Applied Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 5, 2011, no.

27, 1307 - 1315

Application of LaplaceAdomian Decomposition Method on Linear and Nonlinear System of PDEs

Jasem Fadaei Mathematics Department, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran jfadaei.deh@gmail.com
Abstract In this paper, a numerical Laplace transform algorithm which is based on the Adomian decomposition method (LADM) is introduced for the approximate solution of the linear and nonlinear systems of partial dierential equations. Illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the high accuracy and fast convergence of our method.

Mathematics Subject Classication: 45A05, 45B05, 45D05 and 45J05 Keywords: LaplaceAdomian decomposition method, Systems of PDEs, Adomian polynomials

Introduction

Systems of partial dierential equations, have attracted much attention in a variety of applied sciences. The general ideas and the essential features of these systems are of wide applicability. These systems were formally derived to describe wave propagation [15], to control the shallow water waves [15], and to examine the chemical reaction-diusion model of Brusselator [46]. The method of characteristics, the Riemann invariants, and Adomian method [6] were the commonly used methods. In this work, we will use Laplace decomposition method introduced by Khuri [7, 8]. Agadjanov [9] solved Dung equation with the help of this method. This numerical technique basically illustrates how the Laplace transform may be used to approximate the solutions of the nonlinear partial dierential equations by manipulating the decomposition method. Elgasery [10] applied Laplace decomposition method for the solution of Falkner-Skan equation. Here LaplaceAdomian decomposition is implemented to three system of partial dierential equations [11, 12]. The modication of Laplace decomposition method introduced by Hussain and Majid Khan [13].

1308

J. Fadaei

LaplaceAdomian decomposition method

In this section, we present a Laplace-Adomian decomposition method for solving of partial dierential equations written in an operator form

Lt u + R1 (u, v) + N1 (u, v) = g1 , Lt v + R2 (u, v) + N2 (u, v) = g2 , (1)

with initial data u(x, 0) = f1 (x),

v(x, 0) = f2 (x),

(2) where Lt is considered a rst-order partial dierential operator, R1 , R2 and N1 , N2 are linear and nonlinear operators, respectively. and g1 and g2 are source terms. The method consists of rst applying the Laplace transform to both sides of equations in system (1) and then by using initial conditions (2), we have:

[Lt u] + [R1 (u, v)] + [N1 (u, v)] = [g1 ], [Lt v] + [R2 (u, v)] + [N2 (u, v)] = [g2 ]. (3)

Using the dierentiation property of Laplace transform, we get

[u] = [v] =

f1 (x) s f2 (x) s

+ 1 [g1 ] 1 [R1 (u, v)] 1 [N1 (u, v)], s s s + 1 [g2 ] 1 [R2 (u, v)] 1 [N2 (u, v)]. s s s

(4)

The LADM denes the solutions u(x, t) and v(x, t) by the innite series u(x, t) =
n=0

un ,

v(x, t) =
n=0

vn .

(5)

The nonlinear terms N1 , N2 are usually represented by an innite series of the so-called Adomian polynomials [14]

N1 (u, v) =

n=0

An ,

N2 (u, v) =

n=0

An .

(6)

The Adomian polynomials can be generated for all forms of nonlinearity. They are determined by the following relations:
1 dn N1 (i ui ) An = n n! d i=0

,
=0

(7)

System of PDEs
1 dn N2 (i vi ) An = n! dn i=0

1309

.
=0

(8)

Substituting (5) and (6) into (4), gives

[ [

n=0

un ] = vn ] =

f1 (x) s f2 (x) s

+ 1 [g1 ] 1 [R1 ([ s s + 1 [g2 ] 1 [R2 ([ s s

n=0

un ] , [ un ] , [

n=0

vn ])] 1 [ s vn ])] 1 s

n=0

An ] ,

An . (9) Applying the linearity of the Laplace transform, we dene the following recursively formula:

n=0

n=0

n=0

n=0

[u0 ] = [v0 ] = [u1 ] =

f1 (x) s f2 (x) s

+ 1 [g1 ], s + 1 [g2 ], s
1 [A0 ], s

1 [R1 (u0 , v0 )] s

(10)

[v1 ] = 1 [R2 (u0 , v0 )] 1 [A0 ]. s s

(11)

In general, for k 1, the recursive relations are given by [uk+1 ] = 1 [R1 (uk , vk )] 1 [Ak ], s s [vk+1 ] = 1 [R2 (uk , vk )] 1 [Ak ]. s s

(12) Applying the inverse Laplace transform, we can evaluate uk and vk (k 0). In some cases the exact solution in the closed form may also be obtained.

Applications

In this section, we use the LADM to solve homogeneous and inhomogeneous linear system of partial dierential equations and homogeneous and inhomogeneous nonlinear system of partial dierential equations. The algorithms are performed by Matlab 7.8.

3.1

The homogeneous linear system

Consider the homogeneous linear system of PDEs: ut vx + (u + v) = 0, vt ux + (u + v) = 0, (13)

1310 with initial conditions u(x, 0) = sinhx, v(x, 0) = coshx.

J. Fadaei

(14)

Taking the Laplace transform on both sides of Eq. (13) then, by using the dierentiation property of Laplace transform and initial conditions (14) gives

[u] = 1 sinhx + 1 [vx ] 1 [u + v], s s s [v] = 1 coshx + 1 [ux ] 1 [u + v]. s s s (15)

The LADM denes the solutions u(x, t), v(x, t) by the series

u(x, t) =
n=0

un ,

v(x, t) =
n=0

vn ,

(16)

and the terms vx and ux by an innite series

ux (x, t) =

n=0

u nx ,

vx (x, t) =

n=0

vnx .

(17)

Substituting series in (16) and (17) into both sides of Eq. (15) yields

[ [

n=0 n=0

un ] = 1 sinhx + 1 [ s s vn ] = 1 coshx + 1 [ s s

n=0 n=0

vnx ] 1 [ s unx ] 1 [ s

n=0 n=0

un + un +

n=0 n=0

vn ], vn ]. (18)

Now we dene the following recursively formula:

[u0 ] = 1 sinhx, s [v0 ] = 1 coshx, s [un+1 ] =

1 [vnx ] s

(19)
1 [un s

+ vn ],

n 0, n 0.

(20) Taking the inverse Laplace transform of both sides of the (19) and (20), we have

[vn+1 ] = 1 [unx ] 1 [un + vn ], s s

u0 = sinhx, v0 = coshx, (21)

System of PDEs

1311

u1 = tcoshx, v1 = tsinhx, u2 = v2 =
t2 sinhx, 2! t2 coshx, 2!

(22)

(23) and so on for other components. Using (16), the series solutions are therefore given by

u(x, t) = sinhx 1 + v(x, t) = coshx 1 +

t2 2! t2 2!

+ +

t4 4! t4 4!

coshx t + sinhx t +

t3 3! t3 3!

+ +

t5 5! t5 5!

, ,

(24) using the Taylor expansion for sinht and cosht, we can nd the exact solutions u(x, t) = sinh(x t), v(x, t) = cosh(x t).

3.2

The inhomogeneous linear system

Consider the inhomogeneous linear system ut vx (u v) = 2, vt + ux (u v) = 2, (25) with initial conditions u(x, 0) = 1 + ex , v(x, 0) = 1 + ex . (26)

Taking the Laplace transform on both sides of Eq. (25) then, by using the dierentiation property of Laplace transform and initial conditions (26) gives

[u] = [v] =

1 s

ex s

ex s

2 s2

+ 1 [vx ] + 1 [u v], s s
2 s2

(27) Using the decomposition series (16) and (17) for the linear terms u(x, t) , v(x, t) and ux , vx , we obtain

1 s

1 [ux ] + 1 [u v]. s s

[ [

n=0

un ] = vn ] =

1 s

ex s

ex s

2 s2

+ 1 [ s
2 s2

n=0

vnx ] + 1 [ s u nx ] + 1 [ s

n=0

un un

n=0

vn ] , vn ] . (28)

n=0

1 s

1 [ s

n=0

n=0

n=0

1312 The LADM presents the recursive relations

J. Fadaei

[u0 ] = [v0 ] =

1 s

ex s ex s

2 , s2 2 , s2

1 s

[un+1 ] =

1 [vnx ] s

1 [un s

(29) vn ], n 0, n 0.

(30) Taking the inverse Laplace transform of both sides of the (29) and (30), we have

[vn+1 ] = 1 [unx ] + 1 [un vn ]. s s

u0 = 1 + ex 2t, v0 = 1 + ex 2t, u1 = tex + 2t, v1 = tex + 2t, u2 = v2 =

t2 x e , 2! t2 x e , 2!

(31)

(32)

(33) and so on for other components. Using (16), the series solutions are therefore given by

u(x, t) = 1 + ex 1 + t +

t2 2!

+
t2 2!

t3 3!

,
t3 3!

v(x, t) = 1 + ex 1 t +

, (34)

that converges to the exact solutions u(x, t) = 1 + ex+t , v(x, t) = 1 + ext .

