Using laser-heated diamond anvil cell technique to study planetary interiors

Jung-Fu Lin
Collaborators : University of Chicago: Dion Heinz, Guoyin Shen, Andrew Campbell, James Devine,, Wendy Mao Geophysical Lab: Ho-kwang Mao, Mario Santoro, Viktor Struzhkin, Eugene Gregoryanz, Russell Hemley, Yingwei Fei, Olga Degtyareva, Prezmek Dera, Jinfu Shu, Michael Hu, Paul Chow, Nabil Boctor, Haoze Liu Argonne National Lab: Wolfgang Sturhanh, Jiyong Zhao, Ercan Alp University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: Jie Jackie Li University of Arizona: Charlie Prewitt SPring-8: Nagayoshi Sata
Acknowledgments: William Bassett, Andrew Davis, Ian Steele, Steven Simon, Uchida Takeyuki, Mark Rivers, Stephen Sutton, Eugene Huang, Sutatcha Hongsresawat, Fenghua Li, Jinfu Xu, Jingzhu Hu, Daniel Errandonea, Sung Keun Lee, Shaun Hardy, Stephen Gramsch, GSECARS,XOR-3,HPCAT,SPring-8, APS, X17c, NSLS

Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington

Application of the laser-heated diamond cell technique

Quenched sample analyses X-ray diffraction NRIXS and NFS Raman X-ray emission spectroscopy Inelastic X-ray Scattering (meV) Inelastic X-ray Scattering (eV) Brillouin spectroscopy Other techniques. Chemical compositions, structure Crystal structure, P-V-T EOS VD (Vp, Vs, G), Temperature,... Optical modes Spin state (high-low spin of Fe) Phonon dispersion (Vp) Electronic structure (bonding) Acoustic modes (Vs, Vp) Other properties.

To better understand the physical and chemical properties of the planetary interiors, we need to study elastic, thermodynamic, vibrational, and magnetic properties of planetary materials under various pressures and temperatures.

Quenched sample analyses and in situ X-ray diffraction

Fe7.9wt%Si sample in a LHDAC

BSE image of a quenched sample

Polished sample after laser heating Lin et al., Science, 2002

BSE of a quenched Fe-Si alloy showed two phases coexisted together at 31 GPa and 1976 K.

Element diffusion in the laser-heated sample

Diffusion is a potential problem for laser heating binary systems such as hydrous minerals. Light elements diffuse away from hot laser-heating spot.

BSE image of a quenched Fe-Si sample showed strong diffusion of elements at high temperatures.

Light elements diffuse away from hot spot.

Boron gasket and high-quality X-ray diffraction data

Al2O3+Pt in amorphous B gasket at 136 GPa.

The high shear strength of the amorphous boron maximizes the thickness of the sample chamber and increases the pressure homogeneity, improving the quality of high-pressure data. The high quality of the diffraction patterns makes it possible to refine the structures with powder x-ray diffraction data under high pressure and high temperature.

Rietveld refinement of the HP phase at 113 GPa. The HP phase is refined as in Rh2O3 (II) structure.

Lin et al., RSI, 2003

Lin et al., Nature Materials (in press), 2004

Study sound velocities by NRIXS in a LHDAC

Quenched experiments X-ray diffraction NRIXS and NFS Raman and IR Inelastic X-ray Scattering X-ray emission spectroscopy Brillouin spectroscopy Other techniques. Chemical compositions, structure Crystal structure, compressibility.. VD (Vp,Vs,G), absolute temperature,... Optical modes Phonon dispersion (Vp) Spin state (high-low spin of Fe) Acoustic modes (Vs, Vp) Other properties.

Among all physical properties of the Earths interior, sound velocities are directly measured by seismic wave study. Direct measurement of sound velocities of hcp-Fe under high pressures and temperatures can then be used to compare with PREM model and to understand geophysical and geochemical models.

Diamond cell for NRIXS study

NRIXS in a laser-heated diamond cell

(Long-term heating: ~12 hrs)
YLF laser YLF laser

Laser lens

Laser lens

CP

APD

CP

Top layer Bottom layer

End APD

NFS DAC
CP Be

Focused x-ray Be mirror

Carbon mirror

APD

CP

DAC
Sample in DAC
Incorporation with W. Sturhahn, J. Zhao, E. Alp, G. Shen, H.K. Mao, R. Hemley

In situ Raman study of planetary interiors

in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell
Quenched experiments X-ray diffraction NRIXS and NFS Raman Inelastic X-ray Scattering X-ray emission spectroscopy Brillouin spectroscopy Other techniques. Chemical compositions, structure Crystal structure, P-V-T EOS VD,(Vp,Vs,G), Temperature,... Optical modes Phonon dispersion (Vp) Spin state (high-low spin of Fe) Acoustic modes (Vs, Vp) Other properties.

In situ Raman study in a laserheated and externally heated diamond cell is best suited to study light molecules such as H2, H2O, NH3, and CH4 in planetary interiors such as Jupiter, Uranus, In situ Raman system at GL and icy satellites.

Profile of Jupiter interior

In situ Raman study by laser heating

Raman spectroscopy is best suited to study Planetary materials such as H2, H2O, CH4, and NH3 that contain light elements.

Sample preparation: Pt used as laser absorber

In situ Raman by laser heating at GL

Designed by J.F. Lin, 2003 Incorporation with M. Santoro, V. Struzhkin, E. gregoryanz, H.K. Mao, R. Hemley

In situ X-ray diffraction/IXS/NFS by laser heating

A double-sided laser heating system for in situ X-ray diffraction, inelastic Xray scattering (resonant/nonresonant), and Synchrotron Mossbauer spectroscopy will reveal many physical properties of planetary materials under extremely high pressures and temperatures (crystal structure, EOS, rheology, sound velocities, spin states, hyperfine fields)
laser X-ray Laser lens laser

Laser lens

Diffraction/IXS/NFS Be mirror DAC Detectors Diffraction/IXS/NFS Detectors Be mirror

X-ray

Future application of LHDAC

Pressure, temperature, composition
Quenched experiments X-ray diffraction NRIXS and NFS Raman and IR Inelastic X-ray Scattering (meV) Inelastic X-ray scattering (eV) X-ray emission spectroscopy Brillouin spectroscopy Neutron scattering Other techniques. Chemical compositions, structure Crystal structure, P-V-T EOS VD,(Vp,Vs,G), Temperature,... Optical modes Phonon dispersion (Vp) Electronic structure (bonding) Spin state (high-low spin of Fe) Acoustic modes (Vs, Vp) Structures of D2, FeD, Other properties.

Time: long-term heating (days), shockwave-like heating (ps)

Big CVD diamonds (Yan et al., 2004)