A A A A A A
AA A A n n A
= =
+ = + = + = +
+ -
.
) ( ) ( ) (
: symmetric also is
then symmetric, are and If
BA AB AB BA
B A A B BA AB BA AB
BA AB B A
T T T T T T T
+ = + =
+ = + = +
+ -
). 1 , 1 , (
if symmetric skew be to said is ] [ matrix square A
n j n i a a A A
a A
ji ij
T
ij
s s s s = =
=
symmetric. skew is
0 2 6 4
2 0 5 3
6 5 0 1
4 3 1 0
,
0 2 6 4
2 0 5 3
6 5 0 1
4 3 1 0
C
C C
C
C
T
T
=
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

=
). (
) ( ) (
: symmetric skew is
then matrix, an is If
T
T T T T T T
T
A A
A A A A A A
A A n n A
=
= =
-
. ) )( ( ) )( (
) ( ) ( ) (
: symmetric is
then symmetric, skew are and If
BA AB AB BA B A A B
B A A B BA AB BA AB
BA AB
B A
T T T T T T T
+ = + = + =
+ = + = +
+
-
Symmetric and skew symmetric matrices