Professional Documents
Culture Documents
An office window has dimensions 3.4 m by 2.1 m. As a result of the passage of a storm, the outside air pressure drops to 0.96 atm, but inside the pressure is held at 1.0 atm. What net force pushes out on the window? A = (3.4 m)(2.1 m) = 7.14 m2 . The pressure difference and the force are: p p0 = (1.0 atm 0.96 atm) 1.013 105 N/m2 1 atm = 4.05 103 N/m2 F = (p p0 )A = 2.9 104 N
HRW 14.2 A partially evacuated airtig ht container has a tight-fitting lid of surface area 77 m2 and negligible mass. If the force required to remove the lid is 480 N and the atmospheric pressure is 1.0105 Pa, what is the internal air pressure? Assuming the force required is only to overcome the pressure difference, the gauge pressure is F = (p out pin )A pin pout = F 480 N 2 = = 6.2 N/m A 77 m2
The absolute pressure on the inside would be only slightly smaller than the atmospheric pressure on the outside. HRW 14.17 Crew members attempt to escape from a damaged submarine 100 m below the surface. What force must be applied to a pop-out hatch, which is 1.2 m by 0.60 m, to push it out at that depth? Assume that the densi ty of ocean water 1024 kg/m 3 and the internal air pressure is 1.0 atm. Assuming atmospheric pressure inside, the gauge pressure is p p0 = gh = (1024 kg/m3 )(9.80 m/s )(100 m) = 1.00 106 N/m2 The area is simply, A = (1.2 m)(0.60 m) = 0.72 m2 , and the force is F = (p p0 )A = (1.00 106 N/m2 )(0.72 m2 ) = 7.2 105 N
2
HRW 14.23 In analyzing certain geological features, it is often appropriate to assume that the pressure at some horizo ntal level of compensatio n, deep inside the Earth, is the same over a large region and is equal to the pressure due to the gravitational force on the overlying material. Thus, the pressure on the level of compensation is given by the fluid pressure formula. This model requires, for one thin g, that mou ntains have roots of continental rock extending into the denser mantle (see figure). Consider a mou ntain of height H = 6.0 km on a continent of thickness T = 32 km. The contine ntal rock has a density of 2.9 g/cm 3 , and beneath this rock the mantle has a density of 3.3 g/cm 3 . Calculate the depth D of the root. (Hint: Set the pressure at points a and b equal; the depth y of the level of compensation will cancel out.)
where 1 = 2.9 g/cm3 and 2 = 3.3 g/cm3 are the densities of the contine nt and mantle, respectively. Setting these pressures equal: 1 gT + 1 gH + 1 gD + 2 gy 2 gD = 1 gT + 2 gy Solve for D: (2 1 )D = 1 H D = 1 H = 2 1 1 H + (1 2 )D = 0
HRW 14.26 To suck lemonade of density 1000 kg/m 3 up a straw to s maximum height of 4.0 cm, what minimum gauge pressure (in atmospheres) must you produce in your lungs? You want a lower pressure so that the liquid will be pushed up the straw.
p0 = p + gh
p p0 = gh
p p0 = (1.00 103 kg/m3 )(9.80 m/s )(0.040 m) = 392 N/m2 = 3.9 103 atm
HRW 14.31 A block of wood floats in fresh-water with two-thirds of its volume V submerged and in oil with 0.90V submerged. Find the density of (a) the wood and (b) the oil. The volumes displaced are Vd, water = 0.667V and Vd,oil = 0.90V . (a) wood gV = water gVd, water wood = Vd, water V water
wood = 0.667(1.00 103 kg/m3 ) = 667 kg/m3 (b) wood gV = oil gVd,oil oil = HRW 14.38 A hollow sphere of inner radius 8.0 cm and outer radius 9.0 cm floats half-submerged in a liquid of density 800 kg/m 3 . (a) What is the mass of the sphere? (b) Calculate the density of the material of which the sphere is made. (a) The volume displaced is Vdis = 1 2 4 3 R 3 outer = 2 (0.090 m)3 = 1.53 103 m3 3 oil = V Vd, water wood
The buoyant force supports the weight: mg = liq gVdis (b) The volume of the material is V = and the density is = 4 4 3 (R3 outer Rinner ) = (0.090 m)3 (0.080 m)3 = 9.09 104 m3 3 3 m 1.22 kg = = 1.34 103 kg/m3 V 9.09 104 m3 m = liq Vdis = (800 kg/m3 )(1.53 103 m3 ) = 1.22 kg
HRW 14.44 A block of wood has a mass of 3.67 kg and a density of 600 kg/m 3 . It is to be loaded with lead (1.14 104 kg/m 3 ) so that it will float in water with 0.900 of its volume submerged. What mass of lead is needed if the lead is atta ched to (a) the top of the wood and (b) the bottom of the wood?
