INTRODUCTIONTOLIMITS,FITS, INTRODUCTION TO LIMITS FITS TOLERANCEANDGD&T TOLERANCE AND GD&T

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PURPOSEOFMASSPRODUCTION PURPOSE OF MASS PRODUCTION (Interchangeability) In I mass production, b i t h d ti by interchangeability, bilit identical components manufactured by different diff t personnel l under d different diff t environment, can be assembled and replaced without any f th rectification d i ith t further tifi ti during th the assembly stage, without affecting the functioning of th f ti i f the component when t h assembled

NECESSITY OF THE LIMIT SYSTEM If components are to be interchangeable, they need to be manufactured to the same size which is not possible, when they are mass produced. It b becomes necessary t th operator t d i t to the t to deviate by a small margin from the exact size (BASIC SIZE). SIZE) At the same time, the deviated size should not , affect the quality of the assembly. This sort of dimensioning is known as limit dimensioning g g

Asystemoflimits istobefollowedasastandard forthe A system of limits is to be followed as a standard for the limitdimensioningof components Varioussystemoflimitsandfitsarefollowedbydifferent Various system of limits and fits are followed by different countriesbasedontheISO specifications. Thesystemoflimitsandfitsfollowedinourcountryisthat Th t f li it d fit f ll di t i th t stipulatedbytheBIS(BUREAUOFINDIANSTANDARDS) OTHERSYSTEMOFLIMITSANDFITS INTERNATIONALSTANDARDSORGANISATION(ISO) BRITISHSTANDARDSYSTEM(BSS) GERMANSTANDAD(DIN) ( )

TERMINOLOGY THEINDIANSTANDARDSYSTEMOFLIMITS&FITS Size: Itisanumberexpressedinaparticularunitinthe measurementoflength BasicSize: Itisthesizebasedonwhichthedimensionaldeviationsare given. ActualSize: Itisthesizeofthecomponentbyactualmeasurementafter itismanufactured.Itshouldliebetweenthetwolimitsofsizeif f d h ld l b h l f f thecomponentistobeaccepted

Limitsofsize: These are the extreme permissible sizes within which the operator is expected to make the component. Maximum limit of size: It is the greater of the two limit of sizes. Minimum limit of size: It is the smaller of the two limits of sizes. Hole: In the BIS system of limits & fits, component i l di th t including those which are not hi h t as Hole Shaft: In the BIS system of limits & fits, component including those which are not as shaft. all internal features of a cylindrical are d i t d li d i l designated

all external features of a cylindrical are designated

HOLE

SHAFT

Deviation: Itisthealgebraicdifferencebetweenalimitsof sizetoitscorrespondingbasicsize.Itmaybepositive, negativeorzero. Upperdeviation: pp Itisthealgebraicdifferencebetweenthe maximumlimitofsizetoitscorrespondingbasicsize. maximum limit of size to its corresponding basic size Lowerdeviation: Itisthealgebraicdifferencebetweenthe minimumlimitofsizetoitscorrespondingbasicsize.

Actualdeviation Itisthe algebraicdifferencebetweentheactual size anditscorrespondingbasicsize. p g Tolerance: Itisthedifferencebetweenthemaximumlimitof size andminimumlimitsofsize.Itisalwayspositive and isexpressedonlyasanumberwithoutasign. is expressed only as a number without a sign Zeroline: Ingraphicalrepresentation ofaboveterms,the zerolinerepresentsthebasicsize.Thislineisalsocalled asthe lineofzerodeviation.

 Isthereanytwothingsidentical?

Wh V i ti ? WhyVariations?

NO

Men Machine M hi Material

SHAFT
BASIC DIAMETER 20MM

20mm

SHAFT
DIAMETER : MAY GO UP TO 20.3 mm

20.3mm

SHAFT
SPECIFICATION

+ 0.30 - 0.00

20

SHAFT
SPECIFICATION

TOLERANCE

+ 0.30 - 0.00

20

DimensionsandTolerance communicateinthesize and shape ofthepart. ADimension i A Di i isanumericalvalueexpressedin i l l di appropriateunits ofmeasureandusedtodefineSize, location,orientation,formorothergeometric location orientation form or other geometric characteristicsofthepart.

AToleranceisthetotalamountthatpartfeatures are permittedtovaryfromtheirspecifieddimensions. Itisthedifferencebetweenthemaximumand minimumlimit i i li i

SOLVETHEPROBLEM

ONTHEDRAWING,WHICHLETTERINDICATESALIMITTOLERANCE? ON THE DRAWING WHICH LETTER INDICATES A LIMIT TOLERANCE?

ONTHEDRAWING,WHICHLETTERINDICATESAPLUSORMINUS TOLERANCE?

Fundamental Deviation: There are 28 f d Th fundamental d i ti t l deviations i th BIS system in the t represented by letter symbols The fundamental deviations are for achieving the different classes of fits

Schematic representationofthe positionsof fundamental deviations

Fundamentaltolerance: Thisisalsocalledgradeoftolerance.IntheIndian g StandardSystem,thereare18gradesoftolerances

Ahighnumber givesa_____________tolerancezone.

LARGE Ahighnumber givesa_____________tolerancezone.

