Alcatel GSM Fundamentals

GSM Radio Network Engineering Fundamentals
Prerequisite: Introduction to the Alcatel GSM Network
Mobile Radio Network Planning
3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Contents
w Introduction w RNP Process Overview w Coverage Planning w Traffic Planning and Frequency
Planning w Radio Interface / Quality of Service w Abbreviations
w w w w w w
P. 3 P. 39 P. 54 P.306 P.382 P.416
Introduction
Contents
w Standardization w Documentation w Radio Network Architecture w Mobile Phone Systems
Introduction
Standardization Documentation
www.3GPP.org organizational partners

w Project supported by
s ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (Japan) s CWTS China Wireless Telecommunication Standard group s ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institut s T1 Standards Committee T1 Telecommunication (US) s TTA Telecommunications Technology Association (Korea) s TTC Telecommunication Technology Committee (Japan)
w The Organizational Partners shall
determine the general policy and strategy of 3GPP and perform the following tasks: s Approval and maintenance of the 3GPP scope s Maintenance the Partnership Project Description s Taking decisions on the creation or cessation of Technical Specification Groups, and approving their scope and terms of reference s Approval of Organizational Partner funding requirements s Allocation of human and financial resources provided by the Organizational Partners to the Project Co-ordination Group
Technical Specification Group TSG
Specifications and Releases

w GSM/Edge Releases: http://www.3gpp.org/specs/releases.htm
s TR 41.103 GSM Phase 2+ Release 5
q Freeze date: March - June 2002
s TR 41.102 GSM Phase 2+ Release 4

q Freeze date: March 2001
s TR 01.01 Phase 2+ Release 1999

q Freeze date: March 2000
w For the latest specification status information please go to the 3GPP

Specifications database: http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Information/Databases/Spec_Status/ w The latest versions of specifications can be found on ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/specs/latest/
Specifications out of Release 1999

s TR 01.04 Abbreviations and acronyms s TS 03.22 Functions related to Mobile Station (MS) in idle mode and group receive mode s TR 03.30 Radio Network Planning Aspects s TS 04.04 Layer 1 - General Requirements s TS 04.06 Mobile Station - Base Stations System (MS - BSS) Interface Data Link (DL) Layer Specification s TS 04.08 Mobile radio interface layer 3 specification s TS 05.05 Radio Transmission and Reception s TS 05.08 Radio Subsystem Link Control s TS 08.06 Signalling Transport Mechanism Specification for the Base Station System - Mobile Services Switching Centre (BSSMSC) Interface s TS 08.08 Mobile-services Switching Centre - Base Station system (MSC-BSS) Interface Layer 3 Specification
Introduction
Radio Network Architecture Mobile Phone Systems
10
GSM Network Architecture

MS
GSM Circuit-switching:
BTS BSC
BTS BSC
Um (R adio) Abis
MS - BTS BTS - BSC BSC - MSC
LapDm
(GSM specific)
LapD
(ISDN type)
MSC
MSC
A B C D E F G H I PSTN ISDN
(SS7 basic) + BSSAP

(BSSAP = BSSMAP + DTAP)
E B G
VLR VLR
C D
HLR
F H
AuC EIR
GCR
MSC-VLR (SM-G)MSC-HLR HLR -VLR (SM-G)MSC-MSC MSC-EIR VLR -VLR HLR -AuC MSC-GCR MSC-P STN MSC-ISDN
(SS7 basic) + MAP
PSTN / ISDN
AuC
(SS7 basic) + TUP or ISUP
11

GSM Packet-switching (GPRS/EDGE):
BSS with PCU
MS
Um (Radio) MS - BTS
BSS with PCU
LAPDm
(GSM specific)
SGS N
SGS N
MSC
Gb
BSS - SGSN SGSN-SGSN SGSN-GGSN SGSN-HLR GGSN-HLR SGSN-EIR SGSN-MSC/VLR GGSN-Data Network
BSSGP IP IP SS7 IP/SS7 SS7 SS7 IP

12
Gn
GGSN
Gs Gr Gc
HLR EIR
Gn Gf Gr Gc Gf Gs Gi
Gn
Data Network Mobile Radio Network Planning
OMC-R
BSS OMC-R SGSN Gb NSS Gn GGSN GPRS CN OMC-G
MS BTS BTS A bis

BSC
Alcatel 9135 MFS
TC A
SSP + RCP
A ter
13
GSM Network Elements

w Base Station System BSS
s Base Transceiver Station BTS s Base Station Controller BSC w Terminal Equipment s Mobile Station MS w Operation and Maintenance Center-Radio OMC-R
w Network Subsystem NSS

s Mobile Services Switching Center MSC s Visitor Location Register VLR s Home Location Register HLR s Authentication Center AuC s Equipment Identity Register EIR Operation and Maintenance Center OMC Multi-BSS Fast Packet Server (GPRS) MFS Serving GPRS Support Node SGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node GGSN
w w w w
14
RF Spectrum
System GSM 450 GSM 480 GSM 850 GSM 900 E-GSM DCS 1800 (GSM) PCS 1900 (GSM)
Total Bandwidth 2x7.5MHz 2x7.2MHz 2x25MHz 2x25MHz 2x35MHz 2x75MHz 2x60MHz
Uplink frequency band /MHz 450.4-457.6 478.8-486 824-849 890-915 880-915 1710-1785 1850-1910
Downlink frequency band /MHz 460.4-467.6 488.8-496 869-894 935-960 925-960 1805-1880 1930-1990
Carrier Spacing 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz
15
Access Methods
w FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
w TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
w CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
16
FDMA
w Used for standard analog cellular mobile systems
(AMPS, TACS, NMT etc.) w Each user is assigned a discrete slice of the RF spectrum w Permits only one user per channel since it allows the user to use the channel 100% of the time.
17
TDMA
w Multiple users share RF carrier on a time slot basis w Carriers are sub-divided into timeslots w Information flow is not continuous for an user, it is sent and
received in "bursts"
18
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

w Multiple access spread spectrum technique w Each user is assigned a sequence code during a call w No time division; all users use the entire carrier
19
Analogue Cellular Mobile Systems

w Analogue transmission of speech w One TCH/Channel w Only FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) w Different Systems
s s s s AMPS (Countries: USA) TACS (UK, I, A, E, ...) NMT (SF, S, DK, N, ...) ...
20
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System)

w Analogue cellular mobile telephone system w Predominant cellular system operating in the US w Original system: 666 channels (624 voice and 42 control
channels) w EAMPS - Extended AMPS Current system: 832 channels (790 voice, 42 control); has replaced AMPS as the US standard w NAMPS - Narrowband AMPS New system that has three times more voice channels than EAMPS with no loss of signal quality w Backward compatible: if the infrastructure is designed properly, older phones work on the newer systems
21
AMPS - Technical objectives

Technology RF frequency band Channel Spacing Carriers Timeslots Mobile Power Transmission HO Roaming FDMA 825 - 890 MHz 30 kHz 666 (832) 1 0.6 - 4 W Voice, (data) possible possible
22
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System

Uplink Channel number Frequency of Channel (MHz) Downlink Channel number Frequency of Channel (MHz) Extended AMPS AMPS 991 102 1 3 666 667 799
824.04 825.03 844.98 845.01 0 0 0 0 845.01 0 991 869.04 0
Extended AMPS AMPS 102 1 3 666 667 799
Duplex distance 45 MHz
870.03 889.98 893.98 0 0 0 890.01 0
23
TACS Total Access Communications System
w Analogue cellular mobile telephone system w The UK TACS system was based on the US AMPS system w TACS - Original UK system that has either 600 or 1000
channels (558 or 958 voice channels, 42 control channels) w RF frequency band: 890 - 960 Uplink: 890-915 Downlink: 935-960 w Channel spacing: 25 KHz
24
TACS - Technical objectives

Technology RF frequency band Channel Spacing Carriers Timeslots Mobile Power Transmission HO Roaming FDMA 890 - 960 MHz 25 kHz 1000 1 0.6 - 10 W Voice , (data) possible possible
25
Different TACS-Systems
w ETACS - Extended TACS
s Current UK system that has 1320 channels (1278 voice, 42 control) and has replaced TACS as the UK standard
w ITACS and IETACS - International (E)TACS

s Minor variation of TACS to allow operation outside of the UK by allowing flexibility in assigning the control channels
w JTACS - Japanese TACS

s A version of TACS designed for operation in Japan
w NTACS - Narrowband TACS

s New system that has three times as many voice channels as ETACS with no loss of signal quality
26
TACS (Total Access Communications System)

Original concept (1000 channels) Mobile Station TX (Base Station TX) Number of Channel Frequenc y of channel [Mhz] E-TACS - 1320 Channels 1329 2047 0 11 23 1st Assignment in the UK (600 channels)
44
872.012 5 (917.012 5)
889.9625 (934.962 5) 889.9875 (934.987 5)
890.0125 (935.012 5)
Organisati on A
34 32 4 3 Organisati on B
60 0
100 0
Borders of channels [Mhz]
872 917
890 935
905 (95 0)
915 (96 0)
27
Why digital mobile communication ?

w w w w w w
Easy adaptation to digital networks Digital signaling serves for flexible adaptation to operational needs Possibility to realize a wide spectrum of non-voice services Digital transmission allows for high cellular implementation flexibility Digital signal processing gain results in high interference immunity Privacy of radio transmission ensured by digital voice coding and encryption in favour of a digital solution
w Cost and performance trends of modern microelectronics are
28
GSM - Technical objectives

Technology RF frequency band Channel Spacing Carriers Timeslots Mobile Power (average/max) BTS Power class MS sensitivity BTS sensitivity Transmission HO Roaming
TDMA/FDMA 890 - 960 MHz 200 kHz 124 8 2 W/ 8 W 10 ... 40 W - 102 dBm - 104 dBm Voice, data possible possible
29
DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephone)

w European Standard for Cordless Communication w Using TDMA-System w Traditional Applications
s Domestic use ("Cordless telephone") s Cordless office applications w Combination possible with s ISDN s GSM w High flexibility for different applications
30
DECT - Technical objectives

Technology RF frequency band Channel Spacing Carriers Timeslots Mobile Power (average/ max) BTS Power class MS sensitivity BTS sensitivity Transmission HO
TDMA/FDMA 1880 - 1900 MHz 1.728 MHz 10 12 (duplex) 10 mW/250 mW 250 mW -83 dBm -83 dBm Voice, data possible
31
CDMA - Technical objectives

w Spread spectrum technology
(Code Division Multiple Access)
w Several users occupy continuously one CDMA channel

(bandwidth: 1.25 MHz) The CDMA channel can be re-used in every cell
w Each user is addressed by

s A specific code and s Selected by correlation processing
w Orthogonal codes provides optimum

isolation between users
32
CDMA - Special Features

w Vocoder allows variable data rates w Soft handover w Open and closed loop power control w Multiple forms of diversity w Data, fax and short message services possible
33
CDMA - Technical objectives

Technology RF frequency band Channel Spacing Channels per 1250 kHz Mobile Power (average/max) Transmission HO ("Soft handoff") Roaming CDMA 869-894 / 824-849 or 1900 MHz 1250 kHz 64 1-6.3 W / 6.3 W Voice, data possible possible
34
TETRA - Features
w Standard for a frequency efficient european digital trunked radio w w
communication system (defined in 1990) Possibility of connections with simultaneous transmission of voice and data Encryption at two levels: s Basic level which uses the air interface encryption s End-to-end encryption (specifically intended for public safety users) Open channel operation "Direct Mode" possible s Communication between two MS without connecting via a BTS MS can be used as a repeater
w w w
35
TETRA - Typical Users

w Public safety
s Police (State, Custom, Military, Traffic) s Fire brigades s Ambulance service s ...
w Railway, transport and distribution companies
36
TETRA - Technical objectives

Technology RF frequency band Channel Spacing Carriers Timeslots Mobile Power (3 Classes) BTS Power class MS sensitivity BTS sensitivity Transmission HO Roaming
TDMA/FDMA 380 - 400 MHz 25 or 12.5 KHz not yet specified 4 1, 3, 10 W 0.6 - 25 W -103 dBm -106 dBm Voice, data, images, short message possible possible
37
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)

w Third generation mobile communication system w Combining existing mobile services (GSM, CDMA etc.)
and fixed telecommunications services
w More capacity and bandwidth w More services (Speech, Video, Audio, Multimedia etc.) w Worldwide roaming w "High" subscriber capacity
38
RNP Process Overview
39
Definition of RN Requirements
w The Request for Quotation (RfQ) from the customer prescribes the
requirements mainly w Coverage s Definition of coverage probability
q Percentage of measurements above level threshold
s Definition of covered area w Traffic s Definition of Erlang per square kilometer s Definition of number of TRX in a cell s Mixture of circuit switched and packed switched traffic w QoS s Call success rate s RxQual, voice quality, throughput rates, ping time
40
Preliminary Network Design

w The preliminary design lays
the foundation to create the Bill of Quantity (BoQ) s List of needed network elements w Geo data procurement s Digital Elevation Model DEM/Topographic map s Clutter map w Definition of standard equipment configurations dependent on s clutter type s traffic density
w Coverage Plots
s Expected receiving level w Definition of roll out phases s Areas to be covered s Number of sites to be installed s Date, when the roll out takes place. w Network architecture design s Planning of BSC and MSC locations and their links w Frequency spectrum from license conditions
41
Project Setup and Management

w This phase includes all tasks to be performed before the on
site part of the RNP process takes place. w This ramp up phase includes: s Geo data procurement if required s Setting up general rules of the project s Define and agree on reporting scheme to be used
q Coordination of information exchange between the different teams which are involved in the project
s Each department/team has to prepare its part of the project s Definition of required manpower and budget s Selection of project database (MatrixX)
42
Initial Radio Network Design

w Area surveys
s As well check of correctness of geo data w Frequency spectrum partitioning design w RNP tool calibration s For the different morpho classes:
q Performing of drive measurements q Calibration of correction factor and standard deviation by comparison of measurements to predicted received power values of the tool
w Definition of search areas (SAM Search Area Map)

s A team searches for site locations in the defined areas s The search team should be able to speak the national language w Selection of number of sectors/TRX per site together with project management and customer w Get real design acceptance from customer based on coverage prediction and predefined design level thresholds
43
Site Acquisition Procedure

w Delivery of site candidates
s Several site candidates shall be the result out of the site location search w Find alternative sites s If no site candidate or no satisfactory candidate can be found in the search area s Definition of new SAM s Possibly adaptation of radio network design w Check and correct SAR (Site Acquisition Report) s Location information s Land usage s Object (roof top, pylon, grassland) information s Site plan
w Site candidate acceptance and
ranking s If the reported site is accepted as candidate, then it is ranked according to its quality in terms of
q Radio transmission High visibility on covered area No obstacles in the near field of the antennas No interference from other systems/antennas q Installation costs Installation possibilities Power supply Wind and heat q Maintenance costs Accessibility Rental rates for object Durability of object
44
Technical Site Survey

w Agree on an equipment installation
solution satisfying the needs of s RNE Radio Network Engineer s Transmission planner s Site engineer s Site owner w The Technical Site Survey Report (TSSR) defines s Antenna type, position, bearing/orientation and tilt s Mast/pole or wall mounting position of antennas s EMC rules are taken into account
s BTS/Node B location s Power and feeder cable mount s Transmission equipment installation s Final Line Of Site (LOS) confirmation for microwave link planning
q E.g. red balloon of around half a meter diameter marks target location
w If the site is not acceptable or the

owner disagrees with all suggested solutions s The site will be rejected s Site acquisition team has to organize a new date with the next site from the ranking list
q Radio network engineer and transmission planner check electro magnetic compatibility (EMC) with other installed devices
45
Basic Parameter Definition

w After installation of equipment
the basic parameter settings are used for s Commissioning
q Functional test of BTS and VSWR check
w Cell design CAE data to be

defined for all cells are for example: s CI/LAC/BSIC s Frequencies s Neighborhood/cell handover relationship s Transmit power s Cell type (macro, micro, umbrella, )
s Call tests w RNEs define cell design data w Operations field service generates the basic software using the cell design CAE data
46
Cell Design CAE Data Exchange over COF

ACIE A9156 RNO
OMC 1
A955 V5 /A9155 V6 RNP
COF
A9155 PRC Generator Module
ACIE
Conversion
OMC 2 POLO BSS Software offline production

3rd Party RNP or Database
ACIE = PRC file

47
Turn On Cycle
w The network is launched step by step during the TOC w A single step takes typically two or three weeks
s Not to mix up with rollout phases, which take months or even years w For each step the RNE has to define TOC Parameter s Cells to go on air s Determination of frequency plan s Cell design CAE parameter w Each step is finished with the Turn On Cycle Activation s Upload PRC/ACIE files into OMC-R s Unlock sites
48
Site Verification and Drive Test

w RNE performs drive measurement to compare the real
coverage with the predicted coverage of the cells. w If coverage holes or areas of high interference are detected s Adjust the antenna tilt and orientation w Verification of cell design CAE data w To fulfill heavy acceptance test requirements, it is absolutely essential to perform such a drive measurement. w Basic site and area optimization reduces the probability to have unforeseen mysterious network behavior afterwards.
49
HW / SW Problem Detection
w Problems can be detected due to drive tests or equipment monitoring
s Defective equipment
q will trigger replacement by operation field service
s Software bugs s Incorrect parameter settings

q are corrected by using the OMC or in the next TOC
s Faulty antenna installation

q Wrong coverage footprints of the site will trigger antenna re-alignments
w If the problem is serious

s s s s Lock BTS Detailed error detection Get rid of the fault Eventually adjusting antenna tilt and orientation
50
Basic Network Optimization

w Network wide drive measurements
s It is highly recommended to perform network wide drive tests before doing the commercial opening of the network s Key performance indicators (KPI) are determined s The results out of the drive tests are used for basic optimization of the network w Basic optimization s All optimization tasks are still site related s Alignment of antenna system s Adding new sites in case of too large coverage holes s Parameter optimization
q No traffic yet -> not all parameters can be optimized
w Basic optimization during commercial service

s If only a small number of new sites are going on air the basic optimization will be included in the site verification procedure
51
Network Acceptance
w Acceptance drive test w Calculation of KPI according to acceptance requirements in contract w Presentation of KPI to the customer w Comparison of key performance indicators with the acceptance
targets in the contract w The customer accepts s the whole network s only parts of it step by step w Now the network is ready for commercial launch
52
Further Optimization
w Network is in commercial operation w Network optimization can be performed w Significant traffic allows to use OMC based statistics by
using A9156 RNO and A9185 NPA w End of optimization depends on contract and mutual agreement between Alcatel and customer s Usually, Alcatel is only involved during the first optimization activities directly after opening the network commercially
53
Coverage Planning
54
Contents
w w w w w w w w w w w
Introduction Geo databases Antennas and Cables Radio Propagation Path Loss Prediction Link Budget Calculation Coverage Probability Cell Range Calculation Antenna Engineering Alcatel BSS Coverage Improvement s Antenna Diversity s Repeater Systems s High Power TRX
55
Coverage Planning
Geo Databases
56
Why are geographical data needed for Radio Network Planning ?

w Propagation models depend
on geographical data
w Geographical information for site acquisition

s Latitude (East/West) / Longitude (North/South) s Rectangular coordinates (e.g. UTM coordinates)
57
Contents
w Map Projection
s Different Map Projections: conical, cylindrical, planar/ azimuthal s Geodetic Datum: e.g. WGS 84 s Transverse Mercator Projection: e.g. UTM w Types of Geospatial Data s Creation of geospatial databases s Raster data: DEM /Topography, Morphostructure/ Clutter, Buildings s Vector data: airport, coastline, border line, buildings, etc. w Geocoordinate Transformation s Practical Applications
q Converting one single point q Compare to different geodetic datums q Converting a list of points
58
Geo Databases
Map Projection
59
Maps are flat

Latitude
x, y Longitud e Problem: Earth is 3D, the maps are 2D

60
Mapping the earth

w The Earth is a very complex shape w To map the geography of the earth,
a reference model (-> Geodetic Datum) is needed w The model needs to be simple so that it is easy to use w It needs to include a Coordinate system which allows the positions of objects to be uniquely identified w It needs to be readily associated with the physical world so that its use is intuitive
61
Map Projection
Ellipsoid
e.g. WGS84, International 1924
Geodetic Datum
e.g. WGS84, ED50
e.g. Transverse Mercator (UTM), Lambert Conformal Conic
Map Projection
Geocoordinate System
e.g. UTM
62
Geodetic Ellipsoid
Definition: A mathematical surface (an ellipse rotated around the earth's polar axis) which provides a convenient model of the size and shape of the earth. The ellipsoid is chosen to best meet the needs of a particular map datum system design. Reference ellipsoids are usually defined by semi-major (equatorial radius) and flattening (the relationship between equatorial and polar radii).
63
Global & Regional Ellipsoids

w Global ellipsoids
e.g. WGS84, GRS80 s Center of ellipsoid is Center of gravity s Worldwide consistence of all maps around the world w Regional ellipsoids e.g. Bessel, Clarke, Hayford, Krassovsky s Best fitting ellipsoid for a part of the world (local optimized) s Less local deviation
64
Geodetic Datum
w A Geodetic Datum is a Reference
System which includes: s A local or global Ellipsoid s One Fixpoint
Attention: Referencing geodetic coordinates to the wrong map datum can result in position errors of hundreds of meters
Info: In most cases the shift, rotation and scale factor of a Map Datum is relative to the satellite map datum 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 WGS84.
65
w Cylindrical
Map Projection
s e.g. UTM, Gauss-Krueger w Conical s e.g.Lambert Conformal Conic w Planar/Azimuthal
Info: In 90% of the cases we will have a cylindrical projection in 10% of the cases a conical projection 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01
66
Geo-Coordinate System
w To simplify the use of maps a
Cartesian Coordinates is used w To avoid negative values a s False Easting value and a s False Northing value is added w Also a scaling factor is used to minimize the projection error over the whole area
X = Easting Y = Northing
67
WGS 84 (World Geodetic System 1984)

w Most needed Geodetic Datum
in the world today (Satellite Datum) w It is the reference frame used by the U.S. Department of Defense is defined by the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) w The Global Positioning System (GPS) system is based on the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84). w Optimal adaption to the surface of the earth
68
Transverse Mercator Projection

w Projection cylinder is
rotated 90 degrees from the polar axis (transverse) w Geometric basis for the UTM and the Gauss-Krueger Map Projection w Conformal Map projection
69
Transverse Mercator Projection (e.g. UTM )
Middle-Meridian
70
UTM-System
(Universal Transverse Mercator System)
w 60 zones, each 6o (60 6o = 360o ) w 3o around each center meridian w Beginning at 180o longitude
(measured eastward from Greenwich)
Zone number = (center meridian + 183o ) / 6o

71
UTM - Definitions
False Easting: 500 000 m (Middle-meridian x = 500 000 m) False Northing: Northern Hemisphere: 0 m Southern Hemisphere: 10 000 000 m Scaling Factor: 0,9996 (used to minimize the projection error over the whole area)
72
UTM Zones (e.g. Europe)

UTM-Zones
-6 -3
9 15 21 27 33 39Middle-Meridian
73
UTM-System (2)
w False origin on the central
meridian of the zone has an easting of 500,000 meters. values for the zone 900,000 meters
w All eastings have a positive w Eastings range from 100,000 to w The 6 Degree zone ranges from
166,667 to 833,333 m, leaving about a 0.5 overlap at each end of the zone (valid only at the equator) matching between zones
w This allows for overlaps and
74
75
UTM-System: Example "Stuttgart"

Transformation: latitude / longitude UTM system
North 48o 45' 13.5'' East 7.5'' 9o 11'
y = 5 400 099 m x = 513 629 m UTM-Zone: 32 Middle meridian: 9o (9o = 500 000 m False Easting)
76
Lambert Conformal Conic Projection

w Maps an ellipsoid onto a cone whose central axis coincides
with the polar axis
Cone touches the ellipsoid => One standard parallel (1SP) (e.g. NTF-System in France)
Cutting edges of cone and ellipsoid => Two standard parallels (2SP) (e.g. Lambert-Projection in Austria)
77
Geo Databases
Types of Geospatial Data
78
Geospatial data for Network Planning

w DEM (Digital Elevation Model)/ Topography w Morphostructure / Land usage / Clutter w Satellite Photos /
Orthoimages w Scanned Maps w Background data (streets, borders, coastlines, etc. ) w Buildings w Traffic data
79
Creation of geospatial databases
Satellite imagery
Digitizing maps
Aerial photography
Geospatial data
80
Parameters of a Map
w Coordinate system w Map Projection
(incl. Geodetic Datum) w Location of the map (Area ) w Scale: s macrocell planning 1:50000 - 1:100000 s microcell planning 1:500 -1:5000 w Thematic w Source w Date of Production
81
Raster- and Vectordata

w Raster data
s DEM /Topography s Morphostructure / Land usage / Clutter s Traffic density
w Vector data
s Background data (x1,y1) (streets, borders, coastlines, etc. ) s Buildings
(xn,yn )
82
Rasterdata / Grid data

w Pixel-oriented data w Stored as row and column w Each Pixel stored in one or
two byte w Each Pixel contents information (e.g. morphoclass, colour of a scanned map, elevation of a DEM)
83
Vectordata
w Vector mainly used are: airport, coastline,
highway, main roads, secondary roads, railway, rivers/lakes w Each vector contents (x s Info about kind of vector 1,y1 (e.g. street, coastline) ) s A series of several points Each point has a corresponded x / y -value (e.g. in UTM System or as Long/Lat) s Info about Map projection and used Geodetic Datum
(xn,yn )
84
Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

w Raster dataset that shows
terrain features such as hills and valleys w Each element (or pixel) in the DEM image represents the terrain elevation at that location w Resolution in most cases: 20 m for urban areas 50-100 m for other areas w DEM are typically generated from topographic maps, stereo satellite images, or stereo aerial photographs
85
Morphostructure / Land usage / Clutter (1)

w Land usage classification
according to the impact on wave propagation w In most cases: 7...14 morpho classes w Resolution in most cases: 20 m for cities 50100m other areas for radio network planning
86
Morphostructure (2)
w Besides the topo database the basic input w
for radio network planning Each propagation area has different obstacles like buildings, forest etc. Obstacles which have similar effects on propagation conditions are classified in morphoclasses Each morphoclass has a corresponding value for the correction gain The resolution of the morpho databases should be adapted to the propagation model Morpho correction factor for predictions: 0 dB (skyscapers") 30 dB (water")
w w w
87
Morphoclasses
Code 0
Morphostructure not classifi

88
Morphoclasses
Code 7
Morpho structur forest

89
Background data (streets, borders etc.)

w All kinds of information
data like streets, borders, coastlines etc. w Necessary for orientation in plots of calculation results w The background data are not needed for the calculation of the fieldstrength, power etc.
90
Orthophoto
w Georeferenced Satellite Image w Resolution:
most 10 or 20 m w Satellite: e.g. SPOT, Landsat
91
Scanned Maps
w Mainly used as
background data w Not used for calculation but for localisation w Has to be geocoded to put it into a GIS (Geographic Information System) e.g. a Radio Network Planning Tool
92
Buildings
w Vectordata
s Outlines of
q single buildings q building blocks
s Building heights s Material code

q not: roof shape
93
Buildings (2)
w Microcell radio network planning
is mainly used in urban environment w The prediction of mircowave propagation is calculated with a ray-tracing/launching model w A lot of calculation steps are needed Optimum building database required (data reduction) to minimize the pre-calculation time
94
Traffic density
w Advantageous in the
interference calculation, thus for frequency assignment and in the calculation of average figures in network analysis w Raster database of traffic density values (in Erlangs) of the whole planning area w Resolution: 20...100 m
95
Geo Databases
Geocoordinate transformation
96
Converting one single point (1a)

Example Stuttgart (Example 1) Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (WGS84) Exercise: Convert following example with the program Geotrans:
Input: Longitude: 9 deg 11 min 7.5 sec Latitude: 48 deg 45 min 13.5 sec Datum WGE: World Geodetic System 1984; Projection: Geodetic Output: Values, which will Easting: 513629 m calculated by program Northing: 5400099 m Datum WGE: World Geodetic System 1984 Projection: Universersal Transverse Mercator (UTM)Preset of this values necessary Zone: 32 ; Hemisphere: N (North)
97
Converting one single point (1b)

Example Stuttgart (Example 1) Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (WGS84) GEOTRANS (Geographic Translator) is an application program which allows you to convert geographic coordinates easily among a wide variety of coordinate systems, map projections, and datums.
Source: http://164.214.2.59/GandG/geotrans/geotrans.html
98
Converting one single point (2a)

Example Stuttgart (Example 2) Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (ED50)
(ED50 = EUR-A = European Datum 1950)
Input: Longitude: 9 deg 11 min 7.5 sec Latitude: 48 deg 45 min 13.5 sec Datum WGE: World Geodetic System 1984; Projection: Geodetic
Exercise: Convert following example with the program Geotrans:
Output: Values, which will Easting: 513549 m calculated by program Northing: 5403685 m Datum EUR-A: EUROPEAN 1950, Western Europe Projection: Universersal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Preset of this values necessary Zone: 32 ; Hemisphere: N (North)
99
Converting one single point (2b)

Example Stuttgart (Example 2) Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (ED50)
(ED50 = EUR-A = European Datum 1950)
Diff. X (Ex.2 - Ex.1): 69 m Diff. Y (Ex.2 - Ex.1): 200 m

Difference because of different Geodetic Datums
Attention: For flat coordinates (e.g. UTM) as well as for geographic coordinates (Long/Lat) a reference called Geodetic Datum is necessary.
100
Converting a list of points (3a)

Example Stuttgart (Example 3 ) Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (WGS84) Input: text-file with the values (list) of the longitude and latitude of different points (How to create the inputfile see on page 3c) Output: Datum: WGE: World Geodetic System 1984 Preset of this Projection: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) values necessary Zone: 32
101
Converting a list of points (3b)

Example Stuttgart (Example 3 ) Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (WGS84)
102
Converting a list of points (3c)

w Example Stuttgart (Example 3)
Geotrans V2.2.3
Long/Lat (WGS84)=> UTM (WGS84)

Geotrans V2.2.3
Optional: different error-infos, LatitudeLongitude UTM Hem Easti North depending on the input-data -Zo isp ng deg min sec deg min sec ne her (x) ing (y default: Unk=unknown e )
103
Provider for Geospatial data

Geodatasupplier BKS ComputaMaps Geoimage Infoterra Istar RMSI Internet www.bks.co.uk www.computamaps.com www.geoimage.fr www.infoterra-global.com www.istar.fr www.rmsi.com
104
Links for more detailed infos

w Maps Projection Overview
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj.html http://www.ecu.edu/geog/faculty/mulcahy/mp/ http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection
w Coordinate Transformation (online)

http://jeeep.com/details/coord/ http://www.cellspark.com/UTM.html
w Map Collection
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/index.html
w Finding out Latitude/Longitude of cities etc.

http://www.maporama.com
105
Coverage Planning
Antennas and Cables
106
Antenna Systems
w Antennas w Power divider w Cables (jumper) w Feeder cables w Connectors w Clamps w Lightning protection w Wall glands w Planning
Plugs 7/16 Sockets 7/16
Lightning rod
Tx
Antennas
Rxdiv
Mounting clamp Jumper cable Feeder installation clamps
Rx
Mechanical antenna support structure Jumper cable Earthing kit
Earthing kit Feeder cable
Wall gland
Grounding Jumper cables

107
Antenna Theory
w 50 is the impedance of the cable w 377 is the impedance of the air w Antennas adapt the different impedances w They convert guided waves, into free-space waves (Hertzian
waves) and/or vice versa
Z =50
Z =377
108
Antenna Data
w Polarization
s Specification due to certain wave polarization (linear/elliptic, cross-polarization) w Half power beam width (HPBW) s Related to polarization of electrical field s Vertical and Horizontal HPBW w Antenna pattern s Yields the spatial radiation characteristics of the antenna w Front-to-back ratio s Important for interference considerations
109
Antenna Pattern and HPBW

horizontal
0 dB -3 dB
vertical
0 dB -3 dB
-10 dB
-10 dB
sidelobe null direction
HPBW
main beam
110
EIRP
Effective isotropic radiated power: EIRP = Pt+Gain = 56 dBm Isotropic radiated Power Pt
V1 V2 = V1
Gain = 11dBi
Pt = 45 dBm
radiated power
111
Linear Antennas: Monopole and Dipole

w For the link between base station and mobile station, mostly
linear antennas are used: s Monopole antennas
q MS antennas, car roof antennas
s Dipole antennas
q Used for array antennas at base stations for increasing the directivity of RX and TX antennas
112
Monopole Antenna Pattern

w Influence of antenna length on the antenna pattern
113
Panel Antenna with Dipole Array

w Many dipoles are arranged in a grid layout w Nearly arbitrary antenna patterns may be designed
s Feeding of the dipoles with weighted and phase-shifted signals s Coupling of all dipole elements
114
Dipole Arrangement
w Dipole arrangemen t Weighted
and phase shifted signals
Typical flat panel antenna
Dipole element
115
Omni Antenna
w Antenna with vertical HPBW for omni sites
s Large area coverage w Advantages s Continuous coverage around the site s Simple antenna mounting s Ideal for homogeneous terrain
w Drawbacks
s No mechanical tilt possible s Clearance of antenna required
116
X 65 T6 900MHz 2.5m
w Rural road coverage with mechanical uptilt w Antenna
s RFS Panel Dual Polarized Antenna 872960 MHz s APX906516-T6 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 17.1 s Polarization: +/-45 s HBW: 65 s VBW: 6.5 s Electrical downtilt: 6 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 2475 x 306 x 120 s Weight in kg: 16.6
Horizontal Pattern Mobile Radio Network Planning
117
X 65 T6 900MHz 1.9m
w Dense urban area w Antenna
s RFS Panel Dual Polarized Antenna 872960 MHz s APX906515-T6 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 16.5 s Polarization: +/-45 s HBW: 65 s VBW: 9 s Electrical downtilt: 6 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1890 x 306 x 120 s Weight in kg: 16.6
Vertical Pattern
118
X 90 T2 900MHz 2.5m
w Rural area with mechanical uptilt w Antenna
s RFS Panel Dual Polarized Antenna 872-960 MHz s APX909014-T6 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 15.9 s Polarization: +/-45 s HPBW: 90 s VBW: 7 s Electrical downtilt: 6 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 2475 x 306 x 120 s Weight in kg: 15.5
Vertical Pattern
119
V 65 T0 900MHz 2.0m
w Highway w Antenna
s RFS CELLite Panel Vertical Polarized Antenna 872-960 MHz s AP906516-T0 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 17.5 s Polarization: Vertical s HBW: 65 s VBW: 8.5 s Electrical downtilt: 0 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1977 x 265 x 130 s Weight in kg: 10.9
Vertical Pattern
120
V 90 T0 900MHz 2.0m
w Rural Area w Antenna
Vertical Pattern
121
X 65 T6 1800MHz 1.3m
s RFS Panel Dual Polarized Antenna 1710-1880 MHz s APX186515-T6 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 17.5 s Polarization: +/-45 s HBW: 65 s VBW: 7 s Electrical downtilt: 6 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1310 x 198 x 50 s Weight in kg: 5.6
Vertical Pattern
122
X 65 T2 1800MHz 1.3m
s RFS Panel Dual Polarized Antenna 1710-1880 MHz s APX186515-T2 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 17.5 s Polarization: +/-45 s HBW: 65 s VBW: 7 s Electrical downtilt: 2 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1310 x 198 x 50 s Weight in kg: 5.6
Vertical Pattern
123
X 65 T2 1800MHz 1.9m
w Highway w Antenna
s RFS Panel Dual Polarized Antenna 1710-1880 MHz s APX186516-T2 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 18.3 s Polarization: +/-45 s HBW: 65 s VBW: 4.5 s Electrical downtilt: 2 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1855 x 198 x 50 s Weight in kg: 8.6
Vertical Pattern
124
V 65 T2 1800MHz 1.3m
w Highway w Antenna
Horizontal Pattern Mobile Radio Network Planning
125
V 90 T2 1800MHz 1.9m
w Highway w Antenna
Vertical Pattern
126
7/8" CELLFLEX Low-Loss Coaxial Cable

w Feeder Cable
s 7/8" CELLFLEX Low-Loss FoamDielectric Coaxial Cable s LCF78-50J Standard s LCF78-50JFN Flame Retardant
q Installation temperature >-25C
w Mechanical specification
s Cable weight kg\m: 0.53 s Minimum bending radius
q Single bend in mm: 120 q Repeated bends in mm: 250
w Electrical specification 900MHz

s Attenuation: 3.87dB/100m s Average power in kW: 2.65 w Electrical specification 1800MHz s Attenuation: 5.73dB/100m s Average power in kW: 1.79
s Bending moment in Nm: 13.0 s Recommended clamp spacing: 0.8m
127
1-1/4" CELLFLEX Coaxial Cable

w Feeder Cable
s 1-1/4" CELLFLEX Low-Loss FoamDielectric Coaxial Cable s LCF114-50J Standard s LCF114-50JFN Flame Retardant

128
1-5/8" CELLFLEX Coaxial Cable

w Feeder Cable
s 1-5/8" CELLFLEX Low-Loss FoamDielectric Coaxial Cable s LCF158-50J Standard s LCF158-50JFN Flame Retardant

129
1/2" CELLFLEX Jumper Cable

w CELLFLEX LCF12-50J Jumpers
s Feeder Cable
q LCF12-50J CELLFLEX LowLoss Foam-Dielectric Coaxial Cable

s Attenuation: 0.068db/m s Total losses with connectors are 0.108dB, 0.176dB and 0.244dB w Electrical specification 1800MHz s Attenuation: 0.099dB/m s Total losses with connectors are 0.139dB, 0.238dB and 0.337dB
s Connectors
q 7/16 DIN male/female q N male/female q Right angle
s Molded version available in 1m, 2m, 3m w Mechanical specification s Minimum bending radius
q Repeated bends in mm: 125
130
Coverage Planning
Radio Propagation and Path Loss Prediction
131
Propagation effects
w Free space loss w Fresnel ellipsoid w Reflection, Refraction, Scattering
s in the atmosphere s at a boundary to another material w Diffraction s at small obstacles s over round earth w Attenuation s Rain attenuation s Gas absorption w Fading
132
Reflection
w Pr = Rh/v P0 w Rh/v = f( , , , h)
R
h
R
v
horizontal reflection factor vertical reflection factor angle of incidence permittivity conductivity Pr surface roughness
P0
133
Refraction
w Considered via an effective
earth radius factor k
k = 4 /3 k =
k = 1 k = 2 /3
r a d i o p a th
k = 2/3
k = 1
tru e e a rth
k = 4/3
k =
Ray paths with different k over true earth
Radio path plotted as a straight line by changing the earth's radius
134
Diffraction
w Occurs at objects which sizes are in the order of the wavelength w Radio waves are bent or curved around objects
s Bending angle increases if object thickness is smaller compared to s Influence of the object causes an attenuation: diffraction loss
radio beam obstacle shadow zone
diffracted radio beams
135
Fading
w Caused by delay spread of original signal
s Multi path propagation s Time-dependent variations in heterogeneity of environment s Movement of receiver w Short-term fading, fast fading s This fading is characterised by phase summation and cancellation of signal components, which travel on multiple paths. The variation is in the order of the considered wavelength. s Their statistical behaviour is described by the Rayleigh distribution (for non-LOS signals) and the Rice distribution (for LOS signals), respectively. s In GSM, it is already considered by the sensitivity values, which take the error correction capability into account.
136
Fading types
w Mid-term fading, lognormal fading
s Mid-term field strength variations caused by objects in the size of 10...100m (cars, trees, buildings). These variations are lognormal distributed. w Long-term fading, slow fading s Long-term variations caused by large objects like large buildings, forests, hills, earth curvature (> 100m). Like the mid-term field strength variations, these variations are lognormal distributed.
137
Signal Variation due to Fading

0 Lognormal fading -10 Raleygh fading
-20 Received Power [dBm]
-30
-40
-50
Fading hole
-60
-70 0.1 2.8 5.4 8.0 10.6 15.9 21.1 23.7 26.3 29.0 34.2 39.4 44.7 47.3 49.9 13.2 18.5 31.6 36.8 42.1
Distance [m]
138
Lognormal Fading
Lognormal fading (typical 20 dB loss by entering a village)
Fading hole Lognormal fading (entering a tunnel)
139
Free Space Loss

w The simplest form of wave propagation is the free-space propagation w The according path loss can be calculated with the following formula w Path Loss in Free Space Propagation
s L free space loss s d distance between transmitter and receiver antenna s f operating frequency
L freespace
d f = 32.4 + 20 log + 20 log km MHz

140
Fresnel Ellipsoid
w The free space loss formula can only be applied if the direct line-ofsight (LOS) between transmitter and receiver is not obstructed w This is the case, if a specific region around the LOS is cleared from any obstacles w The region is called Fresnel ellipsoid
Transmitter LOS Receiver
141
Fresnel Ellipsoid
d1 d 2 r= d1 + d 2
Fresnel zone Transmitter LOS
w The Fresnel ellipsoid is the set

of all points around the LOS where the total length of the connecting lines to the transmitter and the receiver is longer than the LOS length by exactly half a wavelength w It can be shown that this region is carrying the main power flow from transmitter to receiver
Receiver
LOS + /2
142
Knife Edge Diffraction

path of diffracted wave line of sight h0
BTS
1st Fresnel zone
MS
d2
d1
h0 = height of obstacle over line of sight d1, d2 = distance of obstacle from BTS and MS
replaced obstacle (knife edge)
h0 r
d1
d2
143
Knife Edge Diffraction Function

Knife-edge diffraction function
35 30 25 F(v) [dB] 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 Clearance of Fresnel ellipsoid (v)
Additional diffraction loss F(v) v: clearance parameter, v=-h0/r Note: h0 = 0 v =0 L = 6 dB
144
GSM RNE Fundamentals Computers: the "Final Solution" for Wave Propagation Calculations?
w Exact field solution requires too much computer resources!
s Too much details required for input s Exact calculation too time-consuming Field strength prediction rather than calculation w Requirements for field strength prediction models s Reasonable amount of input data s Fast (it is very important to see the impact of changes in the network layout immediately) s Accurate (results influence the hardware cost directly) Tradeoff required (accurate results within a suitable time) Parameter tuning according to real measurements should be possible
145
CCIR Recommendation
w The CCIR Recommendations provide
various propagation curves s Based on Okumura (1968) s Example (CCIR Report 567-3):
Median field strength in urban area Frequency = 900 MHz hM = 1.5 m S Dashed line: free space
w How to use this experience in field
strength prediction models? Model which fits the curves in certain ranges Hata's model
was modified later by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST): COST 231 Hata/Okumura
146
Mobile Radio Propagation
d Free-space propagation (Fresnel zone not obstructed) L ~ d2

Fresnel zone heavily obstructed near the mobile station 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 L ~ d3.7
147
Terrain Modeling
w Topography
s Effective antenna height s Knife edge diffraction
q single obstacles q multiple obstacles
w Surface shape/Morphostructure s Correction factors for Hata-Okumura formula
148
Effect of Morphostructure on Propagation Loss
Open area
Urban area
Open area
Fieldstrength
open area urban area Distance

149
Hata-Okumura for GSM 900

w Path loss (Lu) is calculated (in dB) as follows:
Lu= A1 + A2 log(f) + A3 log(hBTS) + (B1 + B2log(hBTS)) log d
w The parameters A1, A2, A3, B1 and B2 can be user-defined.

Default values are proposed in the table below:
Parameters Okumura-Hata f< 1500 MHz 69.55 26.16 -13.82 44.90 -6.55 Cost-Hata F>1500 MHz 46.30 33.90 -13.82 44.90 -6.55
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2
150
CORRECTIONS TO THE HATA FORMULA

w As described above, the Hata formula is valid for urban environment and a
receiver antenna height of 1.5m. For other environments and mobile antenna heights, corrective formulas must be applied. Lmodel1=Lu-a(hMS) for large city and urban environments Lmodel1=Lu-a(hMS) -2log (f/28) -5.4 for suburban area Lmodel1=Lu -a(hMS) - 4.78log (f)+ 18.33 log(f) 40.94 for rural area a(hMS) is a correction factor to take into account a receiver antenna height different from 1.5m. Environments A(hMS)
Rural/Small city Large city (1.1log(f) 0.7)hMS (1.56log(f) -0.8) 3.2log (11.75hMS) 4.97
te: When receiver antenna height equals 1.5m, a(hMS) is close to 0 dB regardless of freque
151
COST 231 Hata-Okumura for GSM 900

LossHata = 69.55 + 26.16 log (f) - 13.82 log (hBTS) - a(hMS) +(44.9 - 6.55 log (hBTS)) log (d) - Lmorpho
a (hMS) = (1.1 log (f) - 0.7) hMS - (1.56 log (f) - 0.8)
w Formula valid for frequency range: 1501000 MHz

Lmrpho o [dB] Morpho/surface shape-Correction factor 0 dB: Skyscrapers->27 dB: open area Frequency (150 - 1000 MHz) Height of BTS (30 - 200 m) Height of Mobile (1 - 10m) Distance between BTS and MS (1 - 20 km) Power law exponent shown colored
152
f [MHz] hBTS [m] hM [m] S d [km]

COST 231 Hata-Okumura GSM 1800

LossHata = 46.3 + 33.9 log (f) - 13.82 log (hBTS) - a(hMS) +(44.9 - 6.55 log (hBTS)) log (d) - Lmorpho
a (hMS) = (1.1 log (f) - 0.7) hMS - (1.56 log (f) -0.8)
w Formula is valid for frequency range: 1500...2000 MHz w Hatas model is extended for GSM 1800
s Modification of original formula to the new frequency range w For cells with small ranges the COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami model is more precisely
153
Alcatel Propagation Model

w Using of effective antenna height in the Hata-Okumura
formula:
heff = f( , d, hBTS , hM ) S
154
Exercise Path Loss

w Scenario
s Height BTS = 40m s Height MS = 1.5m s D (BTS to MS) = 2000m w 1. Calculate free space loss for s A.) f=900MHz s B.) f=1800MHz w 2. Calculate the path loss for f = 900MHz s A.) Morpho class skyscraper s B.) Morpho class open area w 3. Calculate the path loss for f = 1800MHz s A.) Morpho class skyscraper s B.) Morpho class open area
155
Coverage Planning
Link Budget Calculation Coverage Probability Cell Range
156
Maximum Propagation Loss (Downlink)

Effective Isotropic Radiated Power EIRPBTS = 59.5 dBm BTS Antenna Gain GantBS = 16.5 dBi
Propagation Loss Lprop
Minimum Received Power PRX,m ,M = -102 dBm in S MS Antenna Gain GantM = 2 dBi S
Feeder Cable Loss Lcable = 3 dB Output Power at antenna connector 46.0 dBm ALCATEL EvoliumTM
MS RX Sensitivity -102 dBm
Internal Losses Lint = 2 dB
Maximum allowed downlink propagation loss:
Lprop,mx a
= EIRPBTS - PRX,m ,M in S
= 161.5 dB
157
Maximum Propagation Loss (Uplink)

BTS Antenna Gain GantBS = 16.5 dBi Minimum Received Power PRX,m ,BTS = -124.5 dBm in
Propagation Loss Lprop
EIRPM = 33 dBm S MS Antenna Gain GantM = 2 dBi S
Feeder Cable Loss Lcable = 3 dB Receiving sensitivity at ant. conn. -111 dBm ALCATEL EvoliumTM
MS TX Power 33 dBm
Internal Losses Lint = 2 dB
Max. allowed uplink propagation loss: Lprop,mx = EIRPM - PRX,m ,BTS = 157.5 dB a S in With antenna diversity gain of 3dB: Lprop,mx,AD = EIRPM - PRX,m ,BTS + GAD = 160.5 dB a S in With TMA compensating cable loss: Lprop,mx,AD,TM = EIRPM - PRX,m ,BTS + GAD + GTMA = 163.5 a A S in dB
158
Link Budget (1) GSM900 Macro Evolium Evolution A9100 BTS

MS to BS TX Internal Power Comb+Filter Loss, Tol. Output Power Cable,Connectors Loss Body/Indoor Loss Antenna Gain EIRP Uplink 33,0 0,0 33,0 2,0 4,0 2,0 29,0 dBm dB dBm dB dB dBi dBm 11,0 46,0 dBi dBm BS to MS Downlink 41,0 3,0 38,0 3,0 dBm dB dBm dB
RX Rec. Sensitivity Body/Indoor Loss Cables, Connectors Loss Antenna Gain Diversity Gain Interferer Margin Lognormal Margin 50% 90,9% Degradation (no FH) Antenna Pre-Ampl. Isotr. Rec. Power:
Uplink -104,0 3,0 11,0 3,0 3,0 8,0 0,0 0,0 -104,0 dBm dB dBi dB dB dB dB dB dBm
Downlink -102,0 4,0 2,0 2,0 3,0 8,0 0,0 -87,0 dBm dB dB dBi dB dB dB dBm
Max. Pathloss
133,0
dB
133,0
dB
159
GSM1800 Link Budget
160
Additional Losses Overview

Loss type Indoor loss Incar loss Body loss Interferer margin Lognormal margin Reason Brass influencing radio waves Value 7dB (4...10dB)
Electrical properties of wall material 20dB (3...30dB) Absorption of radio waves by the 3dB (0...8dB) human body Both signal-to-noise ratio and C/ I low 3 dB Receiving the minimum field strength According to with a higher probability probability
161
Indoor propagation aspects

w Penetration Loss w Multiple Refraction w Multiple Reflection w Exact modeling of
indoor environment not possible w Practical solution: empirical model!
162
Indoor propagation: empirical model

d
Additional Loss in [dB] relative to loss at vertical incidence

35
Power relative to power at d=0
Additional attenuation in dB
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84
Angle of incidence in degree
d
163
90
Indoor Penetration
w Depending on environment w Line-of-sight to antenna? w Interior unknown
general assumptions
-0.3 dB / floor (11th ... 100th floor)
Incident wave
Lindoor = 3 ... 15 dB
-2.7 dB / floor (1st ... 10th floor)
Incident wave
Lindoor = 7 ... 18 dB (ground floor)
Lindoor = 13 ... 25 dB
Lindoor = 17 ... 28 dB Lindoor = dB (deep basement)
164
Body Loss (1)
Measured attenuation versus time for a test person walking around in an anechoic chamber
165
Body Loss (2)
Near field of MS antenna without head with head
Calculation model
Head modeled as sphere
166
Body Loss (3)

Test equipment for indirect field strength measurements
Indirect measured field strength penetrated into the head (horizontal cut)
167
Interference Margin
w In GSM, the defined minimum carrier-to-interferer ration
(C/I) threshold of 9 dB is only valid if the received server signal is not too weak. w In the case that e.g. the defined system threshold for the BTS of -111dBm is approached, a higher value of C/I is required in order to maintain the speech quality. w According to GSM, this is done by taking into account a correction of 3 dB.
168
Degradation (no FH)

w GSM uses a frame correction system, which works with
checksum coding and convolutional codes. w Under defined conditions, this frame correction works successfully and copes even with fast fading types as Rayleigh or Rician fading. w For lower mobile speed or stationary use, the fading has a bigger influence on the bit error rate and hence the speech quality is reduced. w In such a case, a degradation margin must be applied. The margin depends on the mobile speed and the usage of slow frequency hopping, which can improve the situation for slow mobiles again.
169
Diversity Gain
w This designates the optional usage of a second receiver
antenna. w The second antenna is placed in a way, which provides some decorrelation of the received signals. w In a suitable combiner, the signals are processed in order to achieve a sum signal with a smaller fading variation range. w Depending on the receiver type, the signal correlation, and the antenna orientation, a diversity gain from 26dB is possible.
170
Lognormal margin
w Lognormal margin is also called fading margin w Due to fading effects, the minimum isotropic power is only received with a certain probability
e s Signal statistics, lognormal distribution with median power value Fmd and standard deviation (sigma) Without any margin, the probability is 50%, which is not a sufficient value in order to provide a good call success rate. w w A typical design goal should be a coverage probability of 90...95%. The following normalised table can be applied to find fading margins for different values of . The fading margin is calculated by multiplying the value of k (in the table) with the standard deviation: w Lognormal/FadingMargin=k .
-0.5
1.3
1.65
2.33
C overage Probability
0%
30%
50%
84%
90%
95%
97.7 %
99%
100 %
171
Consideration of Signal Statistics (1)

Field strength at location x lognormally distributed arround Fmdian e
10 0
100 m
BS
172
Consideration of Signal Statistics (2)

PDF
0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0
Area representing the coverage probability
Fthreshold
Fmdian e
received signal level F [dBm]
Local coverage probability:

Pcov = P [ F > Fthreshold
]
173
Calculation of Coverage Radius R

For what Radius R is the average coverage probability in the cell area 95% ?
Frec,md e Loss (r) = EIRP - LossHata (r)
H ta a
F re c
= f(hBS , hM , f, r) + Kmr S o
Frec,md e
(r)
Pcov (r)= P(Frec (r) > Frec,thr ) 2 Pcov (r) dr! = 0.95 <Pcov (R)> = 0 R
R
F re , th c r
R = f (hBS , hM , f, Kmr , EIRP, Frec,thr ) S o

r = distance between BTS and MS Frec = received power = Standard deviation

174
Coverage Probability
Pcov 0,95
(r)
1
Pcov = P ( Frec > Frec,thr )
0,5
0 R
r
175
Coverage Ranges and Hata Correction Factors

Clutter type
Area Coverage Probability
100%
Cor [dB] [dB] 0 2 4 6 8 10 8 20 15 27 27 6 6 7 7 6 10 8 6 8 5 6
95%
Reference Pathloss [dB]
90%
155 150
Pcov
85%
145 140 135 130 125 120 115 110
Skyscrapers Dense urban Medium urban Lower urban Residential Industrial zone Forest Agricultural Low tree density Water Open area
80%
75%
Calculation conditions:
70% 0,0 1,5 3,0 4,5 6,0 7,5 9,0 10,5
d [km]
Correction = 3; Sigma = 7 hBS = 30 m; hM = 1.7m; f = 900 Mhz S

176
Conventional BTS Configuration

TX and RX
w w
1 BTS Omnidirectional antenna for both TX and RX Coverage Range R0 Coverage Area A0
ALCATEL EvoliumTM
TX
TX 45.4 dBm RX -109dBm
R0 A0
177
Coverage Improvement by Antenna Diversity

TX RX and TX
w 1 BTS w Omnidirectional antennas

s one for both RX and TX s one for RXDIV w Antenna diversity gain (2...6 dB) s Example: 3 dB Coverage range RDiv = 1.23 R0 Coverage area ADiv = 1.5 A0
RXDIV
ALCATEL EvoliumTM
R0
TX 45.4 dBm RX -109dBm
RDiv
A0
ADiv
178
Radiation Patterns and Range
sector omni
3 antennas at sector site, Gain: 18 dBi, HPBW: 65

Resulting antenna footprint ("cloverleaf") compared to an 11 dBi omni antenna

179
Improvement by Antenna Diversity and Sectorization

w w w
3 BTS Directional antennas (18 dBi) Antenna diversity (3 dB) Max. coverage range Rsec,div = 1.95 R0 Coverage area Asec,div = 3 A0
TX RXDIV
ALCATEL EvoliumTM ALCATEL EvoliumTM ALCATEL EvoliumTM
R0 Rsec,div
Asec,div
180
Improvement by Antenna Preamplifier

3 BTS Directional antennas (18 dBi) Antenna diversity (3 dB) Antenna preamplifier (3dB) Max. coverage range Rsec,div,pre = 2.22 R0 Coverage area Asec,div,pre = 3.9 A0
w w w w
TX
w General:
Asec = g A0 g: Area gain factor
RXDIV
R0 Rsec,div,pre
ALCATEL EvoliumTM ALCATEL EvoliumTM ALCATEL EvoliumTM
Asec,div,pre
181
Coverage Planning
Antenna Engineering
182
Omni Antennas
w Application
s Large area coverage s Umbrella cell for micro cell layer
w Advantages
s Continuous coverage around the site s Simple antenna mounting s Ideal for homogeneous terrain
w Drawbacks
s No mechanical tilt possible s Clearance of antenna required s Densification of network difficult
183
Sector Antenna
w Antenna with horizontal HPBW of e.g. 90 or 65 w Advantages
Coverage can be focussed on special areas Low coverage of areas of no interest (e.g. forest) Allows high traffic load Additional mechanical downtilt possible Wall mounting possible w Drawbacks s More frequencies needed per site compared to omni sites s More hardware needed s Lower coverage area per sector s s s s s
184
Typical Applications
w Wide horizontal beam width (e.g. 90)
s For areas with few reflecting and scattering objects (rural area) s Area coverage for 3-sector sites s Sufficient cell overlap to allow successful handovers
w Small horizontal beam width (e.g. 65)

s For areas with high scattering (city areas) s Coverage between sectors by scattering and by adjacent sites (mostly site densification in urban areas)
185
Antenna Tilt
w Downtilting of the Antenna main beam related to the
horizontal line w Goals: s Reduction of overshoot s Removal of insular coverage s Lowering the interference s Coverage improvement of the near area (indoor coverage) s Adjustment of cell borders (handover zones) w Mechanical / Electrical or Combined downtilt
186
Mechanical Downtilt
w Advantages
s Later adjustment of vertical tilt possible s Antenna diagram is not changed, i.e. nulls and side lobes remain in their position relative to the main beam s Cost effective (single antenna type may be used) s Fast adjustments possible
w Drawbacks
s Side lobes are less tilted s Accurate adjustment is difficult s Problems for sites with difficult access
187
Electrical Downtilt
w Advantages
s Same tilt for both downtilt angle main and side lobes s Antenna mounting is more simple no adjustment errors
=0 =t =2t =3t
= delay time
w Drawbacks
s Introduction of additional antenna types necessary s New antenna installation at the site if downtilting is introduced s Long antenna optimization phase s Adjustment of electrical tilt mostly not possible
188
Combined Downtilt
w Combination of both mechanical and electrical downtilt
s High electrical downtilt: Distinct range reduction in sidelobe direction (interference reduction) s Less mechanical uptilt in main beam direction
w Choose sector antennas with high electrical downtilt