(a) Only the wood displaces water, Vdis = 0.90Vwood and Vwood = mwood / wood . (m wood + mlead )g = water gVdis m mwood = 0.90 wood
lead
water
m wood = 0.90
mlead = 0.90
(b) Both the wood and the lead displace water, Vdis = 0.90Vwood + Vlead and Vlead = mlead / lead . (m wood + mlead )g = water gVdis 1 water lead mlead = mlead = water 0.90 0.90 mwood mlead + wood lead mwood
m lead
water 1 mwood wood 1.0010 3 kg/m3 1 0.90 600 kg/m3 (3.67 kg) = 2.01 kg = 1.00103 kg/m3 1 1.1310 4 kg/m3
HRW 14.48 The figure at right shows an iron ball suspended by thread of negligible mass from an uprig ht cylinder that floats partially submerged in water. The cylinder has a height of 6.00 cm, a face area of 12.0 cm2 on the top and bottom, and a density of 0.30 g/cm 3 , and 2.00 cm of its height is above the water surface. What is the radius of the iron ball?
Newtons 2nd law for the iron ball (with w = 1000 kg/m3 and i = 7900 kg/m3 ): F T + FB F g = 0 FT + w gVba ll i gVball = 0 Vball = FT ( i w )g
To find the volume of the ball, we need the tension force. Newtons 2nd law for the cylinder: FB Fg FT = 0 Using Vdis =
2 3V
w gVdis c gV FT = 0
FT = (w Vdis c V ) g
FT =
7.2 10
9.80 m/s
= 0.2378 N
kg/m3 )(9.80
m/s )
= 3.517 106 m3
= 3
R=
3Vba ll 4
3(3.517 106 m3 ) 4
1/3
= 0.00943 m = 0.943 cm
HRW 14.51 A garden hose with internal diameter of 1.9 cm is connected to a (stationary) lawn sprinkler that consists of a container with 24 holes, each 0.13 cm in diameter. If the water in the hose has a speed of 0.91 m/s, what spped does it leave the sprinkler holes? 2 d1 The continuity equation tells us: A2 v2 = A1 v1 v2 = A1 v = v1 1 A2 24d2 2 v2 = (0.91 m/s) = 8.0 m/s (1.9 cm) 2 2 24(0.13 cm)
HRW 14.54 The water flowing through a 1.9 cm (inside diamter) pipe flows out through three 1.3 cm pipes. (a) If the flow rates in the three smaller pipes are 26, 19, ands 11 L/min, what is the flow rate in the 1.9 cm pipe? (b) What is the ratio of the speed in the 1.9 cm pipe to that in the pipe carrying 26 L/min? (a) The volume rate of flow in must equal the total volume rate of flow out. RV 0 = RV 1 + RV 2 + RV 3 = 56 L/min (b) The volume rate of flow is equal to the velocity times the cross sectional area: A0 v0 = RV 0
2
v0 =
RV 0 A0
and
v1 =
2
RV 1 A1
HRW 14.48
v0 RV 0 A 1 RV 0 d1 = = = v1 A0 RV 1 RV 1 d2 2
56 L/min 26 L/min
1.3 cm 1.9 cm
= 1.00
HRW 14.61 A water pipe having a 2.5 cm inside diameter carries water into the baseme nt of a house at a speed of 0.90 m/s and a pressure of 170 kPa. If the pipe tapers to 1.2 cm and rises to the second floor 7.6 m above the input point, what are the (a) speed and (b) water pressure at the second floor? Coming into the baseme nt: cm At the higher point: p2 =?, p = 1.70 105 N/m2 , v = 0.90 m/s, y = 0, d = 2.5
v2 =?,
y2 = 7.6 m,
d2 = 1.2 cm
v1 =
2.5 cm 1.2 cm
p2 = p1 +
1 2 1 2 v1 v2 gy2 2 2
kg/m3 )
1 1 2 2 (0.90 m/s) (3.91 m/s) 2 (9.80 m/s )(7.6 m) = 8.83 104 N/m2 2 2
HRW 14.57 A cylindrical tank area A = 6.5 cm2 flows out, in cubic area of the stream At the top: with a large diameter is filled with water to a depth D = 0.30 m. A hole of cross-sectional in the bottom of the tank allows water to drain out. (a) What is the rate at which water meters per second? (b) At what distance below the bottom of the tank is the cross sectional equal to one-half the area of the hole? v 0, y = 0.30 m At the bottom: p2 = p0 , v2 =?, y2 =
p = p0 ,
v2 =
(b) Since RV is fixed, as v goes up, the area must shrink. A3 = 1 A2 2 v3 = 2v2
This additio nal kinetic energy is from gravitational potential energy. Assuming the fluid has dropped a distance d (so that y3 = d): 1 2 1 2 v gd = v2 2 3 2 d=
2 2 v3 v 2 (2v2 )2 v22 3v2 2 = = 2g 2g 2g
2 You can plug in the numbers or use (from above) v2 = 2gy to obtain:
d = 3y = 0.90 m
HRW 14.67 the figure at right, the fresh water behind a reservoir dam has depth In D = 15 m. A horizo ntal pipe 4.0 cm in diameter passes through the dam at depth d = 6.0 m. A plug secures the pipe opening. (a) Find the magnitu de of the frictional force between plug and pipe wall. (b) The plug is removed. What water volume exits the pipe in 3.0 h?
