For metering gas we have use Gas detector (trebui inventata o poveste unde ai folosit asta ex: cand

ai intrat intr-un beci sau canalizare sau )

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Portable gas detector

A gas detector is a device which detects the presence of various gases within an area, usually as part of a safety system. This type of equipment is used to detect a gas leak and interface with a control system so a process can be automatically shut down. A gas detector can also sound an alarm to operators in the area where the leak is occurring, giving them the opportunity to leave the area. This type of device is important because there are many gases that can be harmful to organic life, such as humans or animals. Gas detectors can be used to detect combustible, flammable and toxic gases, and oxygen depletion. This type of device is used widely in industry and can found in a variety of locations such as on oil rigs, to monitor manufacture processes and emerging technologies such as photovoltaic. They may also be used in firefighting. Gas detectors are usually battery operated. They transmit warnings via a series of audible and visible signals such as alarms and flashing lights, when dangerous levels of gas vapors are detected. As detectors measure a gas concentration, the sensor responds to a calibration gas, which serves as the reference point or scale. As a sensors detection exceeds a preset alarm level, the alarm or signal will be activated. As units, gas detectors are produced as portable or stationary devices. Originally, detectors were produced to detect a single gas, but modern units may detect several toxic or combustible gases, or even a combination of both types.[1]

How to Use a SCBA

An SCBA allows firefighters to battle structure fires while breathing safely.

When entering an oxygen-deficient environment, you need a portable air supply to avoid succumbing to asphyxiation. A self-contained breathing apparatus is comprised of an air tank, mask and regulator that work together to supply you breathable air when entering oxygendeficient or toxic air environments. Common oxygen-deficient environments that require an SCBA include working structure fires for firefighters and confined space entry for construction and maintenance personnel. Inspecting the SCBA periodically will ensure it performs correctly when put in use.
Difficulty: Moderately Easy

Instructions
Things You'll Need

SCBA Non-alcohol wipes Out-of-service tag

1.

Inspect the SCBA components. Check the seals around the inside of the mask for cracks or tears. Make sure the head harness straps are not cut or twisted and the air tank contains no cuts or dents. Check the tank harness straps for cuts or abrasions. If you notice any damaged SCBA components, notify the proper personnel immediately to take the SCBA out of service.
o

Don the SCBA. Ensure the tank harness straps are not twisted. Put one arm into each side of the tank harness. Connect the harness lap belt to secure the air pack to your body. Position the pressure gauge to allow you to read the amount of air remaining in the air tank. Slide the mask over your face and adjust the head harness straps to pull the mask tight to your face. 3 Breathe deeply with the air regulator closed. If the mask does not pull toward your face, reposition the face mask to achieve a proper seal.
o

Open the valve located on the air tank. Turn the air regulator valve clockwise to start the flow of air into the mask. Slide a finger under the seal surrounding the mask. Take the SCBA out-of-service if air does not flow while your finger is under the seal.
o

Close the valve located on the air tank. Press the purge valve to release the air pressure from the air line. An audible low air alarm will sound when the air pressure falls below 50 bar. If the alarm does not sound, tag the SCBA out-ofservice.
o

Read the pressure gauge. Remove and replace the SCBA if the pressure gauge reads below 250 bar.
o

Turn the air regulator counterclockwise to turn off the air flow to the mask when you are finished using the SCBA. Remove the mask. Undo the straps for the air tank harness.
o

Clean the seals around the mask and the mask lens with a non-alcoholic wipe.
o

Place an out-of-service tag on the SCBA. Set the SCBA in a proper storage container.

EXTENGUISHER

Fire triangle To understand how fire extinguishers work, you need to understand a little about fire. Fire is a very rapid chemical reaction between oxygen and a combustible material, which results in the release of heat, light, flames, and smoke. For fire to exist, the following four elements must be present at the same time:

Enough oxygen to sustain combustion, Enough heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature, Some sort of fuel or combustible material, and The chemical reaction that is fire.