(6...8) and apply mechanical uptilt installation for optimum coverage range in main beam direction
189
Assessment of Required Tilts

w Required tilt is estimated using Geometrical Optics w Consideration of
s s s s s Vertical HPBW of the antenna Antenna height above ground Height difference antenna/location to be covered Morpho-structure in the vicinity of the antenna Topography between transmitter and receiver location
w Tilt must be applied for both TX and RX antennas!
190
Inter Site Distance in Urban Area

w Using sectorized sites with
antennas of 65 horizontal half power beam width s The sidelobe is X approximately reduced by 10dB. s This is a reduction of cell range to 50%. w The inter site distance calculation factor depends on s Type of antenna s Type of morpho class
q Multi path propagation q Scattering q Sigma (fading variations)
X A B
R2
0.5* R2
191
Downtilt in Urban Area

Site A Tilt 2 Tilt 2 Site B
ai n
be am
de Si
lo
be
Cell range R2 Inter Site Distance A-B = 1.5* R2
0.5* R2
192
Downtilt in Urban Area

w The upper limit of the vertical half power beam width
is directed towards the ground at maximum cell range s Upper 3dB point of the vertical antenna pattern w To be used in areas with s Multi path propagation condition s Good scattering of the beam w Aim s Reduction of interference w Optimization s Coverage Optimization in isolated cases using less downtilt s Interference Reduction in isolated cases using more downtilt
193
Downtilt in Suburban and Rural Area

w Downtilt planning for
s Suburban s Rural s Highway Coverage w The main beam is directed towards the ground at maximum cell range
Tilt 1 Tilt 1
Site C
Ma in b eam
Site D
in Ma m bea
Cell range R1 Inter Site Distance C-D = 2* R1

Cell range R1
194
Antenna configurations
w Application of Duplexer
s Consists of a TX/RX Filter and a combiner one antenna can be saved w Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) s Increase Uplink Sensitivity s TMA needs to have TX bypass => in case of duplexer usage w Diversity s Space diversity s Polarization diversity
Rx/Tx
Duplex Filter
Tx Rx To BTS
195

w Antenna Configurations for Omni and Sector Sites
Pole mounting for roof-top mounting
Rx div
Rx
Tx
Pole mounting for wall or parapet mounting Tower mounting for omni antennas Tower mounting for directional antennas
196
Three Sector Antenna Configuration with AD
197
Antenna Engineering Rules

w Distortion of antenna pattern: No obstacles within
s Antenna near field range s HPBW Rule plus security margin of 20 s First fresnel ellipsoid range (additional losses!) w TX-RX Decoupling to avoid blocking and intermodulation s Required minimum separation of TX - RX antennas dependent on antenna configuration (e.g. duplexer or not) w Diversity gain s Required antenna separation for space diversity
198
Distortion of antenna pattern

w Antenna Near Field Range: Rmin = 2D/
s D = Aperture of antenna (e.g. 3m) s => Rmin = 60 / 120m for GSM / DCS
w HPBW Rule with securtiy margin of 20 and tilt
= HPBW/2 + 20 + 1 5 10 0.5 2.5 5

199
D[m] Roof Top = Obstacle H[m] D

HPBW = 8, = 2
Tx-Rx Decoupling (1)

w Out of Band Blocking Requirement (GSM Rec. 11.21)
s GSM 900 = +8 dBm s GSM 1800 = 0 dBm w Required Decoupling (n = number of transmitters) s TX-TX = 20 dB s TX-RX GSM = 30 + 10 log (n) dB s TX-RX DCS = 40 + 10 log (n) dB
P [dBm]
-13
Receiver Pout Characteristic fuse fint TX RX Pblock Pin

200
P1dB
-101
n*200kHz
fuse
fint f[MHz]
TX-RX Decoupling (2)

w Horizontal separation (Approximation)
Isolation for Horizontal Separation - omni 11dBi
45
dH
Isolation [dB]
40 35 30 25 20 15
9. 7 10 .4 10 .8 11 .2 11 .6 12 12 .4 12 .8 13 .2 13 .6 14 14 .4 14 .8 15 .2 1. 7 2. 7 3. 7 4. 7 5. 7 6. 7 7. 7 8. 7
GSM1800 GSM900
I =22+20log(d )-(G +G ) [dB] /

H H T R
Separation [m ]
201
TX-RX Decoupling (3)

w Vertical separation (Approximation)
Iso la tion fo r V e rtica l S e p a ra tio n
70
dv
Mast
Isolation [dB]
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Se p ar atio n [m ]
GSM1800 GSM900
dm
IV =28+40log(d / [dB] ) V
202
Space Diversity
w Required separation for max. diversity gain = F( )
RXA dH RXA RXB dV RXB
For a sufficient low correlation coefficient < 0.7:

dH = 20 => GSM 900: 6m / GSM1800: 3m dV = 15 => GSM 900: 4.5m / GSM1800: 2.25m
203

Quasi-Omni Configuration
Power Divider
w Power dividers connect several
antennas to one feeder cable
w For combination of individual

antenna patterns for a requested configuration s Quasi-omni configuration s Bidirectional configuration (road coverage)
4-to-1 Power splitter (6 dB loss)
To BTS: Duplexer output (TX plus RX diversity)

To BTS: Receiver input

204
w Power divider
s Also called "power splitter" or "junction box" s Passive device (works in both (transmit and receive) direction)
Pin 2 3 dB Pin 2 Pin 3 Pin 3 Pin 3 Pin 4 Pin 4 6 dB Pin 4 Pin 4
4.5 dB
Pin
Pin
Pin
205

Example: Power Splitter
206
Panel Configurations (1)

w Radial Arrangement
of 6 Panel Antennas with horizontal beamwidth = 105 gain = 16.5 dBi, mast radius = 0.425 m, mounting radius = 0.575 m
207

w Example 2: Quasi Omni Arrangement
of 3 antennas with horizontal beamwidth = 105 , gain =13.5 dBi, mounting radius = 4 m
208

w Example 3: Skrew Arrangement
of 4 Panel Antennas with horizontal beamwidth = 65 , gain = 12.5 dBi, mast radius = 1 m, mounting radius = 1.615 m
209
Feeders
w Technical summary w Inner conductor: Copper wire w Dielectric:
Low density foam PE copper tube Polyethylene (PE) black
Dielectric Jacket Inner conductor uter conductor O
w Outer conductor: Corrugated w Jacket:
210
Feeder Installation Set and Connectors
1 Cable Clamps 2 Antenna Cable 3 Double Bearing 4 Counterpart 5 Anchor tape

7/16 Connector: Coaxial Connector Robust Good RF-Performance

211
Feeder Parameters
Type Minimum bending radius Jacket (outer diameter) Weight (m) Recommended clamp spacing Single bending LCF 1/2 LCF 7/8 LCF 1 5/8 70 mm 120 mm 300 mm Repeated bending 210 mm 360 mm 900 mm 16 mm 28 mm 49.7 mm 0.35 kg 0.62 kg 1.5 kg 0.6 m 0.8 m 1.2 m
GSM 900
Type
GSM 1800
GSM 1900
Attenuation Recommended Attenuation Recommended Attenuation Recommended / 100 m [dB] max length [m] /100 m [dB] max length [m] /100 m [dB] max length [m] LCF 1/2 6.6 45 10.3 30 10.6 28 LCF 7/8 4.0 75 6.0 50 6.3 47 LCF 1_5/ 8 2.6 115 4.0 75 4.2 71
These values are based on feeder types with an impedance of 50 ohms

212
Feeder attenuation (1)

w Main contribution is given by feeder loss
s Feeder Cable 4dB/100m => length 50m Loss =2.0dB s Jumper Cable 0.066dB/1m => 5m Loss =0.33dB s Insertion Loss of connector and power splitter < 0.1dB s Total Loss 2.0dB+2x0.33dB+5x0.1dB+0.1dB=3.26dB w Cable type is trade off between s Handling flexibility s Cost s Attenuation
213
Radiating Cables
w Provide coverage in Tunnels, buildings, along side tracks or lines w Principle: Radiate a weak but constant electromagnetic wave w Suitable for coverage over longer distances (Repeater) w Fieldstrength distribution more constant as with antennas
Repeater Terminating Load
F F
Thr
F F
Thr
214
Components of a radiating cable w Components are shown with black lines system
Nconnections
Tx BTS Rx
Radiating cable
Termination load
Jumper cabel
Mounting clips Earthing with50 mm wall standoffkit
1-leg radiating cable system
215

Comparison of field strength: Radiating cable and standard antenna
-40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 Distance
[dBm]
Cable attenuation between the antennas
Radiating cable field strength Antenna field strength
216
w Example of a radiating cable in a tunnel
217
w Microwave point to point systems use highly directional antennas w Gain 4 A e

G = 10 lg
Microwave antennas, feeders and accessories

2
with
G = gain over isotropic, in dBi A = area of antenna aperture e = antenna efficiency
w Used antenna types s parabolic antenna s high performance antenna s horn lens antenna s horn antenna
218
Parabolic antenna
w Parabolic dish, illuminated by a feed horn w w w w w w
at its focus Available sizes: 1 (0.3 m) up to 16 (4.8 m) Sizes over 4 seldom used due to installation restrictions Single plane polarized feed vertical (V) or horizontal (H) Also: dual polarized feeder (DP), with separate V and H connections (lower gain) Front-to-back ratios of 45 dB not high enough for back-to-back configuration on the same frequency Antenna patterns are absolutely necessary for interference calculations
219
High performance antenna

w Similar to common parabolic antenna, w w w w
except for attached cylindrical shield Improvement of front-to-back ratio and wide angle radiation discrimination Available in same sizes as parabolic, single or dual polarized Substantially bigger, heavier, and more expensive than parabolic antennas Allow back-to-back transmission at the same frequency in both directions (refer to interference calculation)
220
Horn antennas
w Horn lens antenna
s For very high frequencies > 25 GHz s Replacement for small parabolic
antennas (1) s Same electrical data, but easier to install due to size and weight
w Horn reflector antenna

s Large parabola, energy from the feed
horn is reflected at right angle (90) s Gain like 10 parabolic antenna (60 dBi), but higher front-to-back ratios > 70 dB
sBig and heavy, requires a complex installation procedure sOnly used on high capacity microwave backbones (e.g. MSC-MSC interconnections)
221
Specific Microwave Antenna Parameters (1)

w Cross polarization discrimination (XPD)
s highest level of cross polarisation radiation relative to the main beam; should be > 30 dB for parabolic antennas w Inter-port isolation s isolation between the two ports of dual polarised antennas; typical value: better than 35 dB w Return loss (VSWR) s Quality value for the adaption of antenna impedance to the impedance of the connection cable s Return loss is the ratio of the reflected power to the power fed at the antenna input (typical> 20 dB)
222
Specific Microwave Antenna Parameters (2)

w Radiation pattern envelope (RPE)
s Tolerance specification for antenna pattern (specification of antenna pattern itself not suitable due to manufacturing problems) s Usually available from manufacturer in vertical and horizontal polarisation (worst values of several measurements)
w Weight w Wind load
223
Data sheet 15 GHz

B an d w id th M odel num ber N o m in a l d iam e te r (G H z ) (m ) (ft) 1 4 .4 - 1 5 .3 5 4 .4 - 1 5 .3 5 4 .4 - 1 5 .3 5 1 1 PA 2 - 144 PA 4 - 144 PA 6 - 144 0 .6 1 .2 1 .8 2 4 6 2 .3 3 6 .2 3 6 .5 3 6 .7 42 28 26 19 + /- 5 1 .2 4 2 .3 4 2 .5 4 2 .8 48 30 26 43 + /- 5 0 .8 4 5 .8 4 6 .0 4 6 .3 52 30 28 73 + /- 5 B a n d w id th M odel num ber N o m in a l d ia m e te r (G H z ) 1 4 .4 - 1 5 .31 4 .4 - 1 5 .31 4 .4 - 1 5 .3 5 5 5 D A 2 - 1 4 4D A 4 - 1 4 4D A 6 - 1 4 4 (m ) 0 .6 1 .2 1 .8 (ft) 2 4 6 2 .3 3 6 .2 3 6 .5 3 6 .7 65 28 26 28 + /- 1 2 1 .2 4 2 .3 4 2 .5 4 2 .8 68 30 26 55 + /- 1 2 0 .8 4 5 .8 4 6 .0 4 6 .3 68 30 26 130 + /- 1 2
H a lf-p o w e r b ea m w id th (d e g ) G a in lo w b a n d (d B i) G a in m id b a n d (d B i) G a in h ig h b an d (d B i) F ro n t-to -b a ck ra tio (d B ) C ro ss p o la r d iscrim in a tio n(d B ) R etu rn lo ss (d B ) W e ig h t W in d lo ad E le v atio n a d ju stm e n t (k g ) (d e g )
H a lf-p o w e r b e a m w id th (d e g ) G a in lo w b a n d (d B i) G a in m id b a n d (d B i) G a in h ig h b a n d (d B i) F ro n t-to -b a c k ra tio (d B ) C ro ss p o la r d isc rim in a tio n(d B ) R e tu rn lo ss (d B ) W e ig h t W in d lo a d E le v a tio n a d ju stm e n t (k g ) (d e g )
Parabolic antenna 15 GHz

High performance antenna 15 GHz

224
Radiation pattern envelope
225
Feeders (1)
w Coaxial cables or waveguides (according to frequency) w Most important characteristic: loss and return loss w Coaxial cables
s Used between 10 MHz and 3 GHz s Dielectric material: foam or air s Parameters of common coaxial cables:
type
LCF 1/ 2 CU2Y LCF 7/ 8 CU2Y LCF 1 5/ 8 CU2Y
dielectric
foam foam foam
diameter (mm)
16.0 28.0 49.7
loss (dB/100m)
10,9 / 2 GHz 13.8 / 3 GHz 6.5 / 2 GHz 8.5 / 3 GHz 4.4 / 2 GHz 5.6 / 3 GHz
power bending rating (kW) radius (mm)

0.47 0.95 1.7 200 360 380
226
Feeders (2)
w Waveguides
s Used for frequency bands above 2.7 GHz s Three basic types available: circular, elliptical and rectangular w Rigid circular waveguide s Very low loss s Supports two orthogonal polarisations s Capable to carry more than one frequency band s Usually, short components of this type are used s Disadvantages: cost, handling and moding problems
227
Feeders (3)
w Elliptical semiflexible waveguides
s Acceptable loss, good VSWR performance s Low cost and easy to install s Various types optimised for many frequency bands up to 23 GHz s Used for longer distances (easy and flexible installation) s Can be installed as a "single run" (no intermediate flanges)
type
EW 34 EW 52 EW 77 EW 90 EW 220
loss /100 m
2.0 4.0 5.8 10.0 28.0
Frequency
4 GHz 6GHz 8GHz 11 GHz 23 GHz
228
Feeders (4)
w Solid and flexible rectangular waveguides w Solid rectangular waveguides
s Combination of low VSWR and low loss s High cost and difficult to install s Used for realising couplers, combiners, filters
type
WR 229 WR159 WR112 WR 90 WR 75
loss /100 m
2.8 4.5 8.5 11.7 15.0
Frequency
4 GHz 6GHz 8GHz 11 GHz 13 GHz
229
Feeders (5)
w Flexible rectangular waveguides
s Worse VSWR and losses than for solid waveguides s Often used in short lengths (<1 m), where position between connection points depends on actual installation place s Common applications: connection of microwave system to antenna (close together on rooftops or towers) for frequencies >13 Ghz
type
PDR140 PDR180 PDR220
loss / m
0.5 1 2
Frequency
15GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz
230
Antenna feeder systems (1)

w Direct radiating system
s Most commonly used for frequencies up to 13 Ghz s Depending on accepted feeder loss/length, higher frequencies may be possible s Excessive attenuation and costs in long runs of wave guide s Occurence of echo distortion due to mismatch in long runs of waveguide possible
231

w Periscope antenna system
s Used for
q considerable antenna heights q waveguide installation problems
s Negligible wave guide cost and easy installation s System gain is a function of antenna and reflector size, distance and frequency s Used above 4 GHz , because reflector size is prohibitive for lower frequencies
232

w Combined antenna with transceiver
s Antenna and transceiver are combined as a single unit to cut out wave guide loss (higher frequencies) s Units are mounted on top of a mast and connected to multiplex equipment via cable
233
Alcatel BSS (Examples)
BSS BSS
BSC BSC
B T S B T S B T S B T S B T S
BSS
B T S
BSC
234
Architecture of BTS - Evolium Evolution A9100

s 3 levels
Antenna coupling level Combiner stage (ANy) Antenna network stage
ANc
Air interface
Antenna network stage

ANc
Combiner stage (ANy)
TRX level
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
BCF level
Station unit module Abis interface
Abbreviations BCF Base station Control Function TRX Transceiver

