Mock ospe Me 211 Answer Booklet

QUESTION 1 a) Based on the pictures, identify and match the type of white blood cell for each description. Description Active phagocyte mainly against bacteria and some fungi Large nucleus that occupies most of the cell volume Eliminating parasitic worm infections Removes defective/dead blood cells and filters garbage from blood Role in allergy and inflammation Type of white blood cell Neutrophill Picture C

Lymphocytes

Eosinophill Monocyte, Macrophage

B A

Basophill

b) Name types of immunoglobulin for each of the description Description Can be synthesized by foetus Only class of Ig that can cross placenta Dominant isotype in secretions Serve as marker of differentiation of B cells to a more mature form Immediate hypersensitivity responses Types of immunoglobulin IgM IgG IgA IgD

IgE

QUESTION 2

Total lung capacity refers to the maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible effort. A normal adult has approximately 5.8 litre total lung volume.

a) Name A, B, C, and D. A-Inspiratory reserve volume B-Tidal volume C-Expiratory reserve volume D-Residual volume

b) State the volume labeled A and B. A. 3100ml B. 500ml

c) What is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum respiratory effort? 1200ml

d) Which of the following labeled above remain the same during exercise? D 3

e) Name TWO muscles involved during forced inspiration. Scalene, Sternocleidomastoid, Major/minor pectoralis

QUESTION 3 A patient was admitted with necrotic infection of soft tissue associated with high mortality on his lower limb. A necessitating amputation is often required in order to control this type of infection.

a) Name the microorganism associated with the picture above. Clostridium perfringens

b) Other than the disease shown in the picture above, what is the disease that can also be caused by the microorganism in (a). Food poisoning watery diarrhoea

c) Mention 2 properties of the organism in (a). -Gram positive rod -Subs-terminal spore 4

-Anaerobic

d) Name TWO other species that belong to the same genus. -Clostridium Tetani -Clostridium Botulinum

QUESTION 4 a) What are the genotypes of Madam X and her husband? Madam X : :

Madam Xs husband

b) What are the possible alleles that can be carried by the gametes of Madam X and her husband? Madam X : :

Madam Xs husband

c) Give the possible genotypes of the sister of Madam X.

d) Using a Punnets square, work out what is the chance that a child of Madam X has type B blood. 5

QUESTION 5 Drug receptors are specialized to recognize and respond to individual drug molecules with great selectivity. Translation of receptor activation into function can be grouped into that of four receptor super families.

a) Give 3 examples of agonist. carbachol bethanechol methacholine

b) Name X. Alpha subunit 6

c) List FOUR types of receptors and provide the example for each of them. Types of receptor Ligand-gated Ion Channel Receptors G protein-coupled receptors Enzyme-linked receptors Nuclear receptors Example Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor/ Muscarinic Acetylcholine receptor Tyrosine-kinase-linked: insulin R, Protein-kinase linked: cytokine R, Growth Hormone R steroid hormones, thyroid hormones

QUESTION 6 Acute inflammation is the immediate and early response to injury. The critical function is to clear invading bacteria, as well as degraded necrotic tissues resulting from the damage. Leukocytes may also aggravate inflammation and induce tissue damage by releasing enzymes, chemical mediators, and toxic oxygen radicals.

a) What is A, B, C, D, E, and F? A-margination, B-rolling, C-adhesion, D-diapedesis, E-phagocytosis, Fvirus/bacteria/foreign body

b) Name THREE pathway of complement system. -Classical pathway -Lectin pathway -Alternative pathway

c) List all the component of membrane attack complex. C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9

d) What is the function of C5a? Activates leukocytes, increase adhesion, chemotaxis

QUESTION 7 a) Complete the table. Labels A B C Parasites Shistosoma mansoni Shistosoma japonicum Shistosoma haematobium Special features Lateral spine Lateral knob Terminal spine

b) Give two differences between shistosome and clonorchis sinensis. -Shistosome: exist in separate sexes, cercaria is an infective stage/ does not has metacercaria stage, egg does not have operculum. -Clonorchis Sinensis: hermaphrodit, metacercaria as an infective stage to human/have metacercaria stage, egg has operculum

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QUESTION 8

a) State a, b, c and d in the diagram. a- Sebaceous gland b- Arrector pili c- Epidermis d- Merocrine (eccrine) sweat gland

b) Name 2 types of cells that can be found in structure (b). Give one function of each. Melanocytes - Produce melanin as granules Langerhan cells -Activation of plasma cells to produce antibodies Merkel cells - Act as touch receptors Keratinocytes - Form a barrier against environmental damage

c) State the 2 layers of the dermis. Papillary layer Reticular layer

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QUESTION 9 The heart functions as a pump, in order to direct flow of blood in one direction and generate a pressure for flow to occur. The spread of cardiac excitation will trigger a wave of contraction that spreads through the atria and ventricles.

a) State two phases where 1st n 2nd heart sound produced. S1: Isovolumetric ventricular contraction S2: Isovolumetric relaxation

b) How does the 1st and 2nd heart sound produced? S1: Closure of atrioventricular valves S2: Closure of semilunar valves

c) Name the main event that occurs at P wave?

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Atrial contraction

d) State A, B and C. A-aortic pressure B-ventricular pressure C-atrial pressure

QUESTION 10 A researcher would like to investigate the association between cigarette smoking during pregnancy and the risk of low birth weight. His study involved 189 pregnant mothers randomly selected in hospitals from Klang Valley. He also interviewed the pregnant mothers to gauge information on their smoking habit. The results are provided in the table. a) What is the statistical test? Chi-square test

b) State the degree of freedom. Df = (2-1)(2-1)=1 13

c) State the null and alternative hypotheses. Ho = There is no association between cigarette smoking during pregnancy and the risk of low birth weight. Ha = There is association between cigarette smoking during pregnancy and the risk of low birth weight.

d) State your decision based on the p-value. Since p<0.05, reject null hypothesis and accept alternate hypothesis.

e) Write your conclusion. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy and the risk of low birth weight are associated.

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