How a fire extinguisher works Portable fire extinguishers apply an extinguishing agent that will either cool burning fuel, displace or remove oxygen, or stop the chemical reaction so a fire cannot continue to burn. When the handle of an extinguisher is compressed, agent is expelled out the nozzle. A fire extinguisher works much like a can of hair spray. All portable fire extinguishers must be approved by a nationally recognized testing laboratory to verify compliance with applicable standards [29 CFR 1910.157(c)(2)]. Equipment that passes the laboratory's tests are labeled and given an alpha-numeric classification based on the type and size of fire it will extinguish. Let's take a look at the label pictured. The classification is: 1-A:10-BC The letters (A, B, and C) represent the type(s) of fire for which the extinguisher has been approved. The number in front of the A rating indicates how much water the extinguisher is equal to and represents 1.25 gallons of water for every unit of one. For example, a 4-A rated extinguisher would be equal to five (4 x 1.25) gallons of water. The number in front of the B rating represents the area in square feet of a class B fire that a nonexpert user should be able to extinguish. Using the above example, a non-expert user should be able to put out a flammable liquid fire that is as large as 10 square feet.

Types of fire extinguishers

Different types of fire extinguishers are designed to fight different types of fire. The three most common types of fire extinguishers are: air pressurized water, CO2 (carbon dioxide), and dry chemical. The following table provides information regarding the type of fire and which fire extinguisher should be used. Extinguisher Type Type of Fire Ordinary Combustibles Fires in paper, cloth, wood, rubber, and many plastics require a water type extinguisher labeled A.

Flammable Liquids Fires in oils, gasoline, some paints, lacquers, grease, solvents, and other flammable liquids require an extinguisher labeled B.

OR Electrical Equipment Fires in wiring, fuse boxes, energized electrical equipment, computers, and other electrical sources require an extinguisher labeled C.

Ordinary Combustibles, Flammable Liquids, or Electrical Equipment Multi-purpose dry chemical is suitable for use on class A, B, and C.

Metals Fires involving powders, flakes or shavings of

How do you clean up an oil spill? Spill = scurgeri

No two oil spills are the same because of the variation in oil types, locations, and weather conditions involved. However, broadly speaking, there are four main methods of response.
(1) Leave the oil alone so that it breaks down by natural means. If there is no possibility of the oil polluting coastal regions or marine industries, the best method is to leave it to disperse by natural means. A combination of wind, sun, current, and wave action will rapidly disperse and evaporate most oils. Light oils will disperse more quickly than heavy oils. (2) Contain the spill with booms and collect it from the water surface using skimmer equipment. Spilt oil floats on water and initially forms a slick that is a few millimeters thick. There are various types of booms that can be used either to surround and isolate a slick, or to block the passage of a slick to vulnerable areas such as the intake of a desalination plant or fish-farm pens or other sensitive locations. Boom types vary from inflatable neoprene tubes to solid, but buoyant material. Most rise up about a meter above the water line. Some are designed to sit flush on tidal flats while others are applicable to deeper water and have skirts which hang down about a meter below the waterline. Skimmers float across the top of the slick contained within the boom and suck or scoop the oil into storage tanks on nearby vessels or on the shore. However, booms and skimmers are less effective when deployed in high winds and high seas. (3) Use dispersants to break up the oil and speed its natural biodegradation. Dispersants act by reducing the surface tension that stops oil and water from mixing. Small droplets of oil are then formed, which helps promote rapid dilution of the oil by water movements. The formation of droplets also increases the oil surface area, thus increasing the exposure to natural evaporation and bacterial action. Dispersants are most effective when used within an hour or two of the initial spill. However, they are not appropriate for all oils and all locations. Successful dispersion of oil through the water column can affect marine organisms like deep-water corals and sea grass. It can also cause oil to be temporarily accumulated by subtidal seafood. Decisions on whether or not to use dispersants to combat an oil spill must be made in each individual case. The decision will take into account the time since the spill, the weather conditions, the particular environment involved, and the type of oil that has been spilt.

(4) Introduce biological agents to the spill to hasten biodegradation. Most of the components of oil washed up along a shoreline can be broken down by bacteria and other microorganisms into harmless substances such as fatty acids and carbon dioxide. This action is called biodegradation. The natural process can be speeded up by the addition of fertilizing nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous, which stimulate growth of the microorganisms concerned. However the effectiveness of this technique depends on factors such as whether the ground treated has sand or pebbles and whether the fertilizer is water soluble or applied in pellet or liquid form.

Skimmer

= este un aparat care filtreaza

An oil skimmer is a piece of equipment which is designed to clean up spilled oil. There are a number of applications for oil skimmers, and there are a number of different styles on the market to meet various needs. These devices are used to clean up after tanker spills, to clarify mixtures of oil, water and other substances for commercial use, and to clean up various pumps and tanks in facilities which handle oil and other substances.