3.3

The inhomogeneous nonlinear system

Consider the system of inhomogeneous partial dierential equations ut + vux + u = 1, vt uvx v = 1, (35)

System of PDEs

1313

with initial conditions u(x, 0) = ex , v(x, 0) = ex . (36)

Taking the Laplace transform on both sides of Eq. (35) then, by using the dierentiation property of Laplace transform and initial conditions (36) gives

[u] = [v] =

ex s ex s

+ +

1 s2 1 s2

1 [vux ] 1 [u], s s + 1 [uvx ] + 1 [v]. s s

(37) We represent u(x, t) and v(x, t) by the innite series (16) then, inserting these series into both sides of Eq. (37) yields

[ [

n=0 n=0

un ] = vn ] =

ex s

1 s2

1 [ s + 1 s

n=0

An ] 1 [ s An + 1 [ s

n=0

un ] , vn ] .

ex s

1 s2

n=0

n=0

(38) n are the so-called Adomian polynomials by (12) that represent Where An and A the nonlinear terms vux and uvx , respectively. We have a few terms of the Adomian polynomials for vux and uvx , which are given by A0 = v0 u0x , A1 = v1 u0x + v0 u1x , A2 = v2 u0x + v1 u1x + v0 u2x , A3 = v3 u0x + v2 u1x + v1 u2x + v0 u3x , and A0 = u0 v0x , A1 = u1 v0x + u0 v1x , A2 = u2 v0x + u1 v1x + u0 v2x , A3 = u3 v0x + u2 v1x + u1 v2x + u0 v3x , ... . Now we dene the following recursively formula:

1 s 1 s ex , s ex , s

[u0 ] = [v0 ] =

+ +
1 s2 1 s2

[un+1 ] = [vn+1 ] =

1 [An ] s

1 [un ], s

(39)

+ 1 [An ] + 1 [vn ]. s s

(40)

1314 Operating with Laplace inverse on both sides of (39) and (40) gives

J. Fadaei

u0 = t + ex , v0 = t + ex , (41) u1 = t v1 = t u2 = v2 =
t2 2! t2 2! t2 t2 2! 2!

tex

t2

2!

ex ,

+ tex

t2 x e , 2!

(42)

+ t2 ex + . . . , + t2 ex + . . . .

(43) Similarly, we can nd other components. Using (16), the series solutions are therefore given by

u(x, t) = ex 1 t +

t2 2!

t2 2!

t3 3!

,
t3 3!

v(x, t) = ex 1 + t +

.
t t

By using the Taylor expansion for e and e u(x, t) = ext ,

(44) we can nd the exact solutions

v(x, t) = ex+t .

Conclusion

In this work, a numerical Laplace transform algorithm which is based on the Adomian decomposition method is used to for solving the linear and nonlinear systems of partial dierential equations. The method presents a useful way to develop an analytic treatment for these systems. The proposed scheme can be applied for system more than two linear and nonlinear partial dierential equations. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The author is thankful to Professor M. Mohseni Moghadam for his endless support and guidance. This work has been partially supported by the Mahani Mathematical Research Center and the Center of Excellent in Linear Algebra and Optimization of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman.

System of PDEs

1315

References
[1] L. Debnath, Nonlinear Partial Dierential Equations for Scientists and Engineers, Birkhauser, Boston, 1997. [2] J.D. Logan, An Introduction to Nonlinear Partial Dierential Equations, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1994. [3] G.B. Whitham, Linear and Nonlinear Waves, Wiley, New York, 1974. [4] C. Lubich, A. Ostermann, Multigrid dynamic interaction for parabolic equations, BIT 27 (1987) 216 - 234. [5] S. Vandewalle, R. Piessens, Numerical experiments with nonlinear multigrid waveform relaxation on a parallel processor, Appl. Numer. Math. 8 (1991) 149 - 161. [6] G. Adomian, The diusion-Brusselator equation,Comput. Math. Appl. 29 (1995) 1 - 3. [7] S.A. Khuri, A Laplace decomposition algorithm applied to class of nonlinear dierential equations, J Math. Appl. 4 (2001) 141 - 155. [8] S. A. Khuri, A new approach to Bratus problem, Appl. Math. Comput. 147 (2004) 131 - 136. [9] Elcin Yusufoglu (Agadjanov), Numerical solution of Dung equation by the Laplace decomposition algorithm, Appl. Math. Comput. 177 (2006) 572 - 580. [10] S. Nasser Elgazery, Numerical solution for the Falkner-Skan equation, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 35 (2008) 738 - 746. [11] A.M. Wazwaz, Partial dierential equations methods and applications, Netherland Balkema Publisher, 2002. [12] A.M. Wazwaz, The variational iteration method for solving linear and nonlinear systems of PDEs, Computers. Math. Appl. 54 (2007) 895 - 902. [13] M. Hussain and M. Khan, Modied Laplace decomposition method, Appl. Math. Sci. 4(36) (2010) 1769 - 1783 [14] G. Adomian, R. Rach, Modied Adomian polynomials, Math. Comput. Model. 24(11) (1996) 39-46. Received: October, 2010