Toleranced size: Thisincludesthebasicsize,thefundamentaldeviation andthegradeoftolerance.

25H7(toleranced sizeofa___________)

25H7(tolerancedsizeofa___________)

HOLE

30h7(toleranced sizeofa_____)

Shaft 30h7(tolerancedsizeofa_____)

Calculatethetolerancefor a. 25H7 b.30h7 b. 30h7

NO.

SIZE OF THE COMPONENT

UPPER DEVIATION

LOWER DEVIATION

MAX. LIMIT OF SIZE

MIN, LIMIT OF SIZE

Exercise: Exercise : 120G7 20g6

NO.

SIZE OF THE COMPONENT

UPPER DEVIATION

LOWER DEVIATION

MAX. LIMIT OF SIZE

MIN, LIMIT OF SIZE

FITS

Fit: Itistherelationshipthatexistsbetweentwomating parts,aholeandashaft.,withrespecttotheirdimensional differencebetweenassembly diff b bl Expressionofafit: Example 30H7/g6(or) 30H7g6(or) 30

H7 g6

TYPES

1.ClearanceFit 1 Cl Fit

Clearance: Inafittheclearanceisthedifferencebetween thesizeoftheholeandthesizeoftheshaftwhichis the size of the hole and the size of the shaft which is alwayspositive. Clearancefit: Itisafitwhichalwaysprovidesclearance.Here thetolerancezoneoftheholewillbeabovethe tolerancezoneoftheshaft.

Clearance: Inafittheclearanceisthedifferencebetween thesizeoftheholeandthesizeoftheshaftwhichis the size of the hole and the size of the shaft which is alwayspositive. Clearancefit: Itisafitwhichalwaysprovidesclearance.Here thetolerancezoneoftheholewillbeabovethe tolerancezoneoftheshaft.

Thelimitsoftheholeare 20+0.021=20.021mm 20+0=20.000mm Forashaft20g6wefindinthetable7 20 20 Sothelimitsoftheshaftare 20 0.007=19.993mm 20 0.020=19.980mm

Maximumclearance: Inaclearancefitortransitionfit,itisthedifference In a clearance fit or transition fit it is the difference betweenthemaximumholeandminimumshaft Minimumclearance: Inaclearancefit,itisthedifferencebetweenthe minimumholeandmaximumshaft

Theminimumclearance The minimum clearance is 20.000 19.993=0.007 mm Themaximumclearance i Th i l is 20.021 19.980=0.041 mm

Thereisalwaysaclearancebetweenthe holeandtheshaft.ThisistheClearancefit.

2.InterferenceFit 2 I t f Fit

Interpretthefollowing 25H7/p6

Interference: Itisthedifferencebetweenthesizeoftheholeandthe shaftbeforeassembly,andthisisnegative. Inthiscase,theshaftisalwayslargerthantheholesize. Interferencefit: Itisafitwhichalwaysprovidesinterference.Herethe y p tolerancezoneoftheholewillbebelowthetolerancezoneof theshaft.

MaximumInterference: Maximum Interference: Inaninterferencefitortransitionfit,itisthealgebraic differencebetweentheminimumholeandthemaximumshaft. MinimumInterference: Inaninterferencefit,itisthealgebraicdifference In an interference fit it is the algebraic difference betweenthemaximumholeandtheminimumshaft Themaximuminterference The maximum interference is 25.035 25.000= 0.035 mm Theminimuminterference i Th i i i t f is 25.022 25.021=0.001 mm

3.TransitionFit 3 T iti Fit

Interpretthefollowing 75H8/j7 75 H8/j7

Transitionfit: Transition fit: Itisafitwhichmaysometimesprovideclearance, andsometimesinterference.Whenthisclassoffitis representedgraphicallythetolerancezonesoftheholeand shaftwilloverlapeachother. Example; Thelimitsoftheholeare75.046mm(Max.limitofsize) 75.000mm(Min.limitofsize) Thelimitsoftheshaftare75.018mm(Max.limitofsize) ( ) 74.988mm(Min.limitofsize)

Max.clearance=Max.limitofhole Min limit of shaft Max clearance = Max limit of hole Min.limitofshaft =75.04674.988 =0.058mm Max.interference =Max.limitofshaft Min.limitofhole =75.018 75.000 =0.018mm

Thisisatransitionfitbecauseitcanresultinaclearancefitoran This is a transition fit because it can result in a clearance fit or an interferencefit.

BASICSHAFTSYSTEM FIT CLEARANCE TRANSITION INTERFERENCE SHAFT HOLE h h h A up to H J up to N P up to ZC

BASICHOLESYSTEM FIT CLEARANCE TRANSITION INTERFERENCE HOLE H H H SHAFT a up to h j up to n p up to zc

TypesofSystem T fS t

IntheBASICHOLE system,thebasicpart isthehole,whilethe shaftisthematingpart. shaft is the mating part IntheBASICSHAFT system,thebasicpart istheshaft,whilethe holeisthematingpart. o e s t e at g pa t

GroupExercises

Determine Determine thetypeof fit

Determine Determine thetypeof fit

Determinethe typeoffit f fi

Identifythetypesoffits 30H7/g6 / 30H7/p6 30H7 / p6 30H7/m6 30H7 / m6