Things to know Routing Technologies 1-What is function of RAM, Flash and NVRAM Ram stores operational information such

h routing table and the running configuration file Flash memory store IOS image NVRAM hold the startup configuration file where ram holds the running configuration file Ram contents are lost when the router is powered down or reload Where NVRAM and Flash memory not *2-What 3 interfaces you would see on a router. Serial link, fast Ethernet, console *3-What is the function of a router Mange the path along which information is forward with network. Router is device that forward data between computer networks creating an overlay inter network. *4-What is the difference between user mode and privilege mode? User mode is the first mode a user has access to after logging to the router user mode can be identified by > prompt. Privileged mode allow user to view the system configuration by using show command , restart the system and enter to router configuration and is identified by # prompt. 5-What is the difference between a static route and a dynamic route? Static routes are routes that a network administrator manually configures Advantage Static Routing: Increases with network size Administrator intervention required Suitable for simple topologies More secure No extra resources needed have the lowest administrative distance Disadvantage Static routing Impractical on large network Dynamic routing protocols enable routers to share information about the reachability and status of remote networks through network discovery. Advantage Dynamic route: Generally independent of the network size Automatically adapts to topology changes Suitable for simple and complex topologies

 Less secure Route depends on the current topology Disadvantage Dynamic route Routing protocol put additional load on router cup/ram 6- What is a Default route and why is it recommended to include one in your configuration? A special type of static route specifies a gateway to use when the routing table does not contain a path to a destination. The command to create a default route is similar to the command used to create either an ordinary or a floating static route.

*7-Distinguish between the enable password and the enable secret password command. Enable password create unencrypted password which showing in clear text when using show run command Enable secret create encrypted password 8- Give an example of a Distant Vector Routing protocol. Rip v1 Rip v2 Eigrp 9-Give an example of a Link State Routing protocol. OSPF

10-What is the difference between distance vector routing protocols and link state routing protocols Distance vector routing protocols share network information with directly connected neighbours. Distance vector protocols usually require less complicated configurations and management than link-state protocols. Link state routing protocols. Requires more complex network planning and configuration Requires increased router resources Requires more memory for storing multiple tables Requires more CPU and processing power for the complex routing calculations

11-What is CDP Protocol in cisco-manufactured equipment, including router, access server Enable the device to communicate with another device on the LAN 12- Purpose of the DR and BDR and how they elected DR and BDR is to reduces the number of updates sent, unnecessary traffic flow, and processing overhead on all routers. This is accomplished by requiring all routers to accept updates from the DR only. On broadcast network segments there is only one DR and BDR. All other routers must have a connection to the DR and BDR. When a link fails, the router with information about the link sends the information to the DR, using the multicast address 224.0.0.6. The DR is responsible for distributing the change to all other OSPF routers, using multicast 224.0.0.5. In addition to reducing the number of updates sent across the network, this process also ensures that all routers receive the same information at the same time from a single source. If the DR fails, the BDR immediately takes over as DR, and a new BDR is elected . the router with the highest router ID is elected the DR. The second highest is elected as the BDR. The router ID is an IP address that is determined by: 1. The value configured with the router-id command 2. If no value is set with the router-id command, the highest configured IP address on any loopback interface 3. If no loopback interface is configured, the highest IP address on any active physical interface The router ID can be viewed using the following show commands: show ip protocols, show ip ospf, or show ip ospf interface commands. In some cases, an administrator may want specific routers to be the DR and BDR. These might be routers with more processing power or lighter traffic load. An administrator can force the DR and BDR election by configuring a priority using the interface configuration command: