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Basic of Field Emission Display Key Issues and components for FED Nanotechnology for field emission technology Depletion mode operation Summary
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C.G. Xie
What is an FED?
Cathode Ray Tube
VIEWING SCREEN
VIEWING SCREEN
CATHODE
A CRT is a vacuum tube in which electrons from three hot cathodes are scanned across a multicolor viewing screen to create a picture.
An FED is a vacuum tube in which electrons from millions of tiny cathodes travel to a multicolor viewing screen to create a picture.
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Commercial Product
R&D
F-N theory
20s
1960
1970
1990
Activities
2000
Although no product was Although no product was produced, key technologies produced, key technologies were developed to provide were developed to provide aa good foundation for next good foundation for next generation cathode. generation cathode.
2005
2010
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Prototype of a 15.3" full color FED capable of running video in real time
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Reliability
Lifetime HV stability
Power Efficiency
Vacuum
(Seal & Getter)
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Spacer- contamination
White spacer is caused by Na contamination on spacer surface.
Spacer locat ed
8 .0 E-07 7 .0 E-07
Subpixe l curre nt ( A)
No spacer area
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4 .0 E-0 3
6.0E-0 3
1 .0 E-02
1.2E-0 2
1 .4E -02
Spacer location
The spacer surface is bombarded by high energy electrons (1k-3k eV). Those electrons create positive charges on the surface due to 2nd electron emission yield of >1. Additional potential produced by those positive charges will change electron trajectory. V=p/ Some positive charges may dissipate until next period. But most of them stay on surface because of rough surface, low conductivity. Positive charges on surface distort electron trajectory resulting in dark region
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Vacuum Seal
Spacer
Requires a hermetically sealed vacuum package Maintenance of high vacuum during the package life Spacers to reduce glass bowing
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Spacer
Green
Vacuum Seal
Module Assembly
Final Test
VACUUM ISSUES
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N2 CO
2
H2 OH O CH4 C CO2 O2
Most of the residual gases are typically H2O, O2, CO2, CO, H2, hydrocarbons like CH4, process residues, gases trapped inside sputtered layers With the metal and silicon emitters, it is the oxygenic gases we need to be concerned with.
-8
1
H
0 0 10 20 30 40 50
Mass (amu)
Life model
Basic Assumption Partial coverage;Ionized species more reactive; Self-clean capability
dI = a bI cVa I 2 Idt
1.0E-2
-dI/dt/I (1/hour)
1.0E-3
1.0E-4
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Material Engineering
Understand the Issues: Spot Size, Spatial Distribution, RC delay and Current sensitivity
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Reliability
Lifetime HV stability
Power Efficiency
Vacuum
(Seal & Getter)
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Substrate
PdO
Electrode Electrode
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Vf
If
Electron tunneling through a barrier (like a double quantum well structure) Electron scattering on the right edge Some of these scattered electrons get towards the anode
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e-
1.00E+10
Metal
0 Xc
Vacuum
X0 XF
1.00E+08
1.00E+06
J=
E 2
t 2 ( y )
exp(( B
( y ) ) [ A / cm 2 ] E E : image correction
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3 2
1.00E+02
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Fowler-Nordheim plot
10
-13
5 10
-4
6 10
-4
7 10
-4
1/V (V-1)
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-4
Current (A)
-6
-8
-10
-12
* a single SWNT
1500 2000 2500 3000
Voltage (V)
Saturation could be the greatest thing for FED. May help fix uniformity problem if we know how to implement it. Some kind of current limiting function is needed to compensate for non-uniform emission from CNT
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Gas Exposure
UHV
10-6 torr
Current (A)
0 4 2 0 4 2 0 4 2 0
10-7 torr
Ok with H2 and Ar. Some degradation under H2O. Serious degradation under O2. More study under display environment is needed.
HO
2
10-7 torr
Ar
10-7 torr
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (hours)
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10.477 s
10.978 s
11.979 s
12.746 s
13.247 s
13.480 s
14.248 s
14.678 s
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Nanotube Deposition Techniques Key Issues: nanotubes must be sticking up!! Nanotubes have high surface energy and they like to stick to the substrate Nanotubes must be bound down strongly and reliably just one loose nanotube can cause arcing Sparsely distributed to avoid field screening
as far apart as they are tall
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Carbon Nanotube
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Back Gate
1D
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Disadvantages
Need highly selective deposition of emissive material New Concept in field emission display.
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Anode field
140 m
355 m 200 m
A-A
1.0E-03
A-A
Vg decreases
Conventional scheme
1.0E-06
20 m 100 m
1.0E-09
Depletion mode
1.0E-12 0 2 4 6 8 10
x distance (micron)
Vg=-5 volts Vg=-1 volts Vg=30 volts Vg=5 volts Vg=10 volts
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Vg=20 volts
The electric field on emission surface generated by applied anode voltage must be strong enough to extract electrons. Anode voltage=3-6kV, gap=1mm; required operating electric field=36V/um. Carbon nanotube performance matches the requirement. High electric field at center and low at edge. Avoid edge emission and achieve stable high voltage operation. Since lateral field is very small under emission conditions, beam spread is small, similar to that from diode.
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Summary
Investment in 90s established valuable infrastructure for next generation field emission display technology. Many challenging issues, such as spacer visibility, high voltage operation stability, vacuum sealing, pixel layout and drivers, which was little known to us in 90s, now are better understood. Know more about manufacturing issue of field emission display and requirements of field emission cathode. Nanotechnology can have great impact on phosphor material, gettering material and specially emission material. Carbon nanotube has great potential to revive field emission display technology but difficult engineering challenges are still ahead.
New device structure Process to produce uniform emissive material.
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