235
EVOLIUMTM A9100 Base Station (1)

w The Antenna network Combiner (ANc)- combining mode Antenna A Antenna B
TX A, RX A, RX Bdiv TX B, RX B, RX Adiv
Duplexer
Filter Filter LNA
Splitter
Duplexer
Filter Filter LNA
Splitter
WBC
Splitter
Splitter
Splitter
Splitter
WBC
TX
RX
RX div
TX
RX
RX div
Rx div RX
TX
Rx div RX
TX
TRX 1
TRX 2
TRX 3
TRX 4
236

w The Antenna network Combiner (ANc)- bypass mode
Antenna A TX A, RX A, RX Bdiv Antenna B TX B, RX B, RX Adiv
Duplexer
Filter Filter LNA
Duplexer
Filter Filter LNA
Splitter
By-pass function
WBC
Splitter
By-pass function
WBC
Splitter
Splitter
Splitter
Splitter
TX
RX
RX div
Rx div RX
TX
TRX 1
TRX 2
237

wANy: Twin Wide Band Combiner Stage
TXA RXA RXAdiv RXBdiv RXB TXB
WBC
Splitter Splitter
Splitter Splitter
WBC
TX
RX
RXdiv
TX
RX
RXdiv
Rxdiv RX
TX
Rxdiv RX
TX
TRX 1
TRX 2
TRX 3
TRX 4
w2 types of Any
For GSM 900 and GSM 1800, two versions each are available:
Band GSM 900 Variant 3BK 07237 AAxx 3BK 07237 ABxx GSM 1800 3BK 07245 AAxx 3BK 07245 ABxx
Function Up to four standard TRX, up to two high-power TRX Up to four standard TRX, up to four high-power TRX Up to four standard TRX, up to two high-power TRX Up to four standard TRX, up to four high-power TRX
238
EVOLIUMTM BTS Features (1)

w Standard Features according to GSM
s DR (Dual Rate), EFR (Enhanced Full Rate coder), AMR (Adaptive Multi Rate) requires that the BSS software release and the other network elements also support these codecs s HW supports GSM 850, E-GSM, GSM 900, GSM 1800 and GSM 1900 bands s Multi Band Capabilities (supporting of 850/1800 TRX, 850/1900TRX, and, 900 /1800 can be located in the same cabinet) s All known A5 algorithms to be supported; HW provisions done w Standard Features due to new Architecture and new SW Releases s SUS (Station Unit Sharing) Only one central control unit (SUM) for all BTS per cabinet s Multiband BTS (GSM 900/1800) in one cabinet s Static (Release 4) and statistical (Release 6) submultiplexing on Abis
q Better use of Abis-interface capacity: More BTS/TRX to be supported in a multidrop loop
s Introduction of GPRS and HSCSD without HW changes s EDGE compatible TRX
239
EVOLIUMTM BTS Features (2)

w Features specific to Radio Performance
s TX Output Power
s RX Sensitivity: -111 dBm certified (GSM request: -104 dBm) s Synthesized Frequency Hopping as general solution
q Standard RF hopping mode q Pseudo baseband RF hopping mode
s Antenna Diversity in general

q Two antennas per sector q One cross-polarized antenna
s Duplexer (TX and RX on one antenna) as general solution
240
Generic Configurations for A9100 G4 BTS
w The configurations for indoor (MBI) and outdoor (MBO) cabinet

are presented in the next slides w larger configurations with more than one cabinet can be derived from the tables w configurations are valid for EDGE capable TRX (Evolution step 2) w availability of multiband configurations other than GSM 900 / GSM 1800 must be checked with product management (authorization required) w Notation: s BBU - Battery Backup Unit s BATS - Small Battery Backup s LBBU - Large Battery Backup Unit
241
Generic configurations for cabinets MBI (1)

R C A K C N IG R T NT P O F U A IO Y E D C A w C /o BU B 1x 1...4 1x 1...8 2x 1...2 2x 1...4 3x 1 3x 1...2 1x 1...8 1x 9...12 2x 1...4 2x 1...6 1 1...8+ 1 x 1x ...4 3x 1...2 3x 1...4 4x 1 3 2x +2x 4 2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X A w C ith B T AS X A w C ith LB BU GM S 850 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) X (2) (2) X (2) (2) X X X T E in M I3 1 Rs B , 0 GM S 900 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X GM S 1800 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X T E in Rs Pm x 2 a X (1) (1) (1) GM S 1900 X (1) X (1) X X X (1) X (1) S d rdcon ration tan a figu s M I3 B M I3 B M I3 B M I3 B M I3 B M I3 B M I5 B M I5 B M I5 B M I5 B M I5 B M I5 B M I5 B M I5 B M I5 B
(1 R strictio s fo G M1 0 : ) e n r S 90 (1 ) U to + 5 a b n te p ra re p ssib if m xim m6 p 4 C m ie t m e tu o le a u M I5 B (2 ) L ita n to + 0 o e ise (+ 5 p ssib if p w r is re u e to 2 W( im tio 4 C th rw 4 C o le o e dcd 8 d )) B (2) N ingen ot eric list, but possible (ch w S or pro ct m ag en before use) eck ith D du an em t
242
Generic configurations for cabinets MBI (2)

RAC K CONFIGURATION TYPE DC AC w/o BBU 1x3...4 1x3...8 1x9...12 2x3...6 2x1 1x1...4 2x1...4 3x1...3 1x1...4LL/1x1...4 1x1...4/1x1...4 with TMA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X AC with BATS X X X X AC with LBBU GSM 850 (2) (2) (2) (2) GSM 900 X X X X X X X X X X GSM GSM 1800 X X X X X X X X 1900 X X (1) (1) Low Losses configurations MBI3 MBI5 MBI5 MBI5 MBI3 MBI5 MBI5 MBI5 MBI5 MBI5
High Power configurations
Extended Cells configurations
(1) Restrictions for GSM 1900: (1) Up to +45C ambient temperature possible if maximum 6 TREs in MBI3, 10 TREs in MBI5 (2) Limitation to +40C otherwise (+45C possible if power is reduced to 28W ( Pmax 2 dB)) (2) Not in generic list, but possible (check with SD or product management before use)
243
Generic configurations for cabinets MBO (1)

RAC K CONFIGURATION TYPE DC AC w/o BBU 1x12 2x1 1x1...6 1x1...8 2x1...3 2x1...4 3x1...2 1x9...12 2x1...6 1x1...8+1x1...4 3x1...4 4x13 AC with BBU X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X GSM 850 (1) (1) GSM 900 X X GSM GSM 1800 (2) (2) 1900 (1) (1) X Standard configurations CBO CBO MBO1 MBO1 MBO1 MBO1 MBO1 MBO2 MBO2 MBO2 MBO2 MBO2 MBO2
2x4 + 2x2 X X X X X (1) CBO for GSM 850 and GSM 1900 are planned for 2004. For availability, check with SD or the product management (authorization required). (2) CBO for GSM 1800 planned for Q4 2003 (check with SD)
244
Generic configurations for cabinets MBO (2)

RAC K CONFIGURATION TYPE DC AC w/o BBU 1x5...6 1x5...8 2x3...6 3x3...4 1x12 2x1 1x1...4 2x1...2 3x1...2 2x14 AC with BBU X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X (2) (2) X X X X X X GSM 850 GSM 900 GSM GSM 1800 1900 X Low Losses configurations MBO1 MBO1 MBO2 MBO2 CBO CBO MBO1 MBO1 MBO1 MBO2 MBO2
High Power configurations
3x14 X X X (1) CBO for GSM 850 and GSM 1900 are planned for 2004. For availability, check with SD or the product management (authorization required). (2) CBO for GSM 1800 planned for Q4 2003 (check with SD)
245
TRX Types
w This slide is referring only to Evolium macro BTS A9100 w Overview on TRX types of A9100 Evolium Evolution BTS
(G4)
M odu le nam e E olu ion S ep 1 v t t T GM R T DM R T DH R E olu ion S ep 2 v t t T AL R T AG R T AGH T AD R T ADH T AP R Ou pu pow t t er GM K S GS 900 M GS 1800 M GS 1800 M GS 850 M GS 900 M GS 900 M GS 1800 M GS 1800 M GS 1900 M 35 W t at s 35 W t at s 60 W t at s 45 W t at s 45 W t at s 60 W t at s 35 W t at s 60 W t at s 45 W t at s 45.44 dB m 45.44 dB m 47.78 dB m 46.53 46.53 47.78 45.44 47.78 46.53 dB m dB m dB m dB m dB m dB m 15 W t at s 15 W t at s 25 W t at s 12 W t at s 25 W t at s 25 W t at s 41.76 dB m 41.76 dB m 43.98 dB m 40.79 dB m 43.98 dB m 43.98 dB m 8P K S
246
BTS Output Power

w What is monitored during validation is the BTS output power
at antenna connector w The individual losses for duplexer, combiner and internal cabling are not systematically measured w for detailed info consult the BTS product description
247
Feature Power Balancing

w G4 BTS it is allowed to use TRXs of different power within
the same sector, or to use of different combining path for TRX belonging to the same sector. w Reason: the G4 BTS is able to detect unbalanced losses/powers within a sector and automatically compensate it for GMSK modulation. w Consequence: All TRX connected to one ANc are automatically adjusted to the GMSK output power of the weakest TRX (required for BCCH recovery)
248
Cell Split Feature

w Principle
s Cell Split allows to provide one logical cell with one common BCCH over several BTS cabinets. The cabinets must be synchronized w Benefits s Same number of TRX in fewer racks s No need to touch/modify the configuration of existing BTS (cabling) s Take full benefit of 12 TRX per cabinet w Drawback: more complex antenna system w Applications s Multi-band cells s Configuration extension of sites by adding TRX s Large configurations w Condition: BTS must be synchronized
249
Influence of Cell Split feature on BTS configurations

w One slave cabinet can only have one master w One master can control three slave cabinets
Cabinet 1 4 TRX GSM 900 4 TRX GSM 900 4 TRX GSM 900
Master Master Master
Slave Slave Slave
Slave Slave Slave
Cabinet 1 6 TRX GSM 1800 Master 6 TRX GSM 900 Master
Cabinet 2 6 TRX GSM 1800 Master 6 TRX GSM 900 Master
Cabinet 4 2 TRX GSM 1800 Slave 2 TRX GSM 1800 Slave
Possible cell split configuration
Not allowed cell split configuration
250
Cell Split Example: Deployment of multi-band cells With cell split: With cell split:
BTS 1 BTS 1 BTS 2 4TRX 4TRX 4TRX GSM 900
BTS 1 cell1 4TRX cell2 4TRX cell3 4TRX
cell1 cell2 cell3
4TRX 4TRX
2TRX 2TRX
cell1 cell2
4TRX 2TRX cell3 GSM 900 GSM1800

BTS1 BTS 2 cell1
4 TRX 900 2TRX 1800
- -No antenna reNo antenna recabling cabling - -No TRX moving No TRX moving - -Connection to Connection to the first BTS the first BTS while the BTS is while the BTS is working working - -Short service Short service interruption interruption during radio conf. during radio conf. change change Without cell split: Without cell split: - -Complete reComplete reconfiguration configuration
4 TRX 900 2TRX 1800cell3
4 TRX 900 2TRX 1800

GSM 900
cell2
251
Cell Split Example: Migration to multiband cells

w Example: Migration from multiband BSS (single BCCH) to
multiband cells (dual BCCH) w No more limitation to have the 900 and the 1800 TRXs installed inside the same cabinet
BTS 1 4TRX 4TRX 4TRX Cell 3 Cell 1 Cell 2 4TRX 4TRX Cell 6 BTS 2 BTS 1 Cell 4 4TRX Cell 5 4TRX 4TRX 4TRX 4TRX BTS 2 Cell 1 Cell 2
4TRX
4TRX Cell 3
GSM 900
GSM 1800
GSM 900 GSM1800

252
Cell Split Example: High Power Configuration
253
Cell Split Example: Configuration extension

w 3x4 sector cells extended to cell 1(6 TRX), cell 2 (4 TRX),
cell 3 (8 TRX) BTS 1 (with 900 or 1800 TRX) 4TRX 4TRX 4TRX cell1 cell2 cell3 BTS 1 (with 12 TRX 900 or 1800) BTS 2 (with 6 TRX 900 or 1800) 4TRX 4TRX 4TRX 4TRX Linked BTS 2 TRX cell1 cell2 cell3
Two shared sectors

254
Cell Split Example: Large configurations

w 3x8 TRX with 2 racks:
BTS 1 BTS 2
Without cell split: Without cell split: -3 racks with 8 -3 racks with 8 TRX/sector, empty TRX/sector, empty space space With cell split: With cell split: -2 racks with 12 TRX, -2 racks with 12 TRX, 8 TRX per sector 8 TRX per sector
4TRX 4TRX
BCCH
4TRX 4TRX 4TRX
4TRX
w 16 TRXs per cell
255
Indoor BTS Rack Layout
256
Outdoor BTS Rack Layout
257
3 Level Architecture
258
Micro BTS types

w EVOLIUM A910 Micro Base Station (internal reference M4M)
s still operational in a large number s is being out phased s up to 6 TRX-es
w M5M EVOLIUM A9110 Micro-BTS (M5M)

s Introduced in Q3 2003 s up to 12 TRX-es s site configurations can mix older A910 with newer A9110-E s support for GPRS and EDGE (release dependent)
259
Technical Data
Frequency band A910 A9110 (2 TR X) (2 TR X) GSM 850, E-GSM, GSM 850, E-GSM, GSM900, GSM 1800, GSM GSM900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900 1900 Up to 4.5 W 7W -107 dBm Yes 55 C 130 W 54 litres 39.6 kg (incl. connection box) -110 dBm yes 55 C 145 W 54 litres 32.5
Tx output power (at antenna connector) Rx sensitivity Radio FH Temperature range (max.) Max. power consumption Size (volume) Weight
260
Evolium BSC Characteristics

w Capacity
s Maximum physical capacity: 352 FR TRX or 176 DR TRX in 255 BTS s Traffic and signalling capacity: up to 1500 erlang->13,5 erl/BTS traffic capacity
w Flexibility
s 6 Abis interfaces per SM module with integrated cross connect function s Integrated in BSC subracks (no cabling), 100% Alcatel s No BSC internal recabling for network extensions/modifications
w Compactness
s Maximum BSC configuration in three standard Alcatel 1000 S12 cabinets (90 cm width, 52 cm depth)
w Technology
s Two stage Alcatel 1000 S12 switching technology s Distributed processing in trunk control units and processing resources s Same application SW running on both BSC generations
261
BSC Architecture
Abis TSU
TCUC TCUC
Group Switch 8 Planes 2 Stages self-routing, non-blocking
Ater TSU
DTCC DTCC DTCC DTCC DTCC DTCC DTCC
6x G.703 Abis I/F

BIUA
TCUC TCUC TCUC TCUC TCUC TCUC
ASMB
AS
AS
DTCC
ASMB
2x G.703 Ater muxed I/F
TSL
Q1 bus
AS
TSCA CPRC CPRC CPRC CPRC CPRC CPRC CPRC CPRC
Broadcast bus
Common Functions TSU

262
BSC Rack Layouts

w 6 Configurations possible
Group Switch
Stage 2 A-TER TSU A-BIS TSU
GS Stage 2
GS Stage 2 A-BIS TSU A-BIS TSU
Group Switch
Stage 2 A-TER TSU A-BIS TSU
GS Stage 2
GS Stage 2 A-BIS TSU A-BIS TSU A-TER TSU A-BIS TSU A-BIS TSU A-BIS TSU
AIRBAFFLE A-TER TSU GS Stage 1 TSCA A-TER TSU A-BIS TSU COMMON TSU Clock GS Stage 2
AIRBAFFLE A-TER TSU GS Stage 1 TSCA A-TER TSU A-BIS TSU A-BIS TSU Clock GS Stage 2
AIRBAFFLE A-TER TSU GS Stage 1 TSCA A-TER TSU A-BIS TSU A-BIS TSU Clock
Cabinet #1
Cabinet #2
Cabinet #3
263
Coverage Planning
Coverage Improvement
264
Antenna Diversity
265
Diversity
w Purpose
s Improvement in fading probability statistics s leads to a better total signal level or better total S/N ratio w Principle s Combining signals with same information from different signal branches
w Demands
s correlation between different signal branches should be low w Combining methods s Selection Diversity s Maximum Ratio Combining s Equal Gain Combining
266
Selection Diversity (1)

Fieldstrength [dBm]
-80
w Principle
s selection of the highest baseband signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) or of the strongest signal (S+N) w Correlation of signal levels s a lower correlation between signal levels of different branches 0.4 improves the total signal level w Correlation of signal levels should be low
-90
-100 Antenna 1 Antenna 2
0.1
0.2
0.3
Time [sec]
267

Fieldstrength [dBm]
w Difference in signal level

-80 -90
-100 Antenna 2
s a high difference in signal levels of two branches doesnt improve the total signal level w Difference in signal levels should be low
Antenna 1
0.1
Time [sec]
0.2
0.3
0.4
268

w Theoretical diversity gain
s 10dB for two-branch diversity at the 99% reliability level s 16dB for four branches at the 99% reliability level w The theoretical diversity gain doesnt improve linear with the number of branches
269
Equal Gain Combining (1)

w Principle
s cophase signal branches s sum up signals w Coherent addition of signals and incoherent addition of noises w Theoretical diversity gain s 11dB for two-branch diversity at the 99% reliability level
270
Equal Gain Combining (2)

w Correlation of signal levels
s a lower correlation between signal levels of different branches improves the total S/N ratio w Correlation of signal levels should be low

s Assuming equal noise in the branches, the higher the difference in signal levels is, the higher is the loss of S/N ratio of the better signal branch after summation w Difference in signal levels should be low
271
Maximum Ratio Combining (1)

w Principle
s weight signals proportionally to their S/N ratios s cophase signal branches s sum up the weighted signals w Coherent addition of signals and incoherent addition of noises w Improved S/N
272
Maximum Ratio Combining (2)

w Correlation of signal levels
s a lower correlation between signal levels of different branches improves the total S/N ratio w Correlation of signal levels should be low

s Assuming equal noise in the branches, the higher the difference in signal levels is, the higher is the loss of S/N ratio of the better signal branch after summation s comparing to equal ratio combining, this combining reduces influence of worse signal branches w Difference in signal levels should be low
273
Comparison of combining methods

w Improvement of average SNR
from a diversity combiner compared to one branch s (a) Maximum Ratio Combining s (b) Equal Gain Combining s (c) Selection Diversity w The maximum ratio combining, which is used in the ALCATEL BTS, gives the best statistical reduction of any known linear diversity combiner.
274
Enhanced Diversity Combining (1)

w Principle:
s 2 algorithms
q Beam forming algorithm (available also for MRC) q Interference reduction algorithm (new)
s best efficiency when the useful signal and the interfering signals come from different directions. w Requirements to benefit from this feature: s Hardware: G4 TRE (Edge capable TRX) installed in Evolium Evolution BTS step1 resp. step 2 (internal name: G3 resp. G4) s Software release: from B6.2 onwards s For a maximum gain: antenna engineering rules respected
q Correct antenna choice for the considered environment q Correct antenna spacings and orientations (in case of space diversity)
275
Enhanced Diversity Combining (2)

Ant nna div rs y gain re om endat for link budget e e it c m ion E ironm nv ent E olut v ion E olut v ion s e 1, tp se t p2 E olut v ion s e inc s e 2 up tp B 6.2 t B o 5 Urban, de e u ns rban 5 dB 6 dB R sident su rban e ial, bu 3.5 dB 5 dB R ral (horizontal spac div rsit ) u e e y 3 dB 3.5 dB
w The values in the right column are due to the feature

Enhanced Diversity Combining, Selective Beam-forming Combining
276
Diversity systems in Mobile Radio Networks
w Two diversity systems are

used in Mobile Radio Networks : s Space Diversity
dH RXA RXB
q horizontal q vertical
s Polarization Diversity
+45 -45 RXA RXB
277
Space Diversity Systems gain depends on spatial separation of s Diversity

Horizontal separation (e.g. Roof Top)
antennas
Vertical separation (e.g. Mast)

RXA dV
dH RXA RXB
RXB
For Optimum Diversity Gain

dH = 20 GSM900 = 6m = 4.5m GSM1800 = 3m 2.25m
dV
= 15 GSM900 GSM1800 =
278
Space Diversity - General Rules

w The larger the separation the higher the diversity gaind w Prefer horizontal separation (more effective) w The higher the antenna the higher the required
separation, rule: d > h/10 w Highest diversity gain from the "broadside w Select orientation of diversity setup according to orientation of cell / traffic
Optimum diversity Gain
279
Achievable Diversity Gain

w Depends on fading conditions
s Varies in between 2.5 - 6dB s Higher diversity gain in areas with multipath propagation (urban and suburban areas)
w General rule: consider diversity gain with 3dB in the link

budget
280
Polarization Diversity
w Diversity gain in using orthogonal orientated antennas
Horizontal / vertical polarization: Hor/Ver Antenna Polarization of +/- 45: cross polarized antenna or Slant antenna
RXA RXB
+45 -45 RXA RXB
Big Advantage: Only one panel antenna is required to profit from diversity gain using this configuration
281
Principle of Polarization Diversity

reception with a hor / ver polarised antenna EV EH Diversity Gain G = f( , )
multipathpropagation reflection, diffraction
EX1
Ex2 or Eh
reception with a X-polarised antenna
EX2
Ex1 or Ev
Time [sec]
282
Air Combining
w Features
s only one TX per antenna s combining signals "on air" and not in a combiner s 3dB combiner loss can be saved to increase coverage w Can be realized with s two vertical polarized antennas s one cross polarized panel antenna
TX1 TX2
TX1
TX2
283
Air Combining with Polarization Diversity

1 TRX or 2 TRX
w One antenna system

s cross polarized antennas recommended for urban/suburban area (less space req.)
V DUPL TX RXA
H BF RXB DUPL DUPL
TX1 RX1 TX2 RX2 RX2D RX1D Air combining Recommended for Evolium BTS
No Air combining Bandfilter if Decoupling too low
284
Air Combining with Space Diversity

w Two antenna system
or or RXA RXB RXA RXB TX TX
s Vertical or horizontal spacing (recommended for rural area)
285
Decoupling of Signal Branches

w One antenna system: TX / RX decoupling cannot be achieved
by spatial separation w Decoupling between both polarization branches needs to be sufficiently high to avoid s blocking problems s intermodulation problems w Required decoupling values s G2 BTS: 30 dB s Evolium A9100 BTS: 25dB (Integrated duplexer Anx)
286
Cross Polarized or Hor/Ver Antenna? (1)

w Receiving Application
s same diversity gain for cross polarized and hor/ver antennas s in urban and suburban area polarization diversity gain equal to space diversity gain (2.5 - 6dB) s negligible polarization diversity gain in rural areas (not recommended) s accordingly consider polarization diversity gain with 3dB in the link budget
287
Cross Polarized or Hor/Ver Antenna? (2)

w Transmission Application: Air
combining s 3dB loss when transmitting horizontal/vertical polarized (use of combiner) s 1-2dB losses when transmitting at 45 (optimum antenna is straighten vertically) s Air combining only recommended with cross polarized antenna
3dB
2dB
288
Conclusion on Antenna Diversity

w Rural Areas
s installation space not limited s apply Space Diversity (higher gain) w Urban and Suburban Area s apply space or polarization diversity s use cross polarized antennas for air combining w Diversity Gain s consider diversity gain in link budget with 3dB
289
Repeater Systems
repeater BTS (donor cell)
area covered by repeater
original service area
290
Repeater Application
repeater BTS (donor cell)
area covered by repeater
original service area
291
Repeater Block Diagram

Required Isolation > 7090 dB
292
Repeater Applications
w Coverage Improvement of Cells (Cell Enhancer)
s removal of coverage holes caused by
q topography (hills, ravines, ...) q man made obstacles
w Provision of tunnel coverage

s street, railway tunnels s underground stations w Provision of indoor coverage at places of low additional traffic
293
Repeater Types
w Channel selective repeaters
s high selectivity of certain channels s high traffic areas, small cell sizes w Band selective repeaters s adjustment to operators frequency band s no (accidental) usage by competitors
w Broad band repeaters

s low cost solution for low traffic areas (rural environment) s medium to high repeater gain w Personal repeaters s low gain s broad band s indoor coverage improvement for certain rooms
294
Repeater for Tunnel Coverage

Antenna to donor cell
w Choice of repeater type due to

s tunnel dimensions s wall materials w feeding by s directional antennas s leaky feeder cables w long tunnels s chains of several repeaters s fiber optic backbone for repeater feeding
Radiating cable Repeater
Tunnel
295
Repeater for Indoor coverage

w For smaller buildings
s Compensation for wall losses, window losses (heat insulated windows) s Low cost personal repeaters installed in certain rooms w For larger buildings (shopping malls, convention centers, sport centers) s multispot transmission using
q co-axial distribution network q fiber-optic distribution network
Personal repeater
Antenna to donor cell Master unit
Remote units
Fiber optic distribution Radiating cable
296
Planning Aspects
w Repeater does not provide additional traffic capacity
s risk of blocking if additional coverage area catches more traffic s possible carrier upgrading required w Repeater causes additional signal delay s delay: 4..8 s max. cell range of 35 km reduced by 1 to 2km s special care needed for total delay of repeater chain! s delayed signal and original signal could cause outage in urban environment if total delay exceeds 16 ... 22 s
297
Repeater Gain Limitation (1)

w Intermodulation products should be low
s when amplifier reaches saturation point, intermodulation products go up w Signal to noise ratio should be high s when amplifier reaches saturation point, signal to noise ratio is getting worse w Antenna isolation between transmission and receiving antenna should be high s if signal feedback from transmission antenna to receiving antenna is too high, amplifier goes into saturation
298
Repeater Gain Limitation (2)

s Repeater gain limited by antenna isolation: GRepeater < IDonor, Repeater -M M (Margin) ~ 12 dB Pin gain 78 dB Pout
Pback = Pin - 12 dB
isolation 90 dB
Measure isolation after installation

299
Intermodulation Products
w A Non-linear system
s produces higher-order intermodulation products as soon as output power reaches the saturation point w Parameter s 1 dB compression point s 3rd order intercept point (ICP3) s Intermodulation reduction (IMR) s Amplifier back-off w GSM900/GSM1800 requirements s IM products -36 dBm or s IM distance > 70 dBc whichever is higher
300
Repeater Link Budget

!
Uplink Loss = Downlink Loss Uplink Gain = Downlink Gain

Downlink Path Received power at repeater Link antenna gain Cable loss Repeater input power Repeater gain Repeater output power Cable loss Repeater antenna gain EIRP Unit dBm dBi dB dBm dB dBm dB dBi dBm Value -65 +19 -2 -48 +78 30 -2 +18 46
Different gains may be needed in Up- and Downlink if the sensitivity of the repeater is worse than the sensitivity of the BTS
301

Example: Repeater MR 402
302
High Power TRXs

w High Power TRXs: solution for coverage improvement w HP must be used together with TMA: due to unbalanced Link
Budget w A9100 BTS supports s High Power TRX s Medium Power s TRX type is chosen by:
q environment conditions q required data throughput (GPRS/EDGE)
TX power of EVOLIUM Evolution step 2 TRX :
Frequency band GSM 900 HP GSM 1800 HP TX output power, GMSK 60 W = 47.8 dBm 60 W = 47.8 dBm TX output power, 8-PSK (EDGE) 25 W = 44.0 dBm 25 W = 44.0 dBm
303
3x6 TRXs High Power Configuration

w Configuration made with EVOLIUM A9100 Base Station w Obs:
s All TRX are HP s The configuration is using cell split feature
Combining
ANc
Cabinet1 (High power 3x3TRX)
No-combining
Combining
ANc
No-combining
Combining
ANc
No-combining
HPTRX1 HPTRX 2 MPTRX 3
Cabinet2 (High power 3x3TRX)
Combining
ANc
No-combining
Combining
ANc
No-combining
Combining
ANc
No-combining
Sector1: 1x6 TRX
Sector2: 1x6 TRX
Sector3: 1x6 TRX
304
Mixed TRX Configuration

w BTS EVOLIUM supports a mix of:
s EVOLIUM TRX (TRE) - supports GSM/GPRS and EDGE s EVOLIUM Evolution step 2 TRX (TRA) with Medium Power s EVOLIUM Evolution step 2 TRX (TRA) with High Power
Hardware configuration
T R A HP
T R A MP
T R E
T R E
Logical cell TRX1 (BCCH) TRX2 (1 SDCCH) TRX3 TRX4
Allocation Packet Voice
305
Traffic Planning & Frequency Planning
306
Contents
w Traffic Capacity w Network evolution w Cell structures w Frequency Reuse w Cell Planning - Frequency Planning w Interference Probability w Carrier types w Multiple Reuse Pattern MRP w Intermodulation w Manual Frequency Planning w BSIC Planning w Capacity Enhancement Techniques
307
Traffic Planning Frequency Planning
Traffic Capacity

n-1
(k+1)
308
Telephone System
subscriber 1 2 3 4 automatic switch line to PSTN sub 1 sub 2 sub 3 sub 4 time observation period, e.g. main busy hour (MBH)
blocked call attempts
Parameters: : : 1/ :
arrival rate [1/h] "offered" traffic = # of calls arriving in MBH release rate [1/h] mean holding time mean holding time [sec] = 1/ [Erlang]
309
Offered Traffic and Traffic Capacity

Offered Traffic ( )
Loss System (n slots)
Handled Traffic (T) T= -R
Rejected Traffic (R)
w Handled Traffic, Traffic Capacity: T w Blocking Probability, Grade of Service (GoS): pblock = R / w System load: = T / n, i.e. T < n
310
Definition of Erlang
w ERLANG : Unit used to quantify traffic
T=
(resource usage duration)
/(total observation duration) [ERLANG]
311
Call Mix and Erlang Calculation

w CALL MIX EXAMPLE
q q q q 350 call/hour 3 LU/call TCH duration : 85 sec SDCCH duration : 4,5 sec
w ERLANG COMPUTATION
q TCH = (350 * 85)/3600 = 8,26 ERLANG q SDCCH = [ (350 + 350*3) * 4,5 ] / 3600 = 1.75 ERLANG
312
Definition of Erlang B
w ERLANG B LAW
w Relationship between
q Offered traffic q Number of resources q Blocking rate
313
w call request arrival rate (and leaving) is not stable

s number of resources = average number of requests mean duration s is sometime not sufficent => probability of blocking
w => Erlang B law

s Pblock : blocking probability s N : number of resources s E : offered traffic [Erlang] s Calculated with Excel - Makro or Table
314
Erlangs Formula
w How to calculate the traffic capacity T? w Basics: Markov Chain (queue statistics)

p0
p1
p2
2 3
pi
pn
n
no call establish ed
i channels occupied
all channels occupied
w Calculation of the blocking probability using Erlangs

formula (Erlang B statistics):
n p block = n!
i i = 0 i!
n
w Varation of until pblock reached: T

315
Blocking Probability (Erlang B)

Nr. of channels 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 30 35 40 45 50 Blocking Probability Erlang B 0.1% 0.2% 0.5% 0.001 0.046 0.194 0.439 0.762 1.146 1.579 2.051 2.557 3.092 3.651 4.231 4.831 5.446 6.077 6.721 7.378 8.046 8.724 9.411 10.108 10.812 11.524 12.243 12.969 16.684 20.517 24.444 28.447 32.512 0.002 0.065 0.249 0.535 0.900 1.325 1.798 2.311 2.855 3.427 4.022 4.637 5.270 5.919 6.582 7.258 7.946 8.644 9.351 10.068 10.793 11.525 12.265 13.011 13.763 17.606 21.559 25.599 29.708 33.876 0.005 0.105 0.349 0.701 1.132 1.622 2.157 2.730 3.333 3.961 4.610 5.279 5.964 6.663 7.376 8.099 8.834 9.578 10.331 11.092 11.860 12.635 13.416 14.204 14.997 19.034 23.169 27.382 31.656 35.982 1% 0.010 0.153 0.455 0.869 1.361 1.909 2.501 3.128 3.783 4.461 5.160 5.876 6.607 7.352 8.108 8.875 9.652 10.437 11.230 12.031 12.838 13.651 14.470 15.295 16.125 20.337 24.638 29.007 33.432 37.901 2% 0.020 0.223 0.602 1.092 1.657 2.276 2.935 3.627 4.345 5.084 5.842 6.615 7.402 8.200 9.010 9.828 10.656 11.491 12.333 13.182 14.036 14.896 15.761 16.631 17.505 21.932 26.435 30.997 35.607 40.255 3% 0.031 0.282 0.715 1.259 1.875 2.543 3.250 3.987 4.748 5.529 6.328 7.141 7.967 8.803 9.650 10.505 11.368 12.238 13.115 13.997 14.885 15.778 16.675 17.577 18.483 23.062 27.711 32.412 37.155 41.933 4% 0.042 0.333 0.812 1.399 2.057 2.765 3.509 4.283 5.080 5.895 6.727 7.573 8.430 9.298 10.174 11.059 11.952 12.850 13.755 14.665 15.581 16.500 17.425 18.353 19.284 23.990 28.758 33.575 38.430 43.316 5% 0.053 0.381 0.899 1.525 2.218 2.960 3.738 4.543 5.370 6.216 7.076 7.950 8.835 9.730 10.633 11.544 12.461 13.385 14.315 15.249 16.189 17.132 18.080 19.031 19.985 24.802 29.677 34.596 39.550 44.533 10% 0.111 0.595 1.271 2.045 2.881 3.758 4.666 5.597 6.546 7.511 8.487 9.474 10.470 11.473 12.484 13.500 14.522 15.548 16.579 17.613 18.651 19.692 20.737 21.784 22.833 28.113 33.434 38.787 44.165 49.562 15% 0.176 0.796 1.602 2.501 3.454 4.445 5.461 6.498 7.551 8.616 9.691 10.776 11.867 12.965 14.068 15.176 16.289 17.405 18.525 19.647 20.773 21.901 23.031 24.164 25.298 30.995 36.723 42.475 48.245 54.029 20% 0.250 1.000 1.930 2.945 4.010 5.109 6.230 7.369 8.522 9.685 10.857 12.036 13.222 14.413 15.608 16.807 18.010 19.216 20.424 21.635 22.848 24.064 25.281 26.499 27.720 33.840 39.985 46.147 52.322 58.508 50% 1.000 2.732 4.591 6.501 8.437 10.389 12.351 14.320 16.294 18.273 20.254 22.238 24.224 26.212 28.201 30.191 32.182 34.173 36.166 38.159 40.153 42.147 44.142 46.137 48.132 58.113 68.099 78.088 88.079 98.072
316
BTS Traffic Capacity (Full Rate)
Number of TRX SDCCH 1 4 2 8 3 8 4 16 5 16 6 24 7 24 8 32
TCH 7 14 22 29 37 44 52 59
Speech Traffic (Erlang B) 1% 2% 5% 2.501 2.935 3.738 7.352 8.2 9.73 13.651 14.896 17.132 19.487 21.039 23.833 26.379 28.254 31.64 32.543 34.682 38.557 39.7 42.124 46.533 46.039 48.7 53.559
Signalling Traffic (Erlang B) 0.1% 0.2% 0.5% 0.439 0.535 0.701 2.051 2.311 2.73 2.051 2.311 2.73 6.721 7.258 8.099 6.721 7.258 8.099 12.243 13.011 14.204 12.243 13.011 14.204 18.205 19.176 20.678
317
Network Evolution
318
Network Evolution - Coverage Approach

w The roll out of a network is dedicated to provide coverage w Network design changes rapidly w Planning method must be flexible and fast (group method) w Manual frequency planning possible
319
Network Evolution - Capacity Approach (1)

installed capacity is rising
w With the growing amount of subscribers, the need for more w Possible Solutions:
s Installing more TRXs on the existing BTS s Implementing additional sites
w Discussion!
320

w Installing more TRXs - Advantages
s No site search/acquisition process s No additional sites to rent (saves cost) s Trunking efficiency Higher capacity per cell w Installing more TRXs - Disadvantages s More antennas on roof top (Air combining) s Additional losses if WBC has to be used
q Less (indoor) coverage
s More frequencies per site needed s Tighter reuse necessary decreasing quality
321

w Implementing additional sites - Advantages
s Reuse can remain the same (smaller cell sizes) s Needs less frequency spectrum
q higher spectrum efficiency
w Implementing additional sites - Disadvantages

s Additional site cost (rent) s Re-design of old cells necessary (often not done)
322
Cell Structures
323
Cell Structures and Quality

w Frequency re-use in cellular radio networks
s allow efficient usage of the frequency spectrum s but causes interference Interdependence of s Cell size s Cluster size s Re-use distance s Interference level s Network Quality
interferer region
324
7 Cell Re-use Cluster (Omni Sites)

2 7 6 R D 1 5 3 4 7 6 2 1 5 3 4
325
12 Cell Re-use Cluster (Omni Sites)
1 4 7 10 11 5
2 6 8 12
3 D 9
326
3x3 Cell Re-use Cluster (Sector Site)
327
4x3 Cell Re-use Cluster (Sector Site)
328
Irregular (Real) Cell Shapes
3 5
6
Coverage Hole
Network Border
Island
329
Frequency Reuse
330
GSM Frequency Spectrum

w GSM 900 s DL: 935-960 MHz UL: 890-915 MHz s 200 kHz channel spacing 124 channels s ARFCN 1 - 124 w E-GSM s DL: 925-935 MHz UL: 880-890 MHz s 200 kHz channel spacing Additional 50 channels s ARFCN 0, 975 - 1023 w GSM 850
s s s w GSM DL: 869-894 MHz UL: 824-849 MHz 200 kHz channel spacing 124 channels ARFCN: 128 - 251 1800 s DL: 1805-1880 MHz UL: 1710-1785 MHz s 200 kHz channel spacing 374 channels s ARFCN 512 - 885
331
Impact of limited Frequency Spectrum

w Bandwidth is an expensive resource w Best usage necessary w Efficient planning necessary to contain good QoS when the
traffic in the network is increasing s smaller reuse s MRP usage s implementation of concentric cells / microcells/dual band s implementation of Frequency Hopping
q Baseband q Synthezised
332
What is frequency reuse?

w As the GSM spectrum is limited, frequencies have to be
reused to provide enough capacity
w The more often a frequency is reused within a certain

amount of cells, the smaller the frequency reuse
w Aim:
Minimizing the frequency reuse for providing more capacity
w REUSE CLUSTER:
Area including cells which do not reuse the same frequency (or frequency group)
333
RCS and ARCS (1)

w Reuse Cluster Size - RCS
s If all cells within the reuse cluster have the same amount of TRXs, the reuse per TRX layer can be calculated:
B RCS = # TRX / cell

w Average Reuse Cluster Size - ARCS
s If the cells are different equiped, the average number of TRXs has to be used for calculating the average reuse cluster size:
B ARCS = # TRX / cell