(a) The friction force must overcome the net pressure force. At the depth of the plug, the gauge pressure in the fluid is 2 p p0 = gd = (1.00 103 kg/m3 )(9.80 m/s )(6.0 m) = 5.88 104 N/m2 The pressure force that friction force must match is F = (p p0 )A = (5.88 104 N/m2 ) (0.020 m)2 = 74 N q p 2 2 = RV t = Avt = A( 2gd)t = (0.020 m) 2(9.80 m/s )(6.0 m)(1.08 104 s) = 147 m3
The figure shows a stream of water flowing through a hole at depth h = 10 cm in a tank holding water to height H = 40 cm. (a) At what distance x does the stream strike the floor? (b) At what depth should a second hole be made to give the same value of x? (c) At what depth should a hole be made to maximize x?
(a) The horizo ntal launch velocity of the stream is q p 2 v0 = 2gh = 2(9.80 m/s )(0.10 m) = 1.4 m/s To fall from y0 = H h = 30 cm, it will take 1 0 = y0 2 gt
2
r t= 2y0 g =
= 0.244 s
and the fluid will travel a horizo ntal distance of: (b) Putting in the formulas from above: x = v0 t = Solving for h as a function of x: x2 = 4h(H h) p
x = v0 t = 0.35 m s ! 2(H h) g 1 2 x =0 4
2gh
p = 2 h(H h)
h2 H h +
h=
H 1p 2 H x2 2 2
Plugging in for this particular case: h = 0.20 m 1p (0.40 m) 2 (0.35 m)2 = 0.10 m or 0.30 m 2 dx 2
(c) To find the maximum distance, take a derivative of x2 with respect to h and set it equal to zero:
HRW 14.67
dh = 4(H h) 4h = 4H 8h 4H 8h = 0 h=
1 H 2
HRW 14.65 A venturi meter is used to measure the flow speed of a fluid in a pipe. The meter is connected between two sections of the pipe (see figure); the cross-sectional area A of the entrance and exit of the meter matches the pipes cross-sectional area. Between the entrance and exit, the fluid flows from the pipe with speed V and then through a narrow throat of cross-sectional area a with speed v. A manometer connects the wider portion of the meter to the narrower portion. The change in the fluids speed is accompanied by a change p in the fluids pressure, which causes a height difference h of the liquid in the two arms of the manometer. (Here p means pressure in the throat minus pressure in the pipe.) (a) By applying Bernoullis equation and the equation of continuity to points 1 and 2 in the figure, show that s 2a2 p V = (a2 A2 ) where is the density of the fluid. (b) Suppose that the fluid is fresh water, that the cross-sectional areas are 64 cm2 in the pipe and 32 cm2 in the throat, and that the pressure is 55 kPa in the pipe and 41 kPa in the throat. What is the rate of water flow in cubic meters per second? (a) Continuity tells us: 1 2 AV = av 1 2 1 p = pthroat ppi pe = 2
Bernoullis equation tells us: ppi pe + V2 = pthroat + v Plugging in v = (A/a )V , we have p = A2 1 V2 2V2 2 a 1 A2 a2 s V = (b) For this particular case, we have s V = 2(14 103 N/m2 ) = 3.05 m/s (1000 kg/m3 ) [1 (2)2 ] 2a2 p (a2 A2 ) V2 = 2 p a2 A2 V 2 = 2a 2 p
2 2 2
V v
Solving for V :
A glass ball of radius 0.0200 m sits at the bottom of a container of milk that has a density of 1.03 10 3 kg/m 3 . The normal force acting on the ball from the containers lower surface has magnitude 9.48 102 N. Calculate the mass of the ball. Applying Newtons 2nd law to the ball, we have: FB + FN mball g = 0. Where FB = milk gVball , where Vball = 4 r 3 3 This gives mball = = 3.351 105 m3 .
ball
milk gVball + FN (1.03 103 )(9.80)(3.351 105 ) + 9.48 102 = 0.0442 kg = g 9.80