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time, temporal geometry and cosmology

Alexander Franklin Mayer Adam Mickiewicz University Pozna, 16 November 2010 Philosophy of Science Faculty
v 10.11.19 2010 A. F. Mayer

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1916: Einstein publishes the general theory of relativity. 1917: The first papers emerge dealing with the new science of cosmology, which is based on applying Einsteins gravitational theory to the Universe as a whole. 1921: Ph.D. mathematician and Catholic seminary student Georges Lematre, then 27 years old, writes the paper Gods First Three Declarations, which he describes as an attempt to interpret scientifically the first verses of Genesis. This paper proves to have been the original motivation to the Big Bang comic creation theory.
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Lematre

Hubble

G. Lematre & E. Hubble Mt. Wilson, California (1925)

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1926: Georges Lematre submits his theoretical cosmic origins paper, which includes the so-called Hubble Law. 1927: Annales de la Socit scientifique de Bruxelles in Belgium publishes Lematres seminal paper entitled, A Homogeneous Universe of Constant Mass and Increasing Radius accounting for the Radial Velocity of Extra-galactic Nebul. It was written in French and few people read it or were aware of it at the time. 1929: Edwin Hubble publishes A Relation Between Distance and Radial Velocity Among Extra-Galactic Nebulae, which claims empirical discovery of cosmic expansion.
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Although it is clear that Lematre shared his purely theoretical idea of an expanding universe with Hubble in 1925, Hubbles 1929 paper did not reference Lematres 1927 theoretical paper, nor did he ever acknowledge having met with Lematre prior to 1929. The 1925 photograph is a legacy of the Hubble estate. The observed redshift of the galaxies was described in Lematres paper and specifically attributed to a general cosmic expansion initiated at the moment of Creation. It was Lematre who also specified that the expansion rate must be linear (i.e., the Hubble law). It is a well-known fact, described in a number of his biographies, that Edwin Hubble was a pathological liar.
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The 1929 Hubble diagram was fabricated, yet its idea established the Big Bang theory.
1 Mpc z 0.0033 2 Mpc

s-1

500
s-1

z 0.0017

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cosmic expansion
The modern concordance model value of H0 is 712.5 km s-1 Mpc-1. Uniform expansion of a medium implies that all embedded objects that are separated by the same distance separate at the same speed. Separation speed is additive with distance: A 71 km s-1 1 Mpc B 71 km s-1 1 Mpc C

2 Mpc : 142 km s-1

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8 lambda cold dark matter

CDM concordance model (c. 2010)

The age of the Universe: t0 = 13.75 0.13 Gyr (billion years). The Hubble constant: H0 = 71.0 2.5 km/s/Mpc The dark energy density: = 0.734 0.029 Of all the energy in the Universe, 73.4% is in a mysterious form that gives energy (i.e., mass) to an ideal vacuum. The matter density: M = 0.266 0.029 Of all the energy in the Universe, 26.6% is not dark energy. The dark matter density: c = 0.222 0.026 Of all the energy in the Universe, 22.2% is energy that gravitates but is not made up of the atomic elements or their constituents (i.e., baryons). This leaves just 4.4% of all energy as known particles.

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the paradigm

v = H0 D z

v Dz c

Ignoring any small changes in expansion rate, distance (D) to an object must be proportional to its measured redshift where z v/c. If the Big Bang theory is an accepted fact, then D z at lower redshifts (z < 0.5) is also a fact; measurements that are inconsistent with this relationship are assumed to be impossible.

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The empirical evidence presented on the following slides is self-evident. The blue line is the Big Bang model. The black line is the new MdR model. For a detailed discussion see this talk.

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The MdR model references Hermann Minkowski, Willem de Sitter and Bernhard Riemann, whose original ideas motivated the synthesis. All three predictive equations arise from the same rst principles (relativity and geometry) and are inexorably interconnected with no free parameters available to alter the predictions. Thus, the nature of the equations precludes any curve-tting. To any standard, the match of the empirical data to the predictions in black is remarkable. The chance that this is by accident is zero. All graphs are easily reproducible from the online source SDSS data.
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( z ) = 2.2 ( z + 1)
data

1 1 2 ( z + 1)

1 2

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SDSS z'-band (infrared) ber mags

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Hub

law ble

1 m ( z ) = 14.7 2.512 log 4 2 4 ( z + 1) ( z + 1)

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SDSS i'-band (near-infrared) ber mags

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Hub

law ble

1 m ( z ) = 15.2 2.512 log 4 2 4 ( z + 1) ( z + 1)

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SDSS r'-band (redorange) ber mags

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1 m ( z ) = 15.7 2.512 log 4 2 4 ( z + 1) ( z + 1)

Ca II break

Hub

law ble

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SDSS g'-band (bluegreen) ber mags

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Hu

law bble
Ca II break

1 m ( z ) = 16.7 2.512 log 4 2 4 ( z + 1) ( z + 1)

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expected correlation at low z and high z

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4 orders of magnitude error in canonical model at high z

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This is how we experience time in daily life. past present future

This is how we experience life. birth death

This is how we now think about time in science. It is incorrectly based on nave experience. Big Bang present
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future

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This is how we experience space in daily life. altitude surface This is large-scale reality.

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This is local spacetime. time space This is large-scale reality. It is that simple.

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Relativity is not about clocks measuring time at different rates (algebra) it is about clocks measuring time in different directions in spacetime (geometry). This is called relativistic temporal geometry. Einstein did not get it.

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Relative to the direction of time in spacetime as measured by A, ideal clock B is falling behind in time and vice versa.

dt

dt = sec d

A d dt
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Earth (2-D)

Maps of nite boundaryless 2-D and 3-D space.

Cosmos (3-D)

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The Universe does not have an age, so in this sense it is a physical analog to how people think about God (temporally transnite). Typical objects (e.g., galaxy clusters) are many orders of magnitude older than 10 billion years. The Universe is spatially nite and boundaryless. The accurately-measured Cosmic circumference is in the range of 60-70 billion light years. We are only able to see half of the Universe through our telescopes. The other half is behind the cosmological redshift horizon.
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The foregoing conclusions are now as certain as:

The Earth is essentially a sphere and has a circumference of about 40,000 kilometers. The Earth is at least several billion years old. Large dinosaurs once existed on Earth about 100 million years ago, but they no longer exist.

People who disagree will soon be seen as similarly ignorant to those who argue about these simple facts concerning objective reality. It is better to study the science and the evidence than to argue. Download the free e-book at JPhysics.org/book
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Thank you for your attention.

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