334
RCS and ARCS (2)

w The ARCS is giving the average reuse of the network when
using the whole bandwidth and all TRXs per cell w E.g: if we want to have the reuse of all non hopping TCH TRXs, we have to use the dedicated bandwidth and the average number of non hopping TCH TRXs per cell to get the ARCS of this layer type. w Each cell has only one BCCH. Therefore the BCCH reuse is an RCS and not an ARCS!
335
Reuse Cluster Size (1)

w Sectorized sites w 4 sites per reuse cluster w 3 cells per site w REUSE Cluster Size:
4X3 =12
1 3 7 9 8 2 4 6 10 11 1 3 5 7 9 8 2 4 6 10 11 5
12
12
336
Reuse Cluster Size (2)

w Sectorized sites w 3 sites per reuse cluster w 3 cells per site w REUSE Cluster Size
3X3 = 9
1 3 7 9 8 2 4 6 1 3 7 9 8 2 4 6 5 5
337
Reuse Distance
D = f R 3 RCS
1 f = 2 3 omnidirectional cells three - sectorized cells
reu se
cell A
dis
tan ce
interferer region
cell B
338
Frequency Reuse Distance

D = distance between cell sites with the same frequencies R = service radius of a cell B = number of frequencies in total bandwidth RCS = reuse cluster size, i.e. one cell uses B/RCS frequencies In hexagonal cell geometry: D/R = f omni cells: f=1; sector cells: Frec Frec, A 3 RCS f=2/3 Received Power Examples (omni): RCS = 7: D/R = 4.6 RCS = 9: D/R = 5.2 RCS =12:D/R = 6.0
site A
C/I
Frec, B
site B
0
distance
D
339
Frequency Reuse: Example

w No sectorization w 7 cells per cluster
s BCCH RCS = 7 w TCH Reuse: Depending on BW and Number of installed TRXs per cell w Example: s B= 26 s 4TRXs per cell
BCCH RCS
interferer region
TCH RCS
TCH RCS =
26 7 BCCH 1Guard =6 3
340
Cell Planning - Frequency Planning
341
Cell Planning - Frequency Planning (1)

w Can frequency planning be seen independently from cell
planning?
Discussion
342
Cell Planning - Frequency Planning (2)

w Bad cell planning
s Island coverage s Big overlap areas disturbing the reuse pattern bigger reuse necessary
w Good cell planning

s Sharp cell borders frequency s Small overlap areas good containment of tighter reuse possible
343
Influencing Factors on Frequency Reuse Distance

w Topography
s Hilly terrain Usage of natural obstacles to define sharp cell borders tighter frequency reuse possible s Flat terrain Achieveable reuse much more dependent on the accurate cell design w Morphology s Water distance s City distance low attenuation high attenuation high reuse low reuse
344
Conclusion
w In cellular mobile networks, the frequency reuse pattern has a
direct influence on the interference and hence the network quality w Regular hexagonal patterns allow the deduction of engineering formulas w In real networks, cell sizes and shapes are irregular due to s Variation in traffic density s Topography s Land usage
Engineering formulas allow the assessment of the network quality

and worst-case considerations, but the real situation must be proved!
345
Examples for different frequency reuses

w Big city in the south of Africa:
s BCCH reuse 26
q q q q Irregular cell design Mixed morphology Lots of water Flat terrain plus some high sites
w Big city in eastern Europe

s BCCH reuse 12
q Regular cell design q Flat area q Only urban environment
346
Interference Probability
347
Interference Theory (1)

w C/I restrictions
s 9dB for co-channel interference s -9 dB for adjacent channel interference
P rec Prec, A
Received Power
Prec, B
C/ I
0
R
dista nce
D
348
Interference Theory (2)

w Interference probability
s C/Imed is the calculated carrier to interference ratio at a certain location (pixel)

Probability density function [%]
5,0% 4,0% 3,0% 2,0% 1,0% 0,0% Margin
ARCS 6.5..9.0 7.0..9.5 8.5..11.0 12.0..16.0
Pint[%] 10 7.5 5.0 2.5
Interferer probability [%]

100% 80% 60% 40% 20%
C/Ithr
C/Imed
C/I [dB]
0%
-20
-15
-10
-5
10
15
20
C/I - C/I thr [dB] 349
Interference Probability
Pint = P ( C/I < C/I P
in t th r
CPDF - Cumulative Probability Density Function
1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0

R
Distance from serving cell

350
Interference Probability dependent on Average Reuse Cluster Size (ARCS)

ARCS = Pint # of frequencies in used bandwidth average # of carriers per cell
Examples: Pint [%] 10 6.5...9 7.5 7...9.5 5 8.5...11 2.5 12...16
[%]
12 9 6 3 0 5 10 15
ARCS
20
25
ARCS
351
Carrier Types Multiple Reuse Pattern Intermodulation
352
Carrier Types - BCCH carrier

w BCCH frequency is on air all the time w If there is no traffic/signaling on TS 1 to 7
dummy bursts are transmitted
w PC (Power Control) and DTX (Discontinuous Transmission)

are not allowed
w Important for measurements of the mobile
353
Carrier Types - TCH carrier

w PC allowed and recommended for UL and DL s Reduction of transmit power according to the actual path loss s Careful parameter tuning for DL necessary w DTX allowed and recommended for UL and DL s Discontinuous Transmission s If there is no speech, nothing is transmitted s Generation of comfort noise at receiving mobile w TCH not in use no signal is transmitted w Special case: Concentric cells s Different re-uses for inner and outer zone are possible
354
Multiple reuse pattern (1)

w For different types of carriers, different interference
potential is expected
w As the BCCH carrier has the highest interferer potential

because of being on air all the time and the BCCH channel itself is accepting only low interference, the REUSE on the BCCH layer is higher then on other layers
w TCH layers can be planned with a smaller REUSE w Inner zones of concentric cells are able to deal with the
smallest reuse in non hopping networks
355
Multiple reuse pattern (2)

w REUSE clusters
for s INNER ZONE layer s TCH layer
s BCCH layer
356
GSM restrictions
w Intra site minimum channel spacing 2 w Intra cell minimum channel spacing 2 (ETSI recommends
3, but with Alcatel EVOLIUM capabilities this value can be set to 2) s constrains:
fA1 ,fA2 ,fA3 ,...
q Uplink power control enabled q Intra cell interference handover enabled
Frequencies fAx,fBx,fCx, must have at least 2 channels spacing Frequencies fx1,fx2,fx3, must have at least 3 channels spacing
f C1
,f C
,f C 2
. ,.. 3
fB
,f B
,f B
,.. 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 .
357
Intermodulation problems (1)

w IM Products GSM900
s In a GSM 900 system intermodulation products of 3rd and 5th order can cause interference
q 2 * f1,t f2,t = f2,r / 2 * f2,t f1,t = f1,r q 3 * f1,t 2 * f2,t = f2,r / 3 * f2,t 2 * f1,t = f1,r
s Frequency planning must avoid fulfilling these equations s Both frequencies must be on the same duplexer s To avoid intra band IM inside GSM900 the following frequency separations shall be avoided:
q 75/112/113 channels
IM5
IM3
358
Intermodulation problems (2)

w IM Products GSM1800
s In a GSM 1800 system, only intermodulation products of 3rd order can cause measurable interference s 2 * f1,t f2,t = f2,r / 2 * f2,t f1,t = f1,r s Frequency separations to be avoided
q 237/238 channels
w IM Products Dual Band (GSM900/GSM1800)

s f1800,t f900,t = f900,r s Decoupling between the GSM 1800 TX path and the GSM 900 RX path is less than 30 dB (e.g. same antenna used!)
359
Intermodulation problems (3) Summary

INSIDE Problem: IM3 / IM5 carrier/antenna G3 900 1 G3 900 2 ore more G3 1800 1 G3 1800 2 or more carrier/antenna G2 900 w/o dupl 1 2 or more G2 900 with dupl 1 2 or more G2 1800 w/o dupl 1 2 or more G2 1800 with dupl 1 2 2
Problem can be solved by hopping over more than 10 frequencies
restriction no 112/113 (IM3) and 75 (IM5) no 237/238 (IM3) no IM5 quality degradation measurable no no no 112/113 (IM3) and 75 (IM5) no no no dud2(high Power) -> no dupd -> 237/238
OUTSIDE Problem: Dual Band Colocated BTSs G3 900 G2/G3 1800 G2 900 w/o dupl G2 900 with dupl G2/G3 1800
Problem only for non hopping and BCCH carriers f(1800,t) - f(900,t) = f(900,r) no
G2/G3 1800 f(1800,t) - f(900,t) = f(900,r) 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01
360
Treating neighbor cells

w Cells, which are not declared as neighbor cells but are
located in the neighborhood may use adjacent frequencies if it is not avoidable, but no co channel frequencies
w Cells which are declared as neighbors, thus have HO

relationships, must not use co or adjacent frequencies s If an adjacent frequency is used, the HO will be risky and at least audible by the user
361
Where can I find neighbor cells?

w At the OMC-R for each cell a list of neighbor cells is defined w Maximum number of neighbors: 32 w The list of neighbors and their frequencies is transmitted to
the mobile to be able to perform measurements on these frequencies
w In case of a HO cause, the HO will be performed towards the

best neighbor
362
Manual Frequency Planning
363
Manual frequency planning (1)

w No fixed method w Free frequency assignment possible, but very time
consuming for larger networks
w For easy and fast frequency planning: use group assignment w Example:
18 channels, 2TRX per cell ARCS 9
364
Manual frequency planning (2)

1
A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3 A4 B4 A5
5 6
7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
w GSM restrictions are automatically fulfilled, if on one site

only groups A* or only B* are used
365
Exercise: Manual frequency planning (3)
366
Exercise: Manual frequency planning (4)

A1 A2 B2 B1 B1 A3 A2 A5 A1 A1 A2 B4 B2 B3 B2 A4 A5 A3 A2
B4
B1
A4
A3
A2
367
Discussion: Subdivide Frequency Band?

w Any subdivision of the frequency band is reducing the
spectrum efficiency!
w Separations should be avoided if possible! w As the BCCH has to be very clean, it is nevertheless
recommended to use a separated band and select a bigger reuse
368
Hint for creating a future proofed frequency plan

w If a frequency plan is implemented, using all available
frequencies in the most efficient way, it is very difficult to implement new sites in the future!
w New sites would make a complete re-planning of the

surrounding area or the whole frequency plan necessary
w To avoid replanning every time when introducing new sites, it

is recommended to keep some Joker frequencies free
w These Joker frequencies can be used for new sites (especially

BCCH TRXs) unless it is impossible to implement new sites without changing a big part of the frequency plan
New frequency plan necessary!

369
Implementing a frequency plan

w If only a few frequencies have to be changed, the changes can
be done at the OMC-R s Disadvantage: Every cell has to be modified separately Downtime of the cell approx. 5 minutes
w If lots of changes have to be done, it is of advantage to use

external tools s Since B6.2 the complete frequency plan can be uploaded from the OMC s the uploaded file can be modified by the tool (A9155 PRC Generator) s the the new plan is downloaded into the network and activated at once
370
BSIC Planning
371
BSIC allocation
w Together with the frequencies the Base Transceiver Station
Identity Code (BSIC) has to be planned
w The BSIC is to distinguish between cells using the same

BCCH frequency
w BSIC = NCC (3bits) + BCC (3bits)

w
NCC Network (PLMN) Colour Code BCC - Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Colour Code
w BSIC planning is supported by the A9155 (Alcatel Radio

Network Planning Tool)
372
BSIC Planning Rules

w The same combination BCCH/BSIC must not be used on cell
influencing on each other (having a mutual interference <>0) w BSIC allocation rules: s Avoid using same BCCH/BSIC combination of:
q neighbours cells q second order neighbour cells (the neighbours of neighbour cell (OMC limitation))
C
Neighbour Cell BCCH:24
Neighbour Cell BCCH:24 BSIC:36
A
Serving Cell BCCH:10 BSIC: any
BSIC: must NOT be 36
373
Spurious RACH
w Bad BSIC planning can cause SDCCH congestion cause by
the spurious RACH problem, also known as Ghost RACH
w This problem occurs, when a mobile sends an HO access

burst to a TRX of cell A using the same frequency as a nearby cell B uses on the BCCH
w Both cells using the same BSIC and Training Sequence Code
TSQC, the HO access burst is understood by the cell B as a RACH for call setup
w Therefore on cell B SDCCHs are allocated everytime a HO

access burst is sent from the mobile to the cell A
374
Summary
w For optimal usage of your frequency spectrum a good cell
design is essential w Use larger reuse for BCCH frequencies w Use spectrum splitting only when necessary
375
Capacity Enhancement Techniques
376
Capacity enhancement by planning

w Interference reduction of cells
s Check of antenna type, direction and down tilt
q This is a check of cell size, border and orientation
s Check of proper cabling

q Is TX and RX path on the same sector antenna?
s Check of the frequency plan

q Introduction of a better frequency plan
377
Capacity enhancement by adding feature

w Frequency hopping
s Base band hopping s Synthesized frequency hopping w Concentric cells w Half rate
378
Capacity enhancement by adding TRX

w Adding TRX to existing cells w Multi band cells w Concentric cells
379
Capacity enhancement by adding cells

w Adding of cells at existing site locations w Adding new cell = adding new BCCH w Dual band
s Adding cells using another frequency band w Cell splitting s Reduction of cell size s Change of one omni cell into several cells/sector cells
380
Capacity enhancement by adding sites

w Dual band/multi band network
s Adding of new sites in new frequency band w Multi layer network s Adding of new sites in another layer
q E.g. adding micro cells for outdoor coverage
w Indoor coverage
s Adding micro cells indoor coverage s Adding macro cells indoor coverage
381
Radio Interface
382
Contents
w GSM Air Interface w Channel Coding w Performance Figures
383
Quality of Service
GSM Air Interface
384
Radio Resources
Radio Spectrum Allocation
Frequency (FDMA)
Time (TDMA) TDMA Frames 0<FN<FN_MAX

Frequency division multiple access Time division multiple access Absolute radio frequency channel number Timeslot number Frame number
385
Carrier Frequencies (ARFCN) Timeslot 0<TN<7 Cell Allocation (CA)

Mobile Allocation (MA)
FDMA TDMA ARFCN TN FN
GSM Transmission Principles (1)

w FDMA and TDMA with 8 time slots per carrier w RF frequency band
(880) 890 ... 915 MHz Uplink (MS BS) (925) 935 ... 960 MHz Downlink (BS MS) s GSM1800: 1710 ... 1785 MHz Uplink 1805 ... 1880 MHz Downlink w 200 kHz bandwidth w Number of carriers: 124 (GSM); 374 (DCS); 49 (E-GSM) s (E)GSM:
GSM: Flowr e E-GSM: Flowr e Flowr e DCS : Flowr e 885 (n) (n) (n) (n) = = = = 890 + 0.2 n MHz 890 + 0.2 n MHz 890 + 0.2 (n -1024) MHz 1710.2 + 0.2 (n - 512) with 1 n 124 with 0 n 124 with 975 n 1023 MHz with 512 n
(E)GSM: Fupper (n) = Flowr (n) + 45 MHz e 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 DCS: Fupper (n) = Flowr (n) + 95 MHz e
386
GSM Transmission Principles (2)

w Channel types
s Traffic Channels (TCH)
q Full rate q Half rate
s Control Channels (CCH)

q Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) q Common Control Channel (CCCH) q Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
w TDMA frame cycles

s 26 cycle for traffic channels s 51 cycle for control channels
387
Advantages of Signal Processing

Spectrum limitations
Operator
Bad propagation conditions
P t
Good spectrum efficiency Good transmission quality
388
Signal Processing Chain

stealing bit and FACCH speech input speech coding error protection interleaving encryption modulation
Loss Noise Interference Fading speech output speech decoding
radio channel
error correction
de-interleaving
decryption
demodulation
stealing bit and FACCH

389
Speech Coding
wCoding algorithm: RPE-LTP
s Pre-computation s RPE = Regular Pulse Excitation
q Model of human voice generation
20 ms of coded speech
260 bits speech block
s LTP = Long Term Prediction

q Reduction of bit rate
Bit rate: 13 kBit/s
182 class 1 bits

sensitive to bit errors must be protected
78 class 2 bits
robust to bit errors
wCoding at fixed network: PCM A-law Bit rate: 64 kBit/s

390
Error Protection
Messages (signalling data)
184 bits
Speech (full rate)

260 bits
Class 1a
50 bits
Class 1b
132 bits
Class 2
78 bits
Fire Code
18 4 4 4 0
Parity check Tail bits
Cyclic code
Convolutional Code r = 1/2, K = 5

456 = 24 x 19
Convolutional Code r = 1/2, K = 5

37 8
5 0
13 2
Tail bits
78
= 456 = 8 x 57
456 bits in 20 ms = 22.8 kbit/s

391
Interleaving and TDMA Frame Mapping

Block n-1 (456 57 bits Block n (456 bits) bits) 01234 567 0123456 7
2 x 57 bits
Block n+1 (456 bits) 012345 67

Interleavi ng
.... .
114 bits
114 bits
114 bits
114 bits
114 bits
114 bits
114 bits
114 bits
.... .
Addition of stealing flags
.... .
116 bits
116 bits
116 bits
116 bits
116 bits
116 bits
116 bits
116 bits
.... .
Mapping onto bursts
.... .
burst n-3 burst n-2 burst n-1 burst n

1 time slot
burst n+1
burst n+2
burst n+3
burst n+4
.... .
392
Encryption
Network
Algorithm A3
Ki Random number generator Authentica tion yes/no + SRES (32 bit)
Mobile station
Algorithm A3
Ki RAND RAND
AuC IMSI Ki
RAND (128 bit)
SIM Card
Algorithm A8
Kc (64 bit)
Algorithm A8
Kc
Algorithm A5
original data + encrypt ed data encrypt ed data
Algorithm A5
+ original data
393
Burst Structure
w A burst contains one data
"portion" of one timeslot w TDMA frame: time between two bursts with same timeslot number w The burst also consists of:
s Guard period (GP): allows for transition and settling times s Tail bits: allow for small shifts in time delay (synchronisation) s Stealing flags: to indicate FACCH (control channel) data s Training sequence: for equalization purposes
Normal Burst
TDMA frame = 4.615 ms
Data
GP 3 tail bits 57 bits
Training Sequence
1 26 bits 1 stealing flags
Data
57 bits 3 GP tail bits
156.25 bit periods = 0.577 ms

394
Synchronisation
1
0 1 2 3 1 2 0 1 2
TT TT
transmitted from BTS0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 (downlink) received at BTS (uplink) received at MS (downlink)

TT 3 TS delay
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
TT
MS delay line setting
3
RACH
1 2
transmitted from MS (uplink)
non-synchronized
synchronized
w Transmitted bursts need a travelling time (TT) to the receiver w For network access, the MS sends a (non-synchronized) shortened RACH burst w The BSS measures the TT and generates a timing advance value TA which is
transmitted to the MS
395
Modulation
w Gaussian minimum shift keying
s Based on phase shift keying s Reduction of required bandwidth
q Maximum phase change during one bit duration q Baseband filtering to achieve continuous phase changes
cos
Data
x +
90
sin
x
to RF modulator
396
Propagation Environment
w Radio propagation is characterised by dispersive multipath caused by reflection and scattering w Moving MS causes Doppler spectrum Definition of propagation models in the time domain to allow channel simulations s TUxx (Typical Urban) s RAxx (Rural Area) s HTxx (Hilly Terrain) s xx = speed in km/h
see also GSM 05.05, 11.20, 11.21

397
Equalizing
w Purpose: equalize
distortions in transmission spectrum Adaptive filtering required
s Filter parameters determined out of the training sequence Filter parameters change from burst to burst
0.1
BER
0.01
w Equalizer takes advantage

from multipath propagation (path diversity)
0.001 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Delay of second path [chips] Equalizer none Alcatel MLSE
398
Definition of Bit Error Rates

w FER = Frame Erasure Rate
s Ratio of corrupted frames, indicated by a wrong CRC (cyclic redundancy checksum) and BFI (bad frame indicator) w RBER = Residual Bit Error Rate s considering corrupted frames not recognized as bad frames w BER = total bit error rate w Consideration of class 1 or 2 bits e.g. RBER1b, RBER2
see also GSM 05.05, 11.20, 11.21

399
Speech Quality
BER >0.01 <0.005 <0.0025 <0.0003 <0.0001 Quality Thresholds:
9 dB no communicationC/I: Ec/No: 8 dB bad BTS (GSM900): -104 dBm marginal HH (GSM900): -102 dBm good BTS (GSM1800): -104 dBm excellent HH (GSM1800): -100 dBm
400
Dependence of BER on Noise and Interference (1)

BER1
w Variation of BER1 over C/I w Parameter: Ec/N0 w How to find a quality figure?
s BER1 for marginal speech quality: 0.25% required C/I 9 dB for TU50 environment s but: signal must not be close to noise floor!
TU50
C/I [dB]
401
Frequency Hopping (1)

w Problem: specific fading w w
pattern for each used frequency Fast MS cope with the situation (due to signal processing) Slow MS suffer from fading holes Solution: change the fading pattern by frequency hopping
0 Lognorm al fading -10 Raleygh fading
-20
Received Power [dBm]
-30
-40
-50
-60
Fading holes
-70 0.1 2.8 5.4 8.0 10.6 13.2 15.9 18.5 21.1 23.7 26.3 29.0 31.6 34.2 36.8 39.4 42.1 44.7 47.3 49.9
402
D istance [m ]
Frequency Hopping (2)

= 0 km/h (worst case) w Parameter: number of hopping frequencies
BER
w Variation of BER1 over Ec/N0 w TU environment, flat fading, v
Compensation with 4 hopping

frequencies possible
Ec/N0 [dB]
403
Quality of Service
Channel Coding
0 12 3 4 5 6 70 12 3 4 5 6 7 0 12 3 4 5 6 7 0 12 3 4
...
...
404
The OSI Reference Model

Application layer 7 Presentation layer 6 Session layer 5 Transport layer 4 Network layer 3 Data link layer 2 Physical layer 1 End system Transportation system
04.07/08 08.58/4.0 8 04.05/06 08.56 04.04 08.54
End system
w Definition in GSM recommendations: layers 1 to 3 Notion of "Physical" channels and "Logical" channels
405
GSM Burst Types (1)

w Normal Burst w w w w
s For regular transmission Frequency Correction Burst s Contains 142 zeros (0) pure sine wave Allows synchronisation of the mobile's local oscillator Synchronisation Burst s Consists of an enlarged unique training sequence code (TSC) s Contains the actual FN time synchronisation Access Burst s Shortened burst (unique TSC and enlarged guard period) Timeslot overlapping avoided at BTS when MS accesses network Dummy Burst s "Filler" for unused BCCH timeslots BCCH permanently on air s Similar to normal burst (defined mixed bits for data, no stealing flag)
406
GSM Burst Types (2)

Normal burst
TB 3 57 data bits 26 bit training 1 1 sequence 57 data bits TB GP 3 8.25
Frequency correction burst

TB 3 142 fixed bits (pure sine wave) TB GP 3 8.25
Synchronisation burst
TB 3 39 data bits 64 bit training sequence 39 data bits TB GP 3 8.25
Access burst
TB41 bit synchronisation 8 sequence
36 data bits
TB 3
enlarged GP 68.25 bit

407
Logical Channels
Traffic channel Control channel
Speech TCH/FS TCH/HS
Data TCH/F9.6 TCH/F4.8 TCH/F2.4 TCH/H4.8 TCH/H2.4
Broadcast channel FCCH SCH BCCH
CCCH RACH PCH AGCH
Associated Dedicated channel channel FACCH SACCH SDCCH CBCH
408
Possible Channel Combinations

1 TCH/F+FACCH/F+SACCH/TF 2 TCH/H(0.1)+FACCH/H(0.1)+SACCH/TH(0.1) 3 TCH/H(0.0)+FACCH/H(0.1)+SACCH/TH(0.1)+TCH/H(1.1) 4 FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH 5 FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4(0..3)+SACCH/C4(0..3) 6 BCCH+CCCH 7 SDCCH/8(0..7)+SACCH/C8(0..7)
w CCCH = PCH+RACH+AGCH w Combination 4 and 5 is only possible on TS0 of the first (BCCH) carrier w Combination 6 is possible on TS2, TS4, or TS6 of the BCCH carrier
409
Channel Mapping (1)

0 12 3 4 5 6 70 12 3 4 5 6 7 0 12 3 4 5 6 7 0 12 3 4
.......
.......
time
one TDMA frame = 4.616 ms
w Information packages are always related
.......
Presentation of consecutive TDMA frames on the vertical axis
to the same timeslot number! w Bursts are transmitted and received every TDMA frame duration (4.616 ms)
410

not combined BCCH combined BC CH
downlink
FCCH SCH FCC H SCH SDCC H3 SDCCH3
TC H
up/downlink 0
TCH TCH TCH TCH
SDCCH
downlink 0
SDCC H0 SDCC H0 SACCH5 SACCH1
Channel Mapping (2)

w Control channels s Follows a 51-cycle s Duration: 235.4 msec s Consists mostly of four consecutive blocks s Synchronisation with FCCH and SCH w Traffic channels s Follows a 26-cycle s Duration: 120 msec
downlink 0
FCCH SCH
uplink
RAC H RAC H RAC H
uplink
uplink
BCCH
RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H
BCCH
BCCH
RAC H RAC H
RAC H RAC H
TCH TCH TCH SDCC H1 SDCC H1 SACCH6 SACCH2
CCC H
RAC H RAC H RAC H
CCC H
CCCH
SACCH0
SACCH2
TCH TCH TCH
10
FCCH SCH
RAC H RAC H RAC H
FCCH SCH
FCC H SCH SACCH1 SACCH3
TCH TCH
10
SDCC H2
SDCC H2
SACCH7
SACCH3
12 SACCH
TCH SDCC H3 SDCC H3
CCC H
CCC H
CCCH
RAC H RAC H RAC H
RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H
TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
CCC H
RAC H RAC H RAC H
CCC H
CCCH
RAC H RAC H RAC H
SDCC H0 SDCC H4 SDCC H4
SDCCH0
20
FCCH SCH
RAC H RAC H RAC H
FCCH SCH
FCC H SCH
RAC H RAC H RAC H
20
SDCC H1 SDCC H5 SDCC H5 SDCCH1
CCC H
SDCC H0
SDCCH0
25 0
TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH 12 SACCH TCH TCH TCH SACCH1 SACCH5 SACCH0 SACCH4 SDCC H6 SDCC H6
SDCC H2
SDCCH2
CCC H
RAC H RAC H RAC H
SDCC H1
SDCCH1
RAC H RAC H RAC H
SDCC H3
SDCCH3
30
FCCH SCH
RAC H RAC H RAC H
FCCH SCH
FCC H SCH
RAC H RAC H RAC H
30
SDCC H7
SDCC H7
CCC H
SDCC H2
SDCCH2
SDCC H4
SDCCH4
CCC H
RAC H RAC H RAC H
SDCC H5
SDCCH5
SDCC H3
SDCCH3 SDCC H0 SDCCH0
40
FCCH SCH
RAC H RAC H RAC H
FCCH SCH
FCC H SCH SDCC H1 SDCCH1
40
SDCC H6 SACCH2 SACCH6 SDCCH6
TCH TCH TCH
CCC H
SACC H0
SACCH2 RAC H RAC H RAC H RAC H
TCH TCH TCH
SDCC H7 SACCH3 SACCH7
SDCCH7
CCC H
RAC H RAC H RAC H
SACC H1
SACCH3 SDCC H2 SDCCH2
TCH TCH TCH
SACCH0
SACCH4
50
RAC H
50
25
411
TDMA Frame Structure for TCHs

Hyperframe 2048 superframes of 6.12 s duration Superframe 51 multiframes of 120 ms duration Multiframe Frame Time slot
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
3 h 28 m 53 s 6.12 s 120 ms 4.615 ms 0.577 ms
TB 3
57 data bits
26 bit training 1 1 sequence
57 data bits
TB GP 3 8.2 5
412
Quality of Service
Performance Figures
413
Performance Figures (1)

w Interference Probability Pint
s measure for co/adjacent channel interference w Coverage Probability Pcov s measure for sufficient received power w Call Success Rate (CSR) s CSR = "Coverage" AND (NOT "Interference) s CSR = Pcov (1 - Pint)
w Outage Probability Pout

s complementary to CSR s Pout = 1 - CSR
414
Abbreviations
415

AMR AMSS AN ARCS ARFCN AS AS ASMA ASMB AuC BC BCU BCLA BCR BCU BCCH BCF BG Advanced Multi Rate (TC) Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Services Antenna Network (BTS) Average Reuse Cluster Size Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Access Switch (BSC) Alarm Surveillance (O&M) A-ter Submultiplexer A A-ter Submultiplexer B Authentication Center Broadcast Broadcast Unit BSC Clock A Broadcast Register Broadcast Unit Broadcast Common Control Channel (GSM TS) Base station Control Function (BTS) Border Gate (GPRS) BIE BIEC BIUA BPA BSC BSIC BSS BSSGP BTS CAE CAL CBC CBCH CBE CCCH CCU Base Station Interface Equipment Base Station Interface Equipment (BSC) Base Station Interface Unit A Back Panel Assembly Base Station Controller Base Transceiver Station Identity Code Base Station (sub)System Base Station System GPRS Protocol (GPRS) Base Transceiver Station Customer Application Engineering Current Alarm List (O&M) Cell Broadcast Center Cell Broadcast Channel (GSM TS) Cell Broadcast Entity Common Control Channel (GSM TS) Channel Coding Unit
416

Code Division Multiple Access DLS Control Element (BSC) DMA Control Element Kernel DRFU Carrier to Interferer ratio DRX Clock DSE Custom Large Scale Integrated circuit DSN Configuration Management Application (O&M) DTX Common Memory Disk A DTC Common Memory Flash A DTE Common Processor (Type: CPRA, CPRC) EDGE Cyclic Redundancy Check EI Circuit Switching (Telecom) EML Coding Scheme (GPRS): CS-1, CS-2, CS-3, CS-4 EPROM Carrier Unit (BTS) ETSI Data Circuit Terminating Equipment FPE Data Communication Network FR DownLink
MA
K SI MA MDA MFA R C
E N
Data Load Segment Direct Memory Access Dual Rate Frame Unit Discontinuous Reception (GSM TS) Digital Switching Element Digital Switching Network Discontinuous Transmission (GSM TS) Digital Trunk Controller (Type: DTCA, DTCC) Data Terminal Equipment Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution Extension interface Element Management Level Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory European Telecom Standard Institute Functional and Protective Earth Full Rate (GSM TS)
417

Home Location Register Human Machine Interface HandOver Half Rate Hardware Internal Directed Retry ISDN Link Controller Installation and Maintenance Terminal (MFS) Indoor (BTS) Internet Protocol Integrated Services Data Network Intelligent Terminal Location Area (GSM TS) Location Area Code (GSM TS) Local Area Network Light Emitting Diode Low Earth Orbit (Satellite) Location Services
418
R Frame Relay (Telecom) HLR RDN Frame Relay Data Network (Telecom) HMI U Frame Unit (BTS) HO W Firmware HR GCR Group Call Register HW GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node (GPRS) IDR GMLC Gateway Mobile Location Center ILCS GMM GPRS Mobility Management (GPRS) IMT GMSC Gateway Mobile Switching Center IND GPRS General Packet Radio Service IP GPU GPRS Packet Unit ISDN GS-1 Group Switch of stage 1 (BSC) IT GS-2 Group Switch of stage 2 (BSC) LA GSL GPRS Signalling Link LAC GSM Global System for Mobile Communications LAN GSM TS GSM Technical Specification LED HAL Historical Alarm List (O&M) LEO HDSL High rate Digital Subscriber Line LCS HDLC High Level Datalink Control

LLC Logical Link Control (GPRS) OBC On Board Controller LMU Location measurement unit OBCI On Board Controller Interface MA Mobile Allocation (GSM TS) OC Originating Call MAC Medium Access Control (GPRS) ODMC On Demand Measurement Campaign (O&M) MAN Metropolitan Area Network O&M Operation and Maintenance MAN MicroBTS Antenna Network (BTS) OMC Operation and Maintenance Center MCB Multiplex Channel Block Operation and Maintenance Center MFS Multi-BSS Fast Packet Server (GPRS) OMC-R Radio MLU Massive Logical Update OML Operation and Maintenance Link MMI Man Machine Interface OMU Operation and Maintenance Unit (BTS) MO Managed Object (O&M) OS Operating System MRP Multiple Reuse Pattern OUT Outdoor (BTS) MS Mobile Station PBA Printed Board Assembly MSC Mobile Switching Center Packet Broadcast Common Control MSUM MicroBTS Station Unit Module (BTS) PBCCH CHannel (GPRS) NMI Non Maskable Interrupt PC Personal Computer NPA Network Performance Analyser PCCCH Packet Common Control Channel NSS Network SubSystem (GPRS) NTL Network Termination Line Mobile Radio Network Planning 419 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 NW Network

Public Switching Telephone Network (Telecom) Point To Point CoNnectionLeSs data transfer (GPRS) Quality of Service Radio Access Random Access CHannel (GSM TS) Random Access Memory Radio Control Point Radio Link Control (GPRS) Radio Link Protocol (GSM TS) Radio Management Level Radio Network Optimisation Radio Network Planning Radio Signalling Link
PCH PCM PCU PDCH PDN PDU PLL PLMN PMA PMC
Paging CHannel (GSM TS) PSTN Pulse Coded Modulation PTP-CNLS Packet Control Unit (GPRS) Packet Data CHannel QoS Packet Data Network (Telecom) Protocol Data Unit (generic terminology) RA RACH Phase Locked Loop RAM Public Land Mobile Network RCP Prompt Maintenance Alarm (O&M) RLC Permanent Measurement Campaign RLP (O&M) RML PPCH Packet Paging CHannel (GPRS) PRACH Packet Random Access CHannel (GPRS) RNO RNP Prec Received Power PRC Provisioning Radio Configuration (O&M) RSL PSDN Packet Switching Data Network (Telecom)
420

RTS RxLev RxQual SACCH Radio Time Slot Received Level Received Quality Slow Associated Control Channel (GSM TS) SAU Subrack assembly unit (BSC) SC Supervised Configuration (O&M) SCC Serial Communication Controller SCP Service Control Point SCCP Signalling Connection Control Part SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface SDCCH Standalone Dedicated Control Channel (GSM TS) SDU Service Data Unit (generic terminology) SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node (GPRS) SIEA SCSI Interface Extension A SM SMLC SMP SMS SMS-CB SM-GMSC SRAM SRS SS7 SSD SSP SW SWEL TBF TAF Submultiplexer Serving Mobile Location Center Service Management Point Short Message Service Short Message Service - Cell Broadcast Short Message Gateway Mobile Switching Center Static RAM SubRate Switch Signalling System ITU-T N7 (ex CCITT) Solid State Disk Service Switching Point Software Switch Element Temporary Block Flow (GPRS) Terminal Adaptor Function
421

TC TC TCC TCH TCIL TCSM TCU TDMA TFO TFTS TLD TMN TRAC TRAU TRCU TRE TRS TRU Transcoder TRX Terminating Call TS Trunk Controller Chip TS Traffic CHannel (GSM TS) TSS TransCoder Internal Link TSCA TransCoder / SubMultiplexer equipment TRX Control Unit (Type: TCUA, TCUC) TSU TU Time Division Multiple Access UL Tandem Free Operation (TC) Terrestrial Flight Telecom Systems UMTS USSD Top Level Design VBS Telecommunication Management Network VGCS Trunk Access Circuit VLR Transcoder and Rate Adapter Unit VPLMN Transcoder Unit VSWR Transceiver Equipment WAN Technical Requirement Specification WAP Top Rack Unit WBC
Transceiver Time Slot Technical Specification (GSM TS) Time Space Switch Transmission Sub-System Controller A (BSC) Terminal Sub Unit (BSC) Terminal Unit (BSC) UpLink Universal Mobile Transmission System Unstructured Supplementary Services Data Voice Broadcast Service Voice Group Code Service Visitor Location Register Visited PLMN Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (BTS) Wide Area Network Wireless Application Protocol Wide Band Combiner
422

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GSM Radio Network Engineering Fundamentals

Prerequisite: Introduction to the Alcatel GSM Network

Mobile Radio Network Planning

3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01

GSM RNE Fundamentals

P. 3 P. 39 P. 54 P.306 P.382 P.416

Mobile Radio Network Planning

3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01

GSM Radio Network Engineering Fundamentals

Mobile Radio Network Planning

3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01

GSM RNE Fundamentals

Mobile Radio Network Planning

3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01

Mobile Radio Network Planning

3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01

GSM RNE Fundamentals

www.3GPP.org organizational partners

w The Organizational Partners shall

Mobile Radio Network Planning

3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01

GSM RNE Fundamentals

Technical Specification Group TSG

Mobile Radio Network Planning

3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01

GSM RNE Fundamentals

Specifications and Releases

s TR 41.102 GSM Phase 2+ Release 4

s TR 01.01 Phase 2+ Release 1999

w For the latest specification status information please go to the 3GPP

Mobile Radio Network Planning

3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01

GSM RNE Fundamentals

Specifications out of Release 1999

3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01

Radio Network Architecture Mobile Phone Systems

Mobile Radio Network Planning

3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01

GSM RNE Fundamentals

GSM Network Architecture

MS - BTS BTS - BSC BSC - MSC

(SS7 basic) + BSSAP

(SS7 basic) + MAP

(SS7 basic) + TUP or ISUP

Mobile Radio Network Planning

3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01

GSM RNE Fundamentals

BSSGP IP IP SS7 IP/SS7 SS7 SS7 IP

Data Network Mobile Radio Network Planning

3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01

GSM RNE Fundamentals

MS BTS BTS A bis

Alcatel 9135 MFS

GSM RNE Fundamentals

GSM Network Elements

w Network Subsystem NSS

Mobile Radio Network Planning

3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01

GSM RNE Fundamentals

Total Bandwidth 2x7.5MHz 2x7.2MHz 2x25MHz 2x25MHz 2x35MHz 2x75MHz 2x60MHz

3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01

GSM RNE Fundamentals